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Norsk Data¶

ND-COBOL Reference Manual¶

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND-COBOL Reference Manual¶

ND-60.144.3 EN

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NOTICE¶

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Norsk Data A.S assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Norsk Data A.S assumes no responsibility for the use or reliability of its software on equipment that is not furnished or supported by Norsk Data A.S.

The information described in this document is protected by copyright. It may not be photocopied, reproduced or translated without the prior consent of Norsk Data A.S.

Page 4¶

PRINTING RECORD¶

Printing	Notes
01/81	Version 01
03/82	Revision A:
	The following pages have been revised:
	x, xi, xiii, 1–1, 2–10, 4–1, 4–2, 4–11, 5–30, 6–10, 6–12, 6–22, 6–25, 6–25a, 6–27, 6–80, 6–90, A–11, A–12
	Index pages 1 through 12.
	The following pages have been added:
	H–1, H–2.
08/82	Version 02
07/83	Revision A:
	The following pages have been revised:
	v, vi, xv, 1–4, 2–8, 5–5, 5–9, 5–22, 5–27, 5–31, 5–32, 5–34, 6–23, 6–24, 6–25, 6–26, 6–27, 6–28, 6–29, 6–30, 6–31, 6–32, 6–33, 6–34, 6–35, 6–36, 6–44, 6–44a, 6–44b, 6–44c, 6–44d, 6–44e, 6–53, 6–55, /56, 6–70, 6–101, 6–102, 6–103, 6–104, 6–105, 6–107, 6–110, 9–4, 9–5, A–1, A–2, A–3, A–4, A–5, A–6, A–7, A–8, A–9, A–10, A–11, A–12, A–13, A–14, A–15, A–16, A–17, A–18, A–19, A–20, A–21, A–22, A–23, A–24, A–25, A–26, A–27, A–28, A–29, A–30, A–31, D–1, D–2, E–1, F–1, F–2, F–3, H–2, 1–2, –2, –3, –4, –5, –6, –7, –8, –9, –10, –11, –12
06/84	Revision B:
	The following pages have been revised:
	iv, v, vii, xv, 1–2, 1–3, 1–5, 6–28, 6–33, 6–34, 6–35, 6–36, 6–37, to 6–44g, 6–54, A–1, A–1a, A–1b, A–9, A–12, A–15, A–16, D–1.
	The following pages have been added:
	J–1, J–2, J–3, J–4, J–5, J–6.
06/85	Version 03

ND COBOL Reference Manual
Publ.No. ND-60.144.3 EN

Norsk Data A.S
Graphic Center
P.O.Box 25, Bogerud
0621 Oslo 6, Norway

Page 5¶

Manual Updates¶

Manuals can be updated in two ways, new versions and revisions. New versions consist of a complete new manual which replaces the old manual. New versions incorporate all revisions since the previous version. Revisions consist of one or more single pages to be merged into the manual by the user, each revised page being listed on the new printing record sent out with the revision. The old printing record should be replaced by the new one.

New versions and revisions are announced in the Customer Support Information (CSI) and can be ordered as described below.

The reader's comments form at the back of this manual can be used both to report errors in the manual and to give an evaluation of the manual. Both detailed and general comments are welcome.

These forms and comments should be sent to:

Documentation Department
Norsk Data A.S
P.O. Box 25, Bogerud
0621 Oslo 6, Norway

Requests for documentation should be sent to the local ND office or (in Norway) to:

Graphic Center
Norsk Data A.S
P.O. Box 25, Bogerud
0621 Oslo 6, Norway

Page 6¶

Preface¶

THE PRODUCT¶

COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) is a programming language, based on English, which was developed for use in commercial data processing. The original COBOL specification resulted from the work of the CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) committee in the U.S.A. in 1959. ND COBOL is based on American National Standard X3.23 - 1974. ND COBOL is COBOL for both the ND-100 and the ND-500. Differences, where they occur, are described in the text.

This manual describes ND COBOL, NO-10176, version H for the ND-100 computer series and ND COBOL, ND-10177, version H for the ND-500 series.

THE READER¶

The manual is written for the programmer using ND COBOL who requires a detailed and formal explanation of the product as well as an account of the features and facilities available to the user.

PREREQUISITE KNOWLEDGE¶

A basic knowledge of data processing techniques is necessary for the reader and some familiarity with COBOL would be helpful. The reader should also have some knowledge of the SINTRAN III operating system.

HOW TO USE THE MANUAL¶

The description is given in the order in which the Divisions and Sections appear in the written programs.

The manual is intended for reference purposes and is organized as follows:

Part I of the manual describes ND COBOL in general terms and gives specific rules for writing COBOL source programs. There is a chapter for each COBOL division. Part II contains an account of each "other feature" or special topic requiring a section of its own. Supplemental information is given in appendixes at the end.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT¶

Any organization interested in reproducing the COBOL standard and specifications in whole or in part, using ideas from this document as the basis for an instruction manual or for any other purpose, is free to do so. However, all such organizations are requested to reproduce the following acknowledgement paragraphs in their entirety as part of the preface to any such publication. (Any organization using a short passage from this document, such as in a book review, is requested to mention "COBOL" in acknowledgement of the source, but need not quote the acknowledgement.)

COBOL is an industry language and is not the property of any company or group of companies, or of any organization or group of organizations.

No warranty, expressed or implied, is made by any contributor or by the CODASYL Programming Language Committee as to the accuracy and functioning of the programming system and language. Moreover, no responsibility is assumed by any contributor, or by the committee, in connection therewith.

The authors and copyright holders of the copyrighted material used herein:

FLOW-MATIC (trademark of Sperry Rand Corporation), Programming for the UNIVAC I and II, Data Automation Systems copyrighted 1958, 1959, by Sperry Rand Corporation; IBM Commercial Translator Form No. F 28-8013, copyrighted 1959 by IBM; FACT, DSI 27 A5260-2760, copyrighted 1960 by Minneapolis-Honeywell

have specifically authorized the use of this material in whole or in part, in the COBOL specifications. Such authorization extends to the reproduction and use of COBOL specifications in programming manuals or similar publications.

FORMAT NOTATION¶

Basic formats are prescribed in the manual for the elements of the COBOL language. The notation described here is used to define unambiguously for the programmer how the clauses and statements of COBOL should be written.

RESERVED WORDS¶

COBOL has a specified list of words for use in source programs which have preassigned meanings and cannot appear in programs as user-defined words or system names. A complete list of the reserved words can be found in appendix 4.

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Reserved Words¶

Reserved words may be divided into two categories:

Key Words¶

These are required by the syntax of the format. They are always in upper case and underlined.

Optional Words¶

As their name implies, they may be included or omitted without changing the syntax of the program. They appear in upper case but are not underlined.

Words printed in lowercase letters represent information to be supplied by the programmer. All such words are defined within this manual.

The general format is also defined by the use of the following symbols:

Braces ({ }): These enclose vertically stacked items and indicate that one of the enclosed items must appear.

Brackets ([ ]): Square brackets are used to show that the enclosed item is optional, depending on the requirements of the program.

Ellipsis ( ... ): These dots specify that the immediately preceding unit may occur any number of times in succession at the user's option.

The arithmetic and logical operators (+, -, >, <, =). When they appear in formats they are required items even though they are not underlined.

Any other punctuation or special characters which appear in general formats indicate the actual occurrence of these characters and are required by the syntax.

New Features in This Manual¶

In this release of the manual, the following features have been changed or included:

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Table of Contents¶

The scope of descriptions of how to compile and load has been broadened. The treatment of the ND-500 compiler is more extensive, and introductory overviews of the linker-loaders (NRL and BRF-Linker for the ND-100, and the Linkage-Loader for the ND-500) are included
New screen handling facilities associated with the DISPLAY and ACCEPT verbs have been described
A new chapter containing examples of how to build overlay program systems on the NO-100 computers, how to use files and how to call subprograms has been included
An appendix giving details about the new COBOL System variables has been included
The index has been entirely reworked, and much extended. The intention is to ease access to related information. For example, the relative file related information is described in chapters of the manual which are dedicated to different COBOL divisions. In the index, "pointers" to places where relative file usage is described can be found grouped together. Another example is using the index to find extensions in ND-COBOL as compared to ANSI COBOL.

The index now refers to page numbers instead of section numbers.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS¶

Section	Page
1 INTRODUCTION	3
1.1 NO COBOL	3
1.2 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS	5
1.2.1 Known Restrictions	6
1.3 HOW TO USE THE SYSTEM	6
1.3.1 How to Compile a COBOL Program	6
1.3.2 Sample Compilation	8
1.3.3 How to Load and Execute a COBOL Program	10
1.3.3.1 Loading on the ND-100 Computers with the NRL	10
1.3.3.2 Loading on the ND-100 Computers with the BRF-Linker	11
1.3.3.3 Loading on the ND-500 Computers with the LINKAGE-LOADER	13
1.3.4 Compilation	15
2 LANGUAGE CONCEPTS	17
2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF COBOL	17
2.1.1 The COBOL Divisions	17
2.1.2 Structure within the Divisions - Clauses and Statements	18
2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE	18
2.2.1 COBOL Character Set	18
2.2.2 Character-Strings	19
2.2.3 COBOL Words	20
2.2.3.1 Userdefined Words	20
2.2.3.2 Reserved Words	21
2.2.3.3 Literals	24
2.2.3.4 Separators	26
2.2.4 COBOL Format	27
3 THE IDENTIFICATION DIVISION	31
4 THE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION	33
4.1 CONFIGURATION SECTION	33
4.1.1 SOURCE COMPUTER Paragraph	33
4.1.2 OBJECT COMPUTER Paragraph	34
4.1.3 SPECIAL-NAMES Paragraph	35
4.1.3.1 CURRENCY IS Clause	35
4.1.3.2 DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA Clause	35
4.2 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION	36
4.2.1 File Processing - Language Concepts	36
4.2.1.1 Data Organization	36
4.2.1.2 Access Modes	42

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Section¶

Section	Page
4.2.2	The File-Control Paragraph
4.2.2.1	For Sequential Organization
4.2.2.2	For Indexed Organization
4.2.2.3	For Relative Organization
4.2.2.4	General Rules
4.2.3	The I-O CONTROL Paragraph

5 THE DATA DIVISION¶

Section	Page
5.1	DATA CONCEPTS
5.2	STRUCTURE OF THE DATA DIVISION
5.3	FILE SECTION
5.3.1	The File Description - Complete Entry Skeleton
5.3.1.1	The BLOCK CONTAINS Clause
5.3.1.2	The DATA RECORDS Clause
5.3.1.3	The LABEL RECORDS Clause
5.3.1.4	The RECORD CONTAINS Clause
5.3.1.5	The RECORDING MODE Clause
5.3.1.6	The VALUE OF FILE-ID IS Clause
5.4	WORKING-STORAGE SECTION
5.4.1	Data Description
5.4.1.1	The Concept of Level
5.4.1.2	Classes and Categories of Data
5.4.2	The Data Description - Complete Entry Skeleton
5.4.2.1	Data Description Entry
5.4.2.2	The BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause
5.4.2.3	The Data Name/FILLER Clause
5.4.2.4	The JUSTIFIED Clause
5.4.2.5	The PICTURE Clause
5.4.2.6	Editing Rules for the PICTURE Clause
5.4.2.7	The REDEFINES Clause in DATA DIVISION
5.4.2.8	The SIGN Clause
5.4.2.9	The SYNCHRONIZED Clause
5.4.2.10	The USAGE Clause
5.4.2.11	Computational Options
5.4.2.12	The VALUE Clause
5.4.2.13	The EXPORT Clause

6 THE PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

Section	Page
6.1	STRUCTURE OF THE PROCEDURE DIVISION
6.1.1	Declaratives
6.1.2	Procedures
6.2	ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS
6.2.1	Definition of an Arithmetic Expression
6.2.1.1	Arithmetic Operators
6.2.1.2	Evaluation Rules
6.3	ARITHMETIC STATEMENTS
6.3.1	Common Options
6.3.1.1	The ROUNDED Option
6.3.1.2	The SIZE ERROR Option

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Section¶

Section	Page
6.3.1.3	The CORRESPONDING Option
6.3.1.4	The ADD Statement
6.3.1.5	The COMPUTE Statement
6.3.1.6	The DIVIDE Statement
6.3.1.7	The MULTIPLY Statement
6.3.1.8	The SUBTRACT Statement
6.4	CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
6.5	CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
6.5.1	The IF Statement
6.5.1.1	Nested IF Statements
6.5.2	The DO Statement (An ND-Extension)
6.6	DATA MANIPULATION STATEMENTS
6.6.1	Screen Handling Facilities
6.6.1.1	The ACCEPT Statement
6.6.1.2	The ACCEPT-ERROR Statement
6.6.1.3	The ACCEPT-RETURN Statement
6.6.1.4	The BLANK Statement
6.6.1.5	The DISPLAY Statement
6.6.1.6	The RESET SCREEN Statement
6.6.2	Screen Handling Examples
6.6.3	The INSPECT Statement
6.6.4	The MOVE Statement
6.6.5	The STRING Statement
6.6.6	The UNSTRING Statement
6.7	INPUT-OUTPUT STATEMENTS
6.7.1	I-O Status
6.7.1.1	Status Key 1
6.7.1.2	Status Key 2
6.7.1.3	The INVALID KEY Condition (Indexed and Relative I-O Only)
6.7.1.4	The AT END Condition
6.7.1.5	Current Record Pointer
6.7.1.6	The CLOSE Statement
6.7.1.7	The DELETE Statement
6.7.1.8	The OPEN Statement
6.7.1.9	The READ Statement
6.7.1.10	The REWRITE Statement
6.7.1.11	The START Statement
6.7.1.12	The UNLOCK Statement
6.7.1.13	The USE Statement
6.7.1.14	The WRITE Statement
6.8	PROCEDURE BRANCHING STATEMENTS
6.8.1	The ALTER Statement
6.8.2	The CONTINUE Statement
6.8.3	The EXIT Statement
6.8.4	The GO TO Statement
6.8.5	The PERFORM Statement
6.8.6	Using the PERFORM Statement
6.8.7	The STOP Statement
6.9	COMPILER DIRECTING STATEMENTS
6.9.1	The COPY Statement

7 SORT/MERGE | 213

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Section¶

Section	Page
7.1 SORT CONCEPTS	213
7.2 MERGE CONCEPTS	214
7.3 SORT/MERGE - ENVIRONMENT DIVISION	214
7.4 SORT/MERGE - DATA DIVISION	215
7.5 SORT/MERGE - PROCEDURE DIVISION	216
7.5.1 The Sort Statement	217
7.5.2 Options Common to Sort and Merge	219
7.5.3 The MERGE Statement	220

8 TABLE HANDLING¶

Section	Page
8 TABLE HANDLING	229
8.1 TABLE DEFINITION	229
8.1.1 Table References	231
8.1.1.1 Subscripting	232
8.1.1.2 Indexing	233
8.2 TABLE HANDLING - DATA DIVISION	234
8.2.1 The OCCURS Clause	235
8.2.2 The USAGE Clause	236
8.3 TABLE HANDLING - PROCEDURE DIVISION	237
8.3.1 The SEARCH Statement	237
8.3.1.1 Notes on Multidimensional Tables	242
8.3.2 The SET Statement	245

9 INTER-PROGRAM COMMUNICATION¶

Section	Page
9 INTER-PROGRAM COMMUNICATION	249
9.1 BASIC CONCEPTS	249
9.1.1 Transfer of Control	249
9.1.2 Reference to Common Data	250
9.1.3 Interprogram Communication - Data Division	251
9.1.3.1 Data Item Description Entries	253
9.1.3.2 Record Description Entries	254
9.1.4 Inter-Program Communication - Procedure Division	254
9.1.4.1 The CALL Statement	255
9.1.4.2 The EXIT PROGRAM Statement	256

10 DEBUGGING¶

Section	Page
10 DEBUGGING	259
10.1 USING THE ND-100	260
10.2 USING THE ND-500	261
10.3 DEBUGGING EXAMPLES	262

11 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

Section	Page
11 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES	267
11.1 EXECUTING A SIMPLE PROGRAM	267
11.1.1 Running the Example on an ND-100 Computer	268
11.1.2 Running the Example on an ND-500 Computer	269
11.2 OVERLAY SYSTEMS	271
11.2.1 The Multilevel Overlay System	271

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Table of Contents¶

Section	Page
11.2.2	Designing an Overlay Structure
11.2.3	Commands for Overlay Loading with BRF-Linker
11.2.4	Example: Creating an Overlay System with the BRF-Linker
11.2.5	Subprograms and Commands for Building an Overlay System with the NRL
11.2.6	Example: Creating an Overlay System with the NRL
11.3	BUILDING A NON-OVERLAY FILE-HANDLING PROGRAM SYSTEM
11.3.1	Sample Programs - Source Listings
11.3.2	Compiling and Loading the Program System on an ND-100
11.3.3	Compiling and Loading the Program System on an ND-500
11.3.4	Calling COBOL Subprograms from FORTRAN on the ND-100
11.3.5	Calling COBOL Subprograms from FORTRAN on the ND-500

APPENDIX¶


1	COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON
2	ASCII CHARACTER SET
3	RUNTIME MESSAGES
4	RESERVED WORD LIST
5	CROSS REFERENCE EXAMPLE
6	COMPILER COMMANDS
7	INDEXED/RELATIVE I-O STATUS SUMMARY
8	COBOL SYSTEM VARIABLES
9	HANDLING SINTRAN ERRORS
10	EXECUTING SINTRAN COMMANDS
11	SIZE OF TEMPORARY FIELDS
12	GLOSSARY

Index¶

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

1

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Paragraph-2¶

A COBOL text processing program can be considered as defining two different environments: the source text environment and the library text environment. Both environments consist of a set of text files whose composition is defined by the user. In the context of text processing some kind of editing and composition rules apply which vary for different COBOL compilation systems. These rules are partly installation dependent but their nature and reasoning is standardised.

The Source Text Environment¶

The source text environment is defined by the user in accordance with the installation defined facilities and options for text processing. These are mainly concerned with file referencing and editing operations.

The Library Text Environment¶

The library text environment is defined by both the user and the installation in accordance with the facilities and options for text processing. The installation defined facilities combine the functions of file referencing and editing operations, and storage and retrieval facilities. There may be some restrictions governing access to library texts.

Table of Text Environment¶

Text Environment	Defined By	Operations Involved
Source Text	User	File referencing, editing
Library Text	User/Installation	File referencing, editing, storage, retrieval

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

INTRODUCTION¶

The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview of the ND COBOL compiler - how it conforms to the ANSI standard, what is needed to create and run COBOL programs, and how the compiler is used together with the ND linkage-loaders to form executable programs.

ND COBOL¶

ND COBOL is a standard high-level language implemented as a conventional compiler and runtime library system operating under SINTRAN III/VS operating system.

ND COBOL is based upon American National Standard X3.23-1974. Elements of the COBOL language are allocated to 12 different functional processing "modules".

Each module of the COBOL Standard has two "levels" - level 1 represents a subset of the full set of capabilities and features contained in level 2.

In order for a given system to be called COBOL, it must provide at least level 1 of the Nucleus, Table Handling and Sequential I-O modules.

The following summary specifies the contents of ND COBOL with respect to the ANSI Standard:

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INTRODUCTION¶

Module	Features Available in ND COBOL
Nucleus	All of level 1 and level 2 except: level 66 the RENAMES clause the switch-status condition the ENTER statement. Additional features are: USAGE is COMPUTATIONAL-1 USAGE is COMPUTATIONAL-2 USAGE is COMPUTATIONAL-3 ACCEPT FROM CPU-TIME. The DO statement. The IF statement with the THEN, ELSE-IF and END-IF clauses. The IMPORT and EXPORT clauses for inter-program communication.
Terminal I-O	Additional features are: The BLANK statement. The ACCEPT-ERROR statement. The ACCEPT and DISPLAY statements with Screenhandling options.
Sequential I-O	All of level 1 and level 2 except: the RERUN the LINAGE and CODE SET clauses with the addition of: the RECORDING MODE clause.
Indexed I-O and	All of level 1 and level 2 except: the RERUN and the SAME RECORD AREA clauses with the addition of: The RECORDING MODE clause. The OPEN statement with the MULTI-USER MODE, IMMEDIATE-WRITE and MANUAL UNLOCK options. The READ statement with LOCK. The UNLOCK statement.
Relative I-O
Table Handling	All of level 1 and level 2.
Sort/Merge	All of level 1 and level 2 except: the SAME AREA clause.
Inter-Program	All of level 1 and level 2 except: the CANCEL statement.
Debugging	Conditional compilation: Lines with 'D in column 7' are bypassed unless WITH DEBUGGING MODE.

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1.2 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS¶

The compiler may execute as a reentrant subsystem under the SINTRAN III/VS operating system, when only the necessary 1 kiloword pages are brought into the memory as needed. In this way, several active users may share a common code.

A system scratch file for the active terminal will be used to store compiler information.

The source program is accepted in any media supported by the ND File System, and may be entered and modified using an interactive editor. Once entered, source files are stored on disk, floppy diskette or magnetic tape and can be compiled by using simple compiler commands.

On the ND-10 a special microprogram is required.

The result of a compilation is:

A) A source listing including compiler assigned line numbers, source file name, object file name, date and time.

B) In the event of any source program errors (or warnings), diagnostic messages will appear following the source listing. These messages have the format:

Line number (5 digits)
English message text
(Optional) Further relevant data

C) An object program in library relocatable form (BRF on the ND-100 or NRF on the ND-500) can be used by the ND Relocating Loader for the ND-100 or the ND-500 Linkage Loader for the ND-500, to prepare the object program in a form which is ready for execution.

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INTRODUCTION¶

1.2.1 Known Restrictions¶

For the time being the following restrictions are applicable on the ND-100 CPUs:

A 77/01 item must not be greater than 32767 bytes.

1.3 HOW TO USE THE SYSTEM¶

In addition to the information given in this chapter, a complete example of the compilation, loading and execution of a simple program with some of the features of ND COBOL is shown in chapter 11.

1.3.1 How to Compile a COBOL Program¶

The COBOL compilers are started by typing:

Command	Series
@_COBOL	for the ND-100 series
or
@^ND^_COBOL-500	for the ND-500 series

When the compiler has printed * (asterisk) on the terminal, it is ready to accept commands from the user.

All commands may be abbreviated as in SINTRAN III/VS. You can also use the SINTRAN-III command editing characters when in the compilers.

The command to compile is:

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

INTRODUCTION¶

COMPILE \<source file>,\<list file>,\<object file>¶

The source file is your symbolic program containing COBOL statements. A listing of the program is written on the list file while the object program in binary relocatable format is written on the object file.

The files must be specified by their names and these names must be delimited by at least one space or comma. The default source file type is :SYMB. The list file type is :SYMB and the object file type is :BRF on the ND-100 or :NRF on the ND-500. (Scratch file 100 cannot be used as the object file.)

If the source input file is not a disk file, a line containing *END (from column 1) must close the source file.

Example:

ØCOBOL

*COMPILE SOURCE,LINE-PRIN,"OBJ"

Note that in this example the object file (OBJ) is a new file and therefore is specified within quotes.

On the ND-100, the compiler produces code in the two-bank mode unless the compiler command

*1-BANK-MODE

is given before the COMPILE command.

If no diagnostics appear, the compiler has accepted all the statements as syntactically and semantically correct.

When compilation has been done, the compiler is left with the command

*EXIT

The object (or executable) version of the program is then formed from the relocatable output from the compilers and the system's library files by the:

a) ND Relocating Loader (NRL) for the ND-100;
b) BRF-Linker for the ND-100 series;
c) ND-500 Linkage-Loader for the ND-500 series.

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1.3.2 Sample Compilation¶

The listing below results from compiling a source program which has been prepared using a suitable editor. It is stored under the name EX-001 with type :SYM8.

Note: To show what an error message looks like, an error has been introduced in the last statement in this example. The error is an unnecessary hyphen between the words STOP and RUN.

ND-500 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10177H	TIME: 17.57.54	DATE: 85.01.14

SOURCE FILE: EX-001
OBJECT FILE: EX-001

************************************************************
* THIS EXAMPLE CAN SERVE TO FAMILIARIZE US WITH THE        *
* RESULT OF A COBOL COMPILATION.                           *
*                                                         *
* THE PROGRAM COUNTS THE NUMBER OF RECORDS ON THE FILE    *
* "ABC:DATA".                                             *
************************************************************
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. X-001.
AUTHOR. NORSK DATA A/S
NORWAY.
DATE-WRITTEN. NOVEMBER 1984.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
SOURCE-COMPUTER. NDRO-100.
OBJECT-COMPUTER. NDRO-100.
SPECIAL-NAMES. DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT L-FILE ASSIGN TO "ABC:DATA".

DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD L-FILE
BLOCK CONTAINS 1 RECORDS
RECORD CONTAINS 10000 CHARACTERS.
01 L-RECORD PIC X(10000).
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 NUMBER-OF-RECORDS PIC 9(10) VALUE 0.

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31  
32    PROCEDURE DIVISION.
33    1000.
34        OPEN INPUT L-FILE.
35    2000.
36        READ L-FILE AT END GO TO 9000.
37        ADD 1 TO NUMBER-OF-RECORDS.
38        GO TO 2000.
39    9000.
40        DISPLAY "NUMBER OF RECORDS IN THE FILE IS "
41        NUMBER-OF-RECORDS.
42        CLOSE L-FILE.
43        STOP-RUN.

43 E - SYNTAX ERROR (RESUMPTION AT NEXT PARAGRAPH/VERB): STOP-RUN

END OF COMPILATION¶


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	1
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	43
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	6789

Note the following in the compilation listing:

The page heading contains date, time, source file name (EX-001) and object file name.
The source line (first 80 positions only) is listed along with compiler assigned line numbers.
Diagnostic or warning messages, if any, appear after the source program listing.

The error in the example:

43 E - SYNTAX ERROR (RESUMPTION AT NEXT PARAGRAPH/VERB): STOP-RUN

produces the relevant line number (43) together with explanatory text and the element itself which caused the error.

After successful compilation, the next step will be to link-edit by means of one of the linkage-loaders. Finally, the resultant program module will be executed.

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1.3.3 How to Load and Execute a COBOL Program¶

1.3.3.1 Loading on the ND-100 Computers with the NRL¶

On the ND-100, the ND Relocating Loader may be recovered from the operating system by entering:

ØNRL

When the loader has displayed an asterisk (*) on the terminal, it is ready to accept commands from the user.

Your program(s) may be loaded into a programfile or into main memory.

If you use the command:

*PROG-FILE <file name>

then the executable program is loaded to the file named with the default extension :PROG. The PROG-FILE must be the first command given after the loader has been started.

Otherwise, the program is loaded into memory, and can be started with the command

*RUN

after the loading is completed.

The loader gets its input from one or more files/library files. The loading is initiated by the command:

*LOAD <file name>,<file name>,...

Each of the files specified will be loaded until end-of-file is detected. The prompt * (asterisk) indicates that the loader is ready to accept another command.

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INTRODUCTION¶

To obtain the entry point addresses of the loaded program, use the command:

*ENTRIES-DEFINED <file name>

The octal addresses which appear on this map denote the last reference address.

There should be no remaining undefined entry points. If your program is loaded into main memory, it may be started by the command:

*RUN

When the program has been executed, control is transferred to the operating system and Ø (commercial at sign) is displayed.

If you wish to leave the loader and enter the operating system, you may simply enter:

*EXIT

You may restart the loader by using the system command:

ØCONTINUE

If the message:

LOADER TABLE OVERFLOW

is given, there is no more room for entries. The table length may be expanded through the command:

*SIZE <number of entries (octal)>

The NRL is fully documented in the manual ND Relocating Loader, ND-60.066.

1.3.3.2 Loading on the ND-100 Computers with the BRF-Linker¶

The BRF-Linker is a new linker which is taking over from the NRL on ND-100 computers. It performs the same tasks as the NRL, but it is designed to facilitate use of future features of the ND-100 SINTRAN operating system.

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INTRODUCTION¶

The BRF-Linker does not have a RUN command for immediate execution of programs loaded into memory. Thus, the PROGRAM-FILE command must always be your first command when you build executable code. On the other hand, the BRF-Linker makes "multi-segment linking" of programs bigger than the ordinary 256 kilobyte addressing space limit possible, and overlay linking is possible in a more flexible way than with the NRL.

For details on these and other aspects of the BRF-Linker, see the manual BRF-Linker User Manual, ND-60.196.

The BRF-Linker is started by typing:

@BRF-LINKER

when you are in the SINTRAN command mode. When the linker is ready to accept your commands, it types the prompt:

Brl:

on your terminal.

For linking smaller programs, the BRF-Linker uses the same or similar commands as the NRL. For instance, every loading of a program must start with the command:

Brl: PROGRAM-FILE <file name>

as in the NRL. Relocatable code files are loaded to the program file by the command:

Brl: LOAD <file name> [, <file name>] ...

until the program is complete. In COBOL on the ND-100, the COBOL-28ANK or COBOL-1BANK files containing COBOL library routines must be loaded after your own programs in order to form a complete program.

The completeness of the program is checked by the command:

Brl: LIST-ENTRIES-UNDEFINED.

If this command gives names of entities (routines, variables etc.) that are needed to form a correct program, the loading is still incomplete; otherwise, an executable program has been built.

This command has a complementing command:

Brl: LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED

which gives an overview of the procedures, data etc. that you have defined so far in the loading process, together with the addresses of these entities in octal.

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To end the loading session, give the command:

Brl: EXIT

To start your new program, type the name of its program file after you have returned to SINTRAN.

1.3.3.3 Loading on the ND-500 Computers with the LINKAGE-LOADER¶

The ND-500 computers use an ND-100 for I-O processing etc. The SINTRAN III operating system is much used by these computers. For instance, executable ND-500 programs are stored in files which have extensions :PSEG, :DSEG, and :LINK as seen from the ND-100 part of the system. A file named DESCRIPTION-FILE:DESC contains descriptions of all ND-500 programs a user has on his area.

You should not delete or otherwise change any of these files while under the SINTRAN III monitor. If you do, you will get error messages from the ND-500 if you try to use any of your ND-500 programs afterwards. Instead, all handling of these files should be done while in the ND-500 Linkage-Loader (NLL) or in the ND-500 monitor.

Further differences from the ND-100 COBOL include the possibility to load programs with up to 2 Gigabytes of program and 2 Gigabytes of data; thus, no overlay linking facilities should be necessary at present.

The user will find complete documentation on the NLL in the manual:
ND-500 Loader/Monitor, ND-60.136.

On the ND-500, executable programs are built on segments belonging to domains by the ND Linkage-Loader (known as the NLL). The NLL is activated by the command:

ØND-500 LINKAGE-LOADER

When the NLL types NLL:, it is ready to accept commands from the user.

The NLL will create a program ready for execution. On the ND-500 a program is termed a domain. Before the domain is loaded, it is named by the command:

NLL:SET-DOMAIN

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The domain-name is the name you type in when you want to execute your program. The domain name will not be visible when you do a ØLIST-FILES in ND-100, for instance - all information pertaining to it is kept on the DESCRIPTION FILE. What will turn up when you do ØLIST-FILES is the segments you create during loading in a domain, with the :PSEG, :DSEG and :LINK file types, as mentioned above. To create or open a segment for your executable code, use the command:

NLL:OPEN-SEGMENT <segment-name>, <attributes>

If the segment is new to your user area, you will have to enclose it in quotation marks according to the ordinary SINTRAN conventions. The attributes part of this command format can be omitted when loading simple programs.

Now programs and library files can be loaded into the segment by the command:

NLL:LOAD-SEGMENT <file> {,<file>}...

To build a functioning ND-500 COBOL program, you must finish the loading by loading the file COBOL-LIB:NRF, which is usually found under user SYSTEM.

To obtain the entry point addresses of the loaded program and thus check whether you have an executable program, use the command:

NLL:LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED

and undefined entries by:

NLL:LIST-ENTRIES-UNDEFINED

If the user wishes to leave the NLL and return to SINTRAN, she can type the command:

NLL:EXIT

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1.3.4 Compilation¶

Using the same source program and commands as in the previous example, the following commands can be used: (all lines start in column 1)

ON THE ND-100

ØCOBOL
COMPILE PROGRAM, TERM, PROGRAM
EXIT
ØNRL (or ØBRF-LINKER)
PROG-FILE PROGRAM
LOAD PROGRAM, COBOL-1BANK
EXIT
ØPROGRAM

ON THE ND-500

ØND COBOL
COMPILE PROGRAM, TERM, PROGRAM
EXIT
ØND LINKAGE LOADER
SET-DOMAIN PROGRAM
OPEN-SEGMENT PROGRAM
LOAD-SEGMENT PROGRAM,, COBOL-LIB
EXIT
ØND PROGRAM

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I'm sorry, I can't process the contents of the image.

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2 LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

2.1 THE STRUCTURE OF COBOL¶

Every COBOL program is divided into four divisions. Each must be placed in its proper sequence and begin with a division header.

2.1.1 The COBOL Divisions¶

The four divisions of a COBOL source program and their functions are:

Identification Division

This names the program and, optionally, documents the compilation date, etc.

Environment Division

This describes the computer(s) and equipment to be used by the program. It also includes a description of the relationship between the files containing data and the input-output devices.

Data Division

This defines the names and characteristics of all the data to be processed by the program.

Procedure Division

This consists of executable statements that direct the processing of data at execution time.

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2.1.2 Structure within the Divisions - Clauses and Statements¶

A clause specifies the attributes of an entry which, containing a series of clauses ending with a period, can appear in each division except the procedure division.

A statement, written in the procedure division, specifies an action to be taken by the object program. A series of statements, ending with a period, is defined as a sentence.

Every clause or statement in the program may be further subdivided into units called phrases or options. A phrase is an ordered set of one or more COBOL character strings forming a part of a clause or statement. An option is a phrase in which the programmer can choose between alternative wordings, according to the meanings he wishes the phrase to possess.

Clauses, entries, statements and sentences may be combined into paragraphs and sections which each define a larger part of the program. A section may itself contain paragraphs.

2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE LANGUAGE¶

2.2.1 COBOL Character Set¶

The most basic and indivisible unit of the language is the character. The set of characters used to form COBOL character strings and separators is given below.

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LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

The complete COBOL character set consists of the 52 following characters:

Character	Meaning
0, 1, ..., 9	digit
A, B, ..., Z	letter
(space)	space (blank)
+	plus sign
-	minus sign (hyphen)
*	asterisk
/	stroke (virgule, slash)
=	equal sign
$	currency sign
,	comma (decimal point)
.	period (decimal point)
;	semicolon
"	quotation mark (double)
(	left parenthesis
)	right parenthesis
>	greater than
<	less than
'	apostrophe (single quotation mark)

Note that a reference to 'characters' throughout this manual will be to a subset of the above list, i.e., the list not including 'separators' (defined in section 2.2.3.4).

2.2.2 Character-Strings¶

A character-string is a character or sequence of contiguous characters which form a COBOL word, a literal, a PICTURE character-string or a comment entry. A character-string is delimited by separators.

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2.2.3 COBOL Words¶

A COBOL word can be a userdefined word, a system word or a reserved word. Its maximum length is 30 characters. System words and reserved words are defined as follows.

2.2.3.1 Userdefined Words¶

These are COBOL words supplied by the programmer. Characters valid in a userdefined word are:

A through Z
0 through 9
- (hyphen)

The hyphen may not be the first or last character. A list of the sets of userdefined words together with their formation rules is given below.

Userdefined Word Set	Characteristics
condition name	Must contain at least one alphabetic character. Within each set the name must be unique. (It can be made unique by qualification if the format rules for the set permit.)
data name	Must contain at least one alphabetic character. Within each set the name must be unique. (It can be made unique by qualification if the format rules for the set permit.)
record name	Must contain at least one alphabetic character. Within each set the name must be unique. (It can be made unique by qualification if the format rules for the set permit.)
file name	Must contain at least one alphabetic character. Within each set the name must be unique. (It can be made unique by qualification if the format rules for the set permit.)
index name	Must contain at least one alphabetic character. Within each set the name must be unique. (It can be made unique by qualification if the format rules for the set permit.)
mnemonic name	Must contain at least one alphabetic character. Within each set the name must be unique. (It can be made unique by qualification if the format rules for the set permit.)
library name	The above rules apply.
program name	The above rules apply.
routine name	The above rules apply.
paragraph name	May be all numeric, otherwise rules in paragraph 1 apply.
section name	May be all numeric, otherwise rules in paragraph 1 apply.

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LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

The function of each userdefined word in any clause or statement will be found under the description for that clause or statement.

The function of each system name (Norsk Data defined names for communication with the operating system) will be found in the Glossary.

2.2.3.2 Reserved Words¶

Reserved words may be divided into the following categories:

KEY WORDS
OPTIONAL WORDS
CONNECTIVES
SPECIAL REGISTERS
FIGURATIVE CONSTANTS
SPECIAL CHARACTER WORDS

A reserved word is a COBOL word having a fixed meaning and it must not be used as a userdefined word or system name. A list is given in Appendix 4.

KEY WORDS¶

A key word is required when the format in which it appears is used in a source program. Within each format, such words are uppercase and underlined.

Key words are of three types:

1) Verbs such as ADD, READ and MOVE.

2) Required words, which appear in statement and entry formats.

3) Words which have a specific functional meaning such as NEGATIVE, SECTION, etc.

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Optional Words¶

Within each format, uppercase words that are not underlined are called optional words and may appear at the user's option. The presence or absence of an optional word does not alter the semantics of the COBOL program in which it appears.

Connectives¶

These are:

1) Qualifier connectives that are used to associate a data name, a condition name, a text name or a paragraph name with its qualifier: OF, IN.

2) Series connectives that link two or more consecutive operations: (separator comma) or ; (separator semicolon).

3) Logical connectives that are used in the formation of conditions: AND, OR.

Special Registers¶

Each compiler generated storage area whose primary function is to store information produced by one of the specific COBOL features, is a special register.

Examples:

DATE, DAY, TIME

(see ACCEPT statement in the Procedure Division).

Figurative Constants¶

Certain reserved words are used to name and reference certain constant values which will be generated by the compiler when these words are used. Known as figurative constants they must not be bounded by quotation marks. Singular and plural forms may be used interchangeably.

The reserved words and the figurative constant values they generate are listed on the following page.

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Figurative Constant	Description
ZERO, ZEROS, ZEROES	Represents the value '0' or one or more of the characters '0', depending on context.
SPACE, SPACES	Represents one or more of the character ' ' (space) from the computer's character set.
HIGH-VALUE, HIGH-VALUES	Represents one or more of the characters that has the highest ordinal position in the program collating sequence.
LOW-VALUE, LOW-VALUES	Represents one or more of the characters that has the lowest ordinal position in the program collating sequence.
QUOTE, QUOTES	Represents one or more of the characters '"'. The word QUOTE or QUOTES cannot be used in place of a quotation mark in a source program to bound a nonnumeric literal. Thus, QUOTE ABD QUOTE is incorrect as a way of stating the nonnumeric literal "ABD".
ALL literal	Represents one or more of the string of characters comprising the literal. The literal must be either a nonnumeric literal of one character length or a figurative constant other than ALL literal. When a figurative constant is used, the word ALL is redundant and is used for readability only.

When a figurative constant represents a string of one or more characters, the length of the string is determined by the compiler from the context, according to the following rules:

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LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

When a figurative constant is associated with another data item (e.g., is moved to or compared with another item) the string of characters composing the figurative constant is repeated character by character on the right until the size of the resultant string in characters is equal to that of the associated data item. This is done prior to and independent of any application of a JUSTIFIED clause associated with the data item.
When a figurative constant is not associated with another data item, as when the figurative constant appears in a DISPLAY, STRING, STOP or UNSTRING statement, the length of the string is one character.

A figurative constant may be used wherever a literal appears in the format, except that whenever the literal is restricted to having only numeric characters in it, the only figurative constant permitted is ZERO (ZEROS, ZEROES).

Each reserved word which is used to reference a figurative constant value is a distinct character string with the exception of the construction 'ALL literal' which is composed of two distinct character strings.

SPECIAL CHARACTER WORDS¶

These are the arithmetic operators (+ - / * or **) or the relational characters (< > =). They are described under arithmetic expressions and conditional expressions in the Procedure Division.

2.2.3.3 Literals¶

A literal is a character string with a value specified either by the ordered set of characters by which it is composed, or by a figurative constant. There are two types of literals: nonnumeric and numeric.

A nonnumeric literal is a character string bounded by quotation marks containing any allowable character from the ASCII character set. Its maximum length is 150.

Any punctuation characters included within a character string are part of its value.

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LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

A matching pair of either single or double quotes is allowed to bound the character string forming a nonnumeric literal. If the character string is bounded by single quotes, then each embedded quotation mark must be represented by a pair of single quotes. If, however, the bounds are double quotes then each embedded quotation mark must be represented by a pair of double quotes.

Single quotes are not standard COBOL. They are allowed in ND COBOL to increase compatibility with other COBOL systems.

Nonnumeric literals - a coding example:¶

Com-	A	B	Com-
ment	area	area	ment
1	6 7 8 11	12 16 20	73 80
01	HEADING-1 PIC (120) VALUE "TEXTEXTEXTEXTEXTEXTEX	TEXTEXTEXTEXTEXTEX."
	Literal begins here	Literal is incomplete due to col. 72 limit
	Delimiter required here, is not counted in picture length.
	Hyphen (-) indicates that line continues.

A numeric literal is a character string whose characters are selected from the digits ‘0’ through ‘9’, the plus sign, the minus sign and/or the decimal point. The rules for formation of numeric literals are as follows:

A literal must contain at least one digit.
1 through 18 digits are allowed.
A literal must not contain more than one sign. The sign must always be in the leftmost position.
It must not contain more than one decimal point. This must not be in the rightmost position.

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2.2.3.4 Separators¶

A separator is a character or two contiguous characters formed according to the following rules:

1) The punctuation character space is a separator. Anywhere a space is used as a separator or as part of a separator, more than one space may be used. All spaces immediately following the separators comma, semicolon or period are considered part of that separator and are not considered to be the separator space.

2) Except when the comma is used in a PICTURE character-string, the punctuation characters comma and semicolon, immediately followed by a space, are separators that may be used anywhere the separator space is used. They may be used to improve program readability.

3) The punctuation character period, when followed by a space is a separator. It may only be used to indicate the end of a sentence, or as shown in formats.

4) The punctuation characters right and left parenthesis are separators. Parentheses may appear only in balanced pairs of left and right parentheses delimiting subscripts, reference modifiers, arithmetic expressions, Boolean expressions, or conditions.

5) The punctuation character quotation mark is a separator. An opening quotation mark must be immediately preceded by a space or left parenthesis; a closing quotation mark, when paired with an opening quotation mark, must be immediately followed by one of the separators space, comma, semicolon, period, or right parenthesis.

6) The separator space may optionally immediately precede all separators except:

The separator closing quotation mark. In this case, a preceding space is considered as part of the nonnumeric literal and not as a separator.

7) The separator space may optionally immediately follow any separator except the opening quotation mark. In this case, a following space is considered as part of the nonnumeric literal and not as a separator.

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LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

Any punctuation character which appears as part of the specification of a PICTURE character-string or numeric literal is not considered as a punctuation character, but rather as a symbol used in the specification of that PICTURE character-string or numeric literal. PICTURE character-strings are delimited only by the separators space, comma, semicolon, or period.

The rules established for the formation of separators do not apply to the characters which comprise the contents of the nonnumeric literals or comment lines.

2.2.4 COBOL Format¶

COBOL programs must be written in a standard format based on an 80 character line. The output listing of the source program is printed in the same format.

The illustration in this section shows the layout of a coding sheet. The following code rules include a description of the fields within it.

Continuation area (column 7)¶

This column is used to indicate continuation of words and numeric literals from the previous line to the current one. The symbol used is a hyphen.

If there is no hyphen the preceding line is assumed to be followed by a space.

If there is a hyphen in the continuation area, then the first nonblank character of this line immediately follows the last nonblank character of the preceding line without an intervening space.

If there is a nonnumeric literal in the line to be continued which does not have a closing quotation mark, then all spaces up to and including column 72 are considered to be part of this literal. The continuation line must contain a hyphen in its continuation area and the first nonblank character must now be a quotation mark.

Area A and area B¶

These occupy columns 8 through 11 and 12 through 72 respectively. The elements that may begin in area A and the placement of elements that can follow them are given in the following chart.

Area A	Area B
8-11	12-72

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Sequence Rules for Elements in Areas A and B¶

Elements in Area A	Followed by:	Elements placed in:
Division header	(Procedure Division only) USING	Area B (same or next line)
	section header paragraph header DECLARATIVES	Area A (next line)
Section header	USE statement	Area B
	paragraph header paragraph name (either to follow USE, if specified)	Area A (next line)
paragraph header or paragraph name	Environment division entry Procedure division sentence	Area B (same or next line)
level indicator level number	data name	Area B (same or next line)
DECLARATIVES	Declaratives section name	Area A (next line)
END DECLARATIVES	section header	Area A (next line)

Comment Lines¶

A comment line is any line with an * (asterisk) or / (stroke) in column 7. It may appear on any line following the one containing the identification division header. A comment may be written in areas A or B and contain any characters from the ASCII character set.

The * denotes that the comment is to be printed in the output listing immediately following the last preceding line. The / denotes that the current page of the output listing is to be ejected and that the comment will appear on the first line of the next page.

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LANGUAGE CONCEPTS¶

Coding Sheet Layout¶

Standard COBOL coding sheets are rarely used when programming on the ND system, as most programmers will "code" via the ND Editors. However, the following layout should be useful as the coding sheet fields are referred to in the text.

Com-	A	B	Com-
ment	area	area	ment
1	6 7	8 11	12

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3 THE IDENTIFICATION DIVISION¶

The Identification Division must be included in every source program. This division names the source program and the object program.

A source program is the initial COBOL program. An object program is the output from the compilation.

In addition, the user may include in this division information such as the date the program was written, etc.

Format:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. program name.
[AUTHOR. [comment entry] ... ]
[INSTALLATION. [comment entry] ... ]
[DATE-WRITTEN. [comment entry] ... ]
[DATE-COMPILED. [comment entry] ... ]
[SECURITY. [comment entry] ... ]
[REMARKS. [comment entry] ... ]

The Identification Division must begin with the reserved words IDENTIFICATION DIVISION followed by a period.

The PROGRAM-ID paragraph gives the name a program is identified by, and it must be the first paragraph in the Identification Division. The other paragraphs are optional.

Use of the DATE-COMPILED paragraph does not produce the compilation date on that line. The date of compilation always appears on the first page of the listing, whether or not this paragraph is present.

All comment entries serve only as documentation, the syntax of the program is unaffected by them.

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1.6 Table of Conditional Verbs¶

Condition Name	Use
USE_CONDITIONAL	Causes conditional compiler to enter into effect for modules compiled with ND COBOL.
USE_UNDERLINE	Used to underline system messages.

CTYPE usage can affect compiling at the following levels:

Module
Block
Line

Setting Conditional Compilation Flags¶

Flags are set using the following syntax:

#SET CONDITIONAL

Rules¶

Condition names must not exceed 31 characters.
Condition names must not contain spaces.

Restrictions¶

The following are not allowed:

#IF
#ELSE
#ENDIF

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4 THE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION¶

The Environment Division contains a description of the computer on which the source program is compiled together with the functions that are dependent on its physical characteristics. The presence of the Environment Division is optional.

General Format:

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
[CONFIGURATION SECTION.
[SOURCE-COMPUTER, computer name [WITH DEBUGGING MODE].]
[OBJECT-COMPUTER, computer name]
[,SEGMENT-LIMIT IS segment number]]
[SPECIAL-NAMES. [,CURRENCY SIGN IS literal]
[,DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA].]
[INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL. file control entry [file control entry] ...
[I-O-CONTROL. input-output control entry]]

4.1 CONFIGURATION SECTION¶

The Configuration Section is optional in ND COBOL.

4.1.1 SOURCE COMPUTER Paragraph¶

Format:

SOURCE-COMPUTER.
 ----------------
|  ND-10         |
|  ND-100        |   [WITH DEBUGGING MODE].
|  ND-500        |
 ----------------

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THE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION¶

The WITH DEBUGGING MODE clause indicates that all debugging lines are to be compiled. If it is not specified, debugging lines will be compiled as if they were comment lines. Use of this clause does not imply any automatic activation of ND's Symbolic Debugger.

A debugging line is any line in a source program with a "D" coded in column 7 (the continuation area).

Each line must be written so that a syntactically correct program results when the debugging lines are compiled into the program. Debugging lines may be continued but each continuation line must contain a "D" in column 7.

Debugging lines may be specified only after the SOURCE-COMPUTER paragraph.

4.1.2 OBJECT COMPUTER Paragraph¶

Format:


OBJECT-COMPUTER
	ND-10
	ND-100
	ND-500

[ ,SEGMENT-LIMIT IS segment number ].

The SEGMENT-LIMIT clause is treated by the compiler as comments only.

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THE ENVIRONMENT DIVISION¶

4.1.3 SPECIAL-NAMES Paragraph¶

The SPECIAL NAMES paragraph provides a substitute character for the currency symbol and specifies whether the functions of the decimal point and comma are to be exchanged in PICTURE clauses and numeric literals. For the format see the beginning of this chapter.

4.1.3.1 CURRENCY IS Clause¶

The literal which appears in the CURRENCY SIGN IS literal clause is used in the PICTURE clause to represent the currency symbol. The literal is limited to a single character and must not be one of the following characters:

1) digits 0 through 9

2) alphabetical characters A, B, C, D, L, P, R, S, V, X, Z or the space

3) special characters '*', '+', '-', '.', ',', ';', '(', ')', ':', '/', '='.

If this clause is not present, only the currency sign is used in the PICTURE clause.

4.1.3.2 DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA Clause¶

When specified, this means that the function of the comma and period are exchanged in the character string of the PICTURE clause and in numeric literals.

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4.2 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION¶

The input-output section names files and provides specifications for other file related information. Its general format is shown at the beginning of this chapter.

4.2.1 File Processing - Language Concepts¶

The way in which COBOL files in a program are processed depends on how the data is organized on a file and how this data is to be accessed.

4.2.1.1 Data Organization¶

This refers to the permanent logical structure of the file and is defined as one of three types:

1) Sequential organization;

2) Indexed organization;

3) Relative organization.

Sequential Organization¶

With this organization, each record in the file except the first has a unique predecessor record, and each record except the last has a unique successor record. These predecessor/successor relationships are established by the order of the WRITE statements when the file is created. Once established, these relationships do not change, however it is possible to add records to the end of the file. The records may be fixed or variable length.

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Example:

1   IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
2   PROGRAM-ID.
3   GEMSEQ.
4   ************************************************************
5   * CREATES SQ-FILES AND LISTS.
6   ************************************************************
7   ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
8   INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
9   FILE-CONTROL.
10  SELECT SQ-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA".
11     ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL,
12     ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.
13  DATA DIVISION.
14  FILE SECTION.
15  FD  SQ-FILE.
16  01  M-REC.
17     02  PIC X(10).
18     02  SEQNUM PIC 9(5), BLANK WHEN ZERO.
19     02  PIC X(5).
20     02  PIC X(40).
21  WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
22  01  RANDNO  PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE ZERO.
23  01  MAXRAND PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.
24  01  NORECS  PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
25  01  RECNT   PIC 99, COMP, VALUE 0.

27  PROCEDURE DIVISION.
28  INIT-01.
29    OPEN OUTPUT SQ-FILE.
30    DISPLAY "CREATE RECORDS?".
31    PERFORM GET-NORECS.
32    PERFORM CRE-SQ-FILE NORECS TIMES.
33    * BUILDS THE INPUT FILE.
34    CLOSE SQ-FILE.
35    DISPLAY "FILE SQ-FILE CREATED.", RECNT, " RECORDS.".
36    OPEN INPUT SQ-FILE.
37  LIST-FILE-0.
38    MOVE 0 TO RECNT.
39  LIST-FILE-1.
40    READ SQ-FILE AT END GO TO LIST-END.
41    ADD 1 TO RECNT.
42    DISPLAY "REC ", RECNT, ", SEQNUM = ", SEQNUM.
43    GO TO LIST-FILE-1.
44  LIST-END.
45    CLOSE SQ-FILE.
46    DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".
47    STOP RUN.
48  CRE-SQ-FILE.
49    CALL "RND" USING RANDNO, MAXRAND.
50    MOVE ALL "%" TO M-REC.
51    MOVE RANDNO TO SEQNUM.
52    ADD 1 TO RECNT.
53    DISPLAY "UT REC = ", RECNT, " KEY = ", SEQNUM.
54    WRITE M-REC.
55  GET-NORECS.
56    ACCEPT NORECS.
57    IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
58      DISPLAY "*** NOT NUMERIC DATA ***",
59      GO TO GET-NORECS
60    END-IF.

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Indexed Organization¶

A file with this organization is a mass storage file whose records, which may be of fixed or variable length, are accessed by means of a key. Each record can have one or more keys and each key is associated with a particular index held on that file. Each index provides a logical path to the data records, according to the contents of a data item within each record which acts as the record key for that index.

The RECORD KEY clause in the file control entry for each file names the prime record key for that file. When inserting, updating or deleting records in a file, each record must be identifiable solely by its prime record key. This value must, therefore, be unique and it must not be changed when updating the record.

The ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause names an alternate record key for a file. (This value may be nonunique if the DUPLICATES phrase is specified for it.) These keys provide alternate access paths for record retrieval from the file.

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Example:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
    GEN-ISAM-1.
*************************************************
* ISAM MEANS INDEX-SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD.
*
* THE RECORDS ARE OUTPUT TO AN ISAM-FILE USING THE *UNIQUE*
* (I. E., NOT DUPLICATED) DATA FOUND IN FIELD ISAM-KEY AS
* *KEY* VALUE.
*
* BEFORE THIS JOB CAN BE RUN, THE FOLLOWING *MUST* BE SO:
*   a) FILE "ISAM-EX:DATA" AND FILE "ISAM-EX:ISAM" MUST
*      EXIST AND BE ERROR-FREE; OR
*   b) FILE "ISAM-EX:DATA" MUST NOT EXIST OR IF EXISTING
*      CONTAIN *NO DATA*!
*************************************************
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
    SELECT ISAM-FILE ASSIGN TO "ISAM-EX:DATA".
      ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED,
      ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC,
      RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY,
      FILE STATUS IS ISAMSTATUS.

DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD  ISAM-FILE
    RECORD CONTAINS 46 CHARACTERS.
01  ISAM-REC.
    02  ISAM-KEY PIC X(6).
*                   .......MUST BE IN RECORD AREA!
    02  ISAM-TEXT PIC X(40).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01  ISAMSTATUS PIC XX.
*                   .......RETURN STATUS FROM ISAM.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A001.

OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.

A002.
    DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX. 6 CHAR) : ",
            ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
    IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES GO TO LIST.
*                   .......SPACES INPUT, END DIALOG.
    DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 40 CHAR) : ",
            ACCEPT ISAM-TEXT.
*                   .......READ RECORDS FROM TERMINAL.
    WRITE ISAM-REC, INVALID KEY,
            DISPLAY "ISAM FILE ERROR .", ISAMSTATUS, "-".
    GO TO A002.
*                   .......OUTPUT RECORD AND ASK AGAIN.
LIST.
    DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ",
            ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
    IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES THEN GO TO FINI.
    READ ISAM-FILE RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY INVALID KEY,
            DISPLAY "RECORD NOT FOUND!",
            GO TO LIST.
    DISPLAY "REC: ", ISAM-KEY, ": ", ISAM-REC.
    GO TO LIST.
FINI.
    CLOSE ISAM-FILE.
    DISPLAY "JOB END.".
    STOP RUN.

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Relative Organization¶

Relative file organization is permitted only on mass storage devices. The file may be thought of as a string of areas, each capable of holding a logical record. Each of these is identified by a relative record number which is used for storage and retrieval.

For example, the tenth record is the one addressed by relative record number 10 and is in the tenth record area, whether or not records have been written in the first through ninth record areas.

Records may be of fixed or variable length.

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Example:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. GENERALFILE.

**************************************************
* THIS PROGRAM SHOWS THE USAGE OF A RELATIVE FILE.  
*  
* THE FILE *MUST* EXIST BEFORE THE RUN, BUT MAY BE EMPTY, EACH  
* RECORD IS LOCATED DIRECTLY BY ITS RELATIVE (1 TO 1) POSITION IN  
* THE FILE BY ITS *INTEGER* KEY VALUE.  
*  
* NOTE: EVEN IF SOMETHING IS WRITTEN ON RECORDS 300 AND 700  
* IN THE RELATIVE FILE, *NO* STORAGE SPACE IS USED FOR THE  
* "EMPTY" RECORDS BETWEEN RECORD 0 AND 299, OR BETWEEN 301 AND  
* 699. THUS IT MAKES PERFECT SENSE TO USE, SAY, BIRTH DATES  
* AS KEYS IN RELATIVE FILES.  
**************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT RELFILE ASSIGN "RELATIVE-EX:DATA".
ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE.
ACCESS IS DYNAMIC.
RELATIVE KEY IS REL-KEY.
FILE STATUS IS REL-STATUS.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD RELFILE
BLOCK CONTAINS 10 RECORDS
RECORD CONTAINS 60 CHARACTERS.
01 REL-RECORD PIC X(60).
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 REL-STATUS PIC XX.

01 REL-KEY PIC 999.

**************************************************
* THE RELATIVE KEY CAN NOT OCCUR IN THE RECORD  
* AREA; ITS POSSIBLE SIZES ARE 1-999999999999,  
* BUT IT IS RESTRICTED TO 999 IN THIS PROGRAM.  
**************************************************

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A000.
OPEN I-O RELFILE.
A002.
DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX 999) : ".
PERFORM GET-KEY.
IF REL-KEY = ZEROES GO TO A003.
DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 60 CHARACTERS) : ".
ACCEPT REL-RECORD.
WRITE REL-RECORD INVALID KEY
DISPLAY "*** RELFILE ERROR *** :", REL-STATUS.
GO TO A002.
A003.
DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ".
PERFORM GET-KEY.
IF REL-KEY = ZEROES GO TO A999.
READ RELFILE RECORD INVALID KEY,
DISPLAY " RECORD NOT FOUND ",
REL-STATUS, GO TO A003.
DISPLAY "REC :", REL-KEY, ":", REL-RECORD.
GO TO A003.
A999.
CLOSE RELFILE.
DISPLAY "JOB END".
STOP RUN.
GET-KEY.
ACCEPT REL-KEY.
IF REL-KEY NOT NUMERIC,
DISPLAY " KEY MUST BE NUMERIC ",
GO TO GET-KEY.
GET-KEY-EXIT.
EXIT.

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4.2.1.2 Access Modes¶

Three access modes are available in COBOL: sequential, random, and dynamic.

For sequential organization, records can only be accessed in sequential access mode, i.e., in the order in which they were originally written on the file. A sequential mass storage file may be used for input and output at the same time. One file maintenance method made possible by this facility is to read a record, process it and - if it is updated - write the modified record back into the previous position.

For indexed organization, using the sequential access mode means that records are accessed in the ascending order of the record key values. (The order of retrieval of records within a set of records having duplicate key record values, is the order in which the records were written into the set.)

Using the random access mode, records are accessed in a sequence determined by the programmer. A desired record is accessed by having its record key defined as a record key data item.

Using the dynamic access mode, the programmer may change from sequential access to random access at will by means of appropriate coding.

For relative organization, the file access mode can be either sequential, dynamical or random. Sequential access provides the same results as if the file were organized sequentially. Records are accessed in ascending order of relative record number of records currently existing on the file.

Using random mode, the access sequence is controlled by the programmer. The desired record must have its relative record number placed in a relative key data item.

Such a file may be thought of as a serial string of areas, each capable of holding a logical record. Each of these areas is specified by a relative record number. Records are stored and retrieved based on this number. For example, the tenth record is the one addressed by relative record number 10 and is the tenth record area, whether or not records have been written in the first through the ninth record areas.

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In the dynamic access mode, the programmer may change at will from sequential access to random access using appropriate forms of input-output statements.

4.2.2 The File-Control Paragraph¶

The FILE-CONTROL paragraph associates each file with an external medium and allows specification of file organization, access mode, etc.

General Format of the FILE-CONTROL paragraph:

FILE-CONTROL.
[select-entry] ...

The formats of the various select entries are given below.

Format 1: Select entry for sequential files

SELECT [OPTIONAL] file-name
ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1
┌─────────────────────┐




└─────────────────────┘
[:ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL]
[:ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL]
[:FILE STATUS IS data-name-1].

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Format 2: Select Entry for Indexed Files¶

SELECT [OPTIONAL] file-name

ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1

         | AREA |
:RESERVE integer
         | AREAS |

:ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED

          ( SEQUENTIAL )
;ACCESS MODE IS ( RANDOM     )
          ( DYNAMIC   )

:RECORD KEY IS data-name-2

[:ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS data-name-3 [WITH DUPLICATES] ]...

[:FILE STATUS IS data-name-4].

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Format 3: SELECT entry for relative files¶

SELECT [OPTIONAL] file-name  
    ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1  
    [  
      :RESERVE integer  
              AREA  
              AREAS  
    ]  
    :ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE  

    [  
      :ACCESS MODE IS  
            SEQUENTIAL [,RELATIVE KEY IS data-name-5]  
            RANDOM  
            DYNAMIC  
          ,RELATIVE KEY IS data-name-5  
    ]  
    [:FILE STATUS IS data-name-6].

Format 4: SELECT entry for SORT/MERGE¶

SELECT file-name ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1.

The SELECT clause must appear first in the file control entries but subsequent clauses may appear in any order.

Each file described in the Data Division must appear in one and only one entry in the file control paragraph.

The default access mode is sequential.

The file status data-name, (data-names-1, 4 and 6) must be defined in the Data Division as a two character, alphanumeric item which is not, however, defined in the file section.

All data-names may be qualified.

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4.2.2.1 For Sequential Organization¶

The absence of the ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL clause implies the existence of this clause.

The OPTIONAL phrase may be specified for input or output files. Its specification is required for input or output files that are not necessarily present each time the object program is executed.

4.2.2.2 For Indexed Organization¶

Data-names 2 and 3 must be defined as alphanumeric in a record description entry for that file name; neither can describe an item whose size is variable.

Data-name-3 cannot reference an item whose leftmost character position corresponds to the leftmost character position of an item referenced by data-name-2 or by any other data-name-3 associated with this file.

The OPTIONAL phrase may be specified for input or output files. Its specification is required for input or output files that are not necessarily present each time the object program is executed.

4.2.2.3 For Relative Organization¶

Data-name-5, which must be an unsigned integer, must not be described in a record description entry associated with that file.

If a relative file is referenced by a START statement, then the RELATIVE KEY phrase must appear for that file.

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The OPTIONAL phrase may be specified for input or output files. Its specification is required for input or output files that are not necessarily present each time the object program is executed.

4.2.2.4 General Rules¶

The ASSIGN clause specifies the association of a file name with a storage medium.
The ORGANIZATION clause defines the logical structure of a file. This is established when the file is created and cannot be subsequently changed.
The RESERVE clause is treated as comments and appears for syntax reasons only.
When the FILE STATUS clause appears, the COBOL library system, after execution of every statement referencing the file, moves a value indicating the status of the execution into the data item referenced by this clause (see I-O Status under INPUT-OUTPUT statements in the Procedure Division description).

Records in the file are accessed in the sequence determined by the predecessor-successor relationships established by the execution of WRITE statements in the file formation.

General Rules for Indexed Organization:¶

When the access mode is sequential, records in the file are accessed in the order of ascending record key values within a given key of reference. If the access mode is random then the value of the record key indicates which record is accessed by it. When the access mode is dynamic, the file may be accessed sequentially and/or randomly.
The RECORD KEY clause denotes the prime record key for the file, and its values must be unique. The ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause specifies an alternate record key for the file. Both record keys provide access paths to the records in the file.

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General Rules For Relative Organization¶

When the access mode is sequential, records are accessed in the order of ascending relative record numbers of the records existing on the file. If the access mode is random then the value of the RELATIVE KEY data item is used to locate a record. When the access mode is dynamic, records in the file can be accessed sequentially and/or randomly.
All records stored in a file are uniquely identified by relative record numbers. These specify the record’s logical ordinary position as follows: the first logical record has a relative record number of one (1) and subsequent records have relative record numbers of 2, 3, 4, ...

4.2.3 The I-O CONTROL Paragraph¶

(Sequential Files Only)

The I-O-CONTROL paragraph specifies the memory area to be shared by different files.

Format:

I-O-CONTROL.
[SAME AREA for file-name-1 {file-name-2} ... ] ...

The I-O CONTROL paragraph is optional. More than one SAME clause may be included in a program, however:

A file name must not appear in more than one SAME AREA clause.
The files referenced in the SAME AREA clause need not all have the same access.

The SAME AREA clause specifies that two or more files not representing SORT files are to use the same memory area during processing. The area being shared includes all storage areas assigned to the specified files so that it is not valid to have more than one of the files open at the same time.

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5.1 DATA CONCEPTS¶

The Data Division describes the data that the object program is to accept as input, to manipulate, to create or to produce as output. Data to be processed falls into three categories:

1) That which is contained in files and enters or leaves the computer memory from specified areas. This data is external data.

2) That which is developed internally and placed into intermediate storage. This is known as internal data.

3) Constants defined by the user.

External data is contained in files. A file is a collection of records existing on an input or output device. When discussing records, it is important to distinguish between the terms physical record and logical record. A physical record is a collection of data which is treated as an entity by the particular input or output device on which it is stored. A logical record is a collection of data having a logical relationship between its subdivisions. One logical relationship may extend across physical records, several may be contained within one physical record or the two may be identical in size (i.e., one logical relationship is contained completely in one physical unit of data). Unless otherwise described, the term record refers to a logical record, when used in this manual.

The term block is associated with the use of records, usually to describe a unit of data consisting of one or more logical records. The term is synonymous with physical record.

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5.2 Structure of the Data Division¶

The Data Division is divided into sections, each one having a specific logical function. The occurrence of individual sections is optional but they must appear in the order shown when written in the source program.

Format:

DATA DIVISION.

    FILE SECTION.

    file-description-entry
        {record-description-entry} ...

    sort-file description-entry
        {record-description-entry} ...

    WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

    77-level description entry...
        record-description-entry ...

    LINKAGE SECTION.

    77-level-description-entry...
        record-description-entry ...

The File Section contains a description of all externally stored data (FD) but not that which the program may develop internally. It also contains a description of each SORT/MERGE file (SD) in the program.

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The Working Storage Section describes records which are developed and processed internally.

The Linkage Section describes data made available from another program (see the section on Interprogram Communication in the "Other Features" part of this manual).

5.3 FILE SECTION¶

This section must begin with the header FILE SECTION followed by a period. It contains file description entries and sort file description entries, each one followed by its associated record description. All clauses used in the record description entry of the File Section can be used in the Working-Storage Section. The elements allowed in a record description are described later under "Data Description Entry" in the Working Storage Section of the Data Division description (see also "The Concept of Levels" in the same chapter).

5.3.1 The File Description - Complete Entry Skeleton¶

The file description entry represents the highest level of organization in the File Section. It follows the File Section header and consists of a level indicator (FD), a file name, and a series of independent clauses specifying the size of the physical and logical records, their structure and their record names on that file. The formats are:

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Format 1: Indexed and Relative I-O¶

FD file name

[ :BLOCK CONTAINS [integer-1 TO] integer-2 ( RECORDS )
( CHARACTERS )
]

[ :RECORD CONTAINS [integer-3 TO] integer-4 CHARACTERS [DEPENDING ON data-name-1] ]

[ :LABEL ( RECORD IS ) ( STANDARD ) ( RECORDS ARE ) ( OMITTED ) ]

[ :RECORDING MODE IS ( F )
( V )
]

[ :DATA ( RECORD IS )
data-name-3 [,data-name-4] ...
( RECORDS ARE )
]

[ :VALUE OF FILE-ID IS integer-3 ]

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Format 2: Sequential I-O¶

FD file-name

│ :BLOCK CONTAINS [integer-1 TO] integer-2   │ { RECORDS     } │
│                                             │ { CHARACTERS  } │

│ :RECORD CONTAINS [integer-3 TO] integer-4 CHARACTERS         │
│       [DEPENDING ON data-name-1]                             │

│ :LABEL { RECORD IS } { STANDARD }                            │
│        { RECORDS ARE } { OMITTED }                           │

│ :RECORDING MODE IS { F }                                     │
│                     { TEXT-FILE }                            │
│                     { I }                                    │
│                     { V }                                    │

│ :DATA { RECORD IS }                                          │
│       { RECORDS ARE } data-name-3 [, data-name-4 ... ] ...   │

The level indicator FD identifies the beginning of a file description and must precede the file name. The clauses which follow are optional in many cases and they may appear in any order.

One or more record description entries must follow the file description entry.

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5.3.1.1 The BLOCK CONTAINS Clause¶

The Block Contains clause specifies the size of a physical record.

Format:

BLOCK CONTAINS {integer-1 TO} integer-2	RECORDS
	CHARACTERS

General Rules:

1) If this clause is omitted, block size is set to 2048 characters.

2) The size of the physical record may be stated in terms of RECORDS, unless one of the following situations exists, in which case the RECORDS phrase must not be used:

a) Where logical records may extend across physical records.

b) The physical record contains padding (area not contained in a logical record).

c) Logical records are grouped in such a manner that an inaccurate physical record size would be implied.

3) When the word CHARACTERS is specified, the physical record size is specified in terms of the number of character positions required to store the physical record, regardless of the types of characters used to represent the items within the physical record.

4) If only integer-2 is shown, it represents the exact size of the physical record. If integer-1 and integer-2 are both shown, they refer to the minimum and maximum size of the physical record, respectively.

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5.3.1.2 The DATA RECORDS Clause¶

The DATA RECORDS clause serves only as documentation for the names of data records and their associated file.

Format:

DATA	RECORD IS	data-name-1 [,data-name-2] ...
	RECORDS ARE

Data-name-1 and data-name-2 are the names of data records and must have 01 level number record descriptions, with the same names, associated with them.

General Rules:

The presence of more than one data name indicates that the file contains more than one type of data record. These records may vary in size, format, etc. The order in which they are listed is not significant.
Conceptually, all data records within a file share the same area. This is in no way altered by the presence of more than one type of data record within the file.

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5.3.1.3 The LABEL RECORDS Clause¶

The LABEL RECORDS clause is treated as comments.

Format:

	RECORD IS	STANDARD
:LABEL	RECORDS ARE	OMITTED

5.3.1.4 The RECORD CONTAINS Clause¶

The RECORD CONTAINS clause specifies the size of data records.

Format:

	RECORD CONTAINS [integer-3 TO] integer-4 CHARACTERS
	[DEPENDING ON data-name-1]

General Rules:¶

1) The following notes apply:

a) Integer-4 may not be used by itself unless all of the data records in the file have the same size. In this case, integer-4 represents the exact number of characters in the data record. If integer-3 and integer-4 are both shown, they refer to the minimum number of characters in the smallest size data record and the maximum number of characters in the largest size data record, respectively.

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b) The size is specified in terms of the number of character positions required to store the logical record, regardless of the types of characters used to represent the items within the logical record. The size of a record is determined by the sum of the number of characters in all fixed length elementary items plus the sum of the maximum number of characters in any variable length item subordinate to the record. This sum may be different from the actual size of the record.

Data-name-1 must describe an elementary integer in the Working-Storage Section. (Defined as COMPUTATIONAL, with no PICTURE clause specified.)
If data-name-1 is specified, the number of character positions in the record must be placed in the data item referenced by data-name-1 before any RELEASE, REWRITE or WRITE statement is executed for the file.
If data-name-1 is specified, the execution of a DELETE, RELEASE, REWRITE, START or WRITE statement or the unsuccessful execution of a READ or RETURN statement does not alter the contents of the data item referenced by data-name-1.
During the execution of a RELEASE, REWRITE or WRITE statement, the number of character positions in the record is determined as follows:
- a) By the contents of the data item referenced by data-name-1 if data-name-1 is specified.
- b) By the number of character positions in the record if data-name-1 is not specified.
If data-name-1 is specified, after the successful execution of a READ or RETURN statement for the file, the contents of the data item referenced by data-name-1 will indicate the number of character positions in the record just read.
If the INTO phrase is specified in the READ or RETURN statement, the number of character positions in the current record that participate as the sending data item in the implicit MOVE statement is determined by the maximum size of the sending field.

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5.3.1.5 The RECORDING MODE Clause¶

The RECORDING mode clause specifies the record format used in the file.

Format 1: Indexed and Relative I-O.¶


:RECORDING MODE IS	( F )
	( V )

Format 2: Sequential I-O.¶


:RECORDING MODE IS	( F )
	( T )
	( TEXT-FILE )
	( V )

F indicates that all records have exactly the same number of characters, that is, the number which is the length of the file's record area.

V means that the records in the file may have a varying number of characters, never less than 1 (one) and never more than the maximum size of the file's record area. With V format, two extra bytes of information are stored at the beginning of each record in the file. These bytes contain the length of the data portion of the record; they are never available to the COBOL program, except if the DEPENDING ON phrase of the RECORD CONTAINS clause is included.

T (TEXT-FILE) means that the records of the file are in printable format and contain only ASCII characters. The records are separated by the characters carriage return (15 octal) and line feed (12 octal). This format is only valid for sequential files. T and TEXT-FILE are synonymous.

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5.3.1.6 The VALUE OF FILE-ID IS Clause¶

The VALUE OF FILE-ID IS clause is now treated as a comment.

Format:

|------------------------------| | VALUE OF FILE-ID IS integer-3 | |------------------------------|

5.4 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION¶

The Working-Storage Section may describe data records which are not part of external files but are developed and processed internally. It must begin with the words WORKING-STORAGE SECTION followed by a period. It contains record description entries and data description entries for noncontiguous data items.

Data Description Entries

Noncontiguous items in Working-Storage that bear no hierarchical relationship to one another, need not be grouped into records, provided they do not need to be further subdivided. Instead, they are classified and defined as noncontiguous elementary items. Each is defined in a separate data description entry with the special level number 77.

Record Description Entries

Data elements that bear a definite hierarchical relationship to one another must be grouped into records structured by level number.

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5.4.1.1 The Concept of Level¶

Because records must often be divided into logical subdivisions, the concept of level is inherent in the structure of a record. Fields which cannot be further subdivided are called elementary items. A record can be made up of elementary items or it can itself be an elementary item. If it is necessary to refer to a set of elementary items, they can be combined as a group item. Note that an elementary item can belong to more than one group.

For example, an employer's payroll file might contain a record for all employees at one location. Each employee's record could be represented as a group item while the subdivisions, or elementary items, might be age, salary, grade, tax code, etc.

Level Numbers¶

A system of level numbers from 1 to 49 is used to organize elementary and group items into records. Special level numbers 77 and 88 identify items used for special purposes. They do not structure a record, and are used as follows:

Level	Description
77	For independent working storage or linkage section items which are not subdivisions of items or themselves subdivided.
88	For identification of a condition name associated with a particular value of a conditional variable (see the VALUE clause later in the 'Data Division section').

(Level 77 and 01 entries must have unique data names as they cannot be qualified. Subordinate data names, if qualifiable, need not be unique.)

Record Description Level Numbers¶

A level number must be assigned to each group or elementary item in a record. The level numbers used to structure records are:

01 This specifies the record itself and is the most inclusive of the numbers. A level 01 entry may be either a group or an elementary item.

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02-49¶

These are given to group and elementary items within a record. Subordinate items are given higher (not necessarily consecutive) level numbers.

A group item includes all group and elementary items following it until a level number less than or equal to its own is encountered.

All elementary or group items immediately subordinate to one group item must be assigned level numbers higher than the level number of this group item.

For example, data may need to be structured as follows:


TIME-CARD
NAME	LAST-NAME
	FIRST-INIT
	MIDDLE-INIT
EMPLOYEE-NUM
WEEKS-END-DATE	MONTH
	DAY-NUMBER
	YEAR
HOURS-WORKED

A corresponding record might appear in the form:

01  TIME-CARD.
    02  NAME.
        03  LAST-NAME PICTURE X(18).
        03  FIRST-INIT PICTURE X.
        03  MIDDLE-INIT PICTURE X.
    02  EMPLOYEE-NUM PICTURE 99999.
    02  WEEKS-END-DATE.
        05  MONTH PIC 99.
        05  DAY-NUMBER PIC 99.
        05  YEAR PIC 99.
    02  HOURS-WORKED PICTURE 99V9.

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5.4.1.2 Classes and Categories of Data¶

There are five categories of data items which are grouped into three classes. The relationship between them is shown in the following.

Level of Item:	Class:	Category:
Elementary	Alphabetic	Alphabetic
	Numeric	Numeric
	Alphanumeric	Alphabetic
		Numeric Edited
		Alphanumeric Edited
		Alphanumeric
Group	Alphanumeric	Alphabetic
		Numeric
		Numeric Edited
		Alphanumeric Edited
		Alphanumeric

Classes and Categories of Data

Note that for alphabetic and numeric the classes and categories are synonymous. The alphanumeric class includes the categories of alphanumeric edited, numeric edited and alphanumeric (without editing). Every elementary item, except for an index data item, belongs to one of the classes and to one of the categories.

Every group item belongs to the alphanumeric class (even if its subordinate items belong to other classes or categories).

Standard alignment rules for positioning data in an elementary item depend on the data category of the receiving item (i.e., the item into which the data is placed).

The following rules apply, according to the category of the receiving item:

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Numeric

The data is aligned by decimal point and moved to the receiving character positions with zero fill or truncation on either end as required.

If there is no assumed decimal point (an assumed decimal point is one that has logical meaning but does not exist as a character in the data), then the item is treated as if an assumed decimal point existed immediately after its rightmost character and is aligned as in the preceding rule.
Numeric Edited

The data is aligned on the decimal point and (if necessary) truncated or padded with zeros at either end, except when editing causes replacement of leading zeros.
Alphanumeric, Alphanumeric Edited, Alphabetic

The data is aligned at the leftmost character position and (if necessary) truncated or padded with spaces. If the JUSTIFIED clause is specified then this rule is modified as described in the description of this clause.

Signed Data¶

There are two classes of algebraic signs used in COBOL: operational signs and editing signs.

Operational signs are associated with signed numeric items to indicate their algebraic properties.

Editing signs, which are PICTURE symbols, are used with numeric edited items to indicate the sign of the item in edited output.

Data Reference¶

Every user specified name of an element in a COBOL program must be unique - either because no other name has a character-string of the same value or because it can be made unique through qualification, indexing or subscripting.

Qualification¶

A name can be made unique if it exists within a hierarchy of names such that it can be identified by specifying one or more higher level names in this hierarchy. This process is called qualification, and the higher level names are called qualifiers.

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Qualification is performed by following a user specified name by one or more phrases composed of a qualifier preceded by IN or OF. (IN and OF are logically equivalent.)

The Formats are:

Format 1:¶

| data-name-1 / condition-name | OF / IN | data-name-2 ... |

Format 2:¶

| paragraph-name | OF / IN | section name |

Format 3:¶

| file-name |

Each qualifier must be of a successively higher level and be within the same hierarchy as the name it qualifies.

The same name must not appear at 2 levels in a hierarchy.

If a data name or condition name is assigned to more than one data item, it must be qualified each time it is referred to.

A paragraph name must not be duplicated within a section. When a paragraph name is qualified by a section name, the word SECTION must not appear. A file name (used in the COPY statement) must name a SINTRAN file. A paragraph name need not be qualified when referred to within the section in which it appears. When it is being used as a qualifier, a data name cannot be subscripted.

If there is more than one combination of qualifiers that ensures uniqueness then any of these combinations can be used.

Note: Although enough qualification must be given to make the name unique, it may not be necessary to specify all the levels of the hierarchy.

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No duplicate section names are allowed.

No data name can be the same as a section name or paragraph name.

Duplication of data names must not occur in those places where the data names cannot be made unique by qualifications.

Subscripting and Indexing¶

Subscripts and indexes are used for referencing an individual element within a table of elements that do not have individual data names. Subscripting and Indexing are explained in the chapter on Table Handling.

5.4.2 The Data Description - Complete Entry Skeleton¶

The format of the complete entry skeleton has been simplified for easier reading. The format of each clause is given with the individual descriptions.

5.4.2.1 Data Description Entry¶

A data description entry specifies the characteristics of a particular item of data.

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Format 1:¶

┌────────────┬────────────────────┐
│ level number | ( data name )    │
│             | ( FILLER )        │
│             | clause            │
│ [:BLANK WHEN ZERO clause]       │
│ [:JUSTIFIED clause]             │
│ [:PICTURE clause]               │
│ [:REDEFINES clause]             │
│ [:SIGN clause]                  │
│ [                             ] │
│ ;   { SYNCHRONIZED clause }     │
│ ;   { SYNCHRONIZED-2 clause }   │
│ [                             ] │
│ [:USAGE clause]                 │
│ [:VALUE clause]                 │
│ [:EXPORT clause]                │
└────────────┴────────────────────┘

Format 2:¶

┌───────────────────────────────┐
│ 88 condition name VALUE clause │
└───────────────────────────────┘

Format 1 is used for record description entries and for level 77 entries.

General Rules:¶

1) The level number can be any number from 01 to 49 or 77. 01 to 09 can be written as 1 to 9.

2) The data name/FILLER (optional) entry must immediately follow the level number. Otherwise, the clauses may be written in any order.

3) The PICTURE clause must be specified for all elementary items except index data items and for computational, computational-1 and computational-2 items.

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4) The BLANK WHEN ZERO, JUSTIFIED, PICTURE and SYNCHRONIZED clauses are valid only for elementary items.

5) Each entry must end with a period followed by a space and all clauses must be separated by a space, comma, or a semicolon followed by a space.

Format 2 describes condition names which are user specified names that associate value(s) and/or range of values with a conditional variable. A conditional variable is a data item which can take one or more values and is associated with a condition name.

General Rules:¶

1) Each condition name requires a separate entry with level number 88. Any entry beginning with this level number is a condition name.

2) A condition name can be associated with any data description entry containing a level number except:

1) another condition name

2) an index data item.

3) Each entry must end with a period followed by a space. Successive operands must be separated by either a space, a semicolon or comma followed by a space.

5.4.2.2 The BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause¶

The BLANK WHEN ZERO clause permits the blanking of an item when its value is zero.

Format:¶

| BLANK WHEN ZERO |

The BLANK WHEN ZERO clause can only be used for an elementary item whose PICTURE is numeric or numeric edited (see the PICTURE clause in this chapter). When it is used for an item whose PICTURE is numeric then the category of the item is considered to be numeric edited.

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When the BLANK WHEN ZERO clause is used, the item will contain nothing but spaces if the value of the item is zero.

5.4.2.3 The Data Name/FILLER Clause¶

A data name explicitly identifies the data being described. The key word FILLER, which may be omitted, specifies an item not explicitly referred to in a program.

Format:

┌─────────────────────┐
│                     │
│     ( data name )   │
│     (    FILLER )   │
│                     │
└─────────────────────┘

In the File, Working-Storage and Linkage Sections, data name or FILLER must appear as the first word following the level number in each data description entry.

General Rules:

A data name identifies a data item used in the program, it may assume a number of different values during program execution.
The key word FILLER can name an elementary or group item in a record. Under no circumstances can a FILLER item be referred to explicitly; however, it may be used as a conditional variable since such use does not require explicit reference to the item itself but only to its value.

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5.4.2.4 The JUSTIFIED Clause¶

The JUSTIFIED clause overrides standard positioning rules for a receiving item of the alphabetic or alphanumeric categories.

Format:

JUSTIFIED
JUST
RIGHT

The JUSTIFIED clause can be specified only at the elementary item level. JUST is an abbreviation for JUSTIFIED and has the same meaning. It cannot be used with any data item which is numeric or for which editing is specified.

General Rules:

When a receiving data item is described with the JUSTIFIED clause and it is smaller than the sending item, the leftmost characters are truncated; if larger, the unused character positions at the left are filled with spaces.
When the JUSTIFIED clause is omitted, the standard rules for aligning data within an elementary item apply. (See Standard Alignment Rules in this chapter.)

5.4.2.5 The PICTURE Clause¶

The PICTURE clause describes the general characteristics and editing requirements of an elementary item.

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Format:¶

┌────────────────────────┐
│                      │
│     PICTURE           │
│     PIC                  IS character-string  │    
│                      │
└────────────────────────┘

The PICTURE clause must be specified for every elementary item except an index data item, or computational, computational-1 and computational-2 items. It may be specified only at the elementary level. PIC is an abbreviated form of PICTURE and has the same meaning.

The character-string is made up of certain COBOL characters used as symbols. The allowable combinations determine the category of the elementary item. The maximum number of characters, i.e., symbols, allowed in the string is 30.

List of Symbols¶

The following list of symbols is used to represent the five categories of data that can be described in a PICTURE clause. (These are: alphabetic, number, alphanumeric, alphanumeric edited and numeric edited.) A brief description is given with each symbol. More detailed descriptions appear later.

Symbol	Description
A	Each A in the character-string represents a character position that can only contain a letter of the alphabet or a space.
B	Each B in the character-string represents a character position into which the space will be inserted.
S	The letter S is used in a character-string to indicate the presence (but not the representation or, necessarily, the position) of an operational sign; it must be the leftmost character in the PICTURE. It is not counted in determining the size of the elementary item unless an associated SIGN clause specifies the SEPARATE CHARACTER phrase. (An operational sign indicates whether the value of the item is positive or negative.)
V	The V is used in a character position to indicate the location of an assumed decimal point and may appear only once in a character-string. It does not represent a character position and is therefore not counted in the size of the elementary item. When the assumed decimal point is to the right of the rightmost symbol in the string, the V is redundant.
X	Each X in the character-string represents a character position which contains any allowable character from the computer's character set.

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Z¶

Each Z in a character-string may only be used to represent the leftmost leading numeric character positions which will be replaced by a space character when the contents of that character position is zero. Each Z is counted in the size of the item.

9¶

Each 9 in the character-string represents a character position which contains a numeral and is counted in the size of the item.

0¶

Each 0 (zero) in the character-string represents a character position into which the numeral zero will be inserted. It is counted in the size of the item.

/¶

Each / (stroke) in the character-string represents a character position into which the stroke character will be inserted. It is counted in the size of the item.

,¶

Each , (comma) in the character-string represents a character position into which the character , (comma) will be inserted. This character position is counted in the size of the item and the character must not be the last character in the PICTURE character-string.

When the character . (period) appears in the character-string it is an editing symbol which represents the decimal point for alignment purposes. In addition, it represents a character position into which the . (period) will be inserted. The character is counted in the size of the item. In a program the functions of the period and comma are exchanged if the clause DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA is stated in the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph. (In the exchange, the rules for the period apply to the comma and vice versa when they appear in a PICTURE clause.) The insertion character . (period) must not be the last character in the PICTURE character-string.

+, -, CR, DB¶

These symbols are used as editing sign control symbols and represent the character position into which the editing sign control symbol will be placed. These symbols are mutually exclusive in any one character-string, and each character used in the symbol is counted in determining the size of the data item.

*¶

Each * (asterisk) in the character-string represents a leading numeric character position into which an asterisk will be placed when the contents of that position is zero. Each * is counted in the size of the item.

CS¶

The currency symbol in the character-string represents a character position into which a currency symbol is to be placed. This currency symbol is represented either by the currency sign or by the single character specified in the CURRENCY SIGN clause in the SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph. The currency symbol is counted in the size of the item. (The default symbol is $ (dollar).)

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Allowable Symbols for Each Data Category¶

The following rules apply:

Alphabetic Items¶

a) The PICTURE character-string can only contain the symbols A and B.

b) Its contents when represented in standard data format should be any combination of the 26 (twenty-six) letters of the Roman alphabet and the space from the COBOL character set.

Numeric Items¶

a) The PICTURE character-string may only contain the symbols 9, S and V. The number of digit positions must range from 1 to 18 inclusive.

b) The contents of the item in standard format must be a combination of the 10 Arabic numerals and, if signed, a representation of the operational sign.

Alphanumeric Items¶

a) The PICTURE character-string is restricted to certain combinations of the symbols A, X and 9. The item is treated as if the character-string contained all X's. A character-string containing all A's or all 9's does not define an alphanumeric item.

b) The contents of the character-string when represented in standard data format are allowable characters in the computer's character set.

Alphanumeric Edited Items¶

a) The PICTURE character-string can contain: A, X, 9, B, 0 (zero) and /. It must contain at least one of these combinations:

at least one B and at least one X
at least one 0 and at least one X
at least one X and at least one /
at least one A and at least one 0

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at least one A and at least one /

b) The contents of the items in standard data format may be any allowable character from the computer's character set.

Numeric Edited Items¶

a) The PICTURE character-string can contain the symbols: B, V, Z, 9, 0 (zero), *, /, ,, (comma),. (period), +, -, CR (credit), DB (debit) or the $ (currency) symbol. The allowable combinations are determined from the order of precedence of symbols (see chart) and the editing rules (see later in this section).

b) The character-string must contain at least one 0 (zero), B, /, Z, *, +, -, , (comma), . (period), CR (credit), DB (debit) or currency symbol and the number of digit positions that can be represented must range from 1 to 18 inclusive.

c) The contents of the character positions that are allowed to represent a digit in standard format, must be one of the numerals.

The Size of an Elementary Item¶

The size of an elementary data item (i.e., the number of character positions it occupies in standard data format) is determined by the number of allowable symbols that represent character positions. An integer enclosed in parentheses following the symbols A, , (comma), X, ), Z, *, B, /, 0 (zero), +, - or the currency symbol indicates the number of consecutive occurrences of the symbol.

5.4.2.6 Editing Rules for the PICTURE Clause¶

Editing is performed in two ways, either by insertion or suppression and replacement. Insertion editing breaks down into four types. These are listed below together with the characters and categories each is valid for.

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Simple Insertion:¶

Category	Insertion Symbols:
Alphabetic	B
Alphanumeric edited	B 0 /
Numeric Edited	B 0 / ,

Examples:

Picture	Data	Edited Result
99,999,000	12345	12,345,000
999,999	12345	012,345
A(5)B(4)	NORSKDATA	NORSK DATA
X(4)B/BX(2)	TYPE25	TYPE / 25

Each insertion symbol is included in the size of the item and represents the position where the equivalent character will be inserted.

Special Insertion:¶

Category	Insertion Symbol:
Numeric Edited	. (period)

Examples:

Picture	Data	Edited Result
99.99	123.4	23.40
99.99	12.34	12.34
99.99	1.234	01.23

The insertion symbol . (period) will be counted in the size of the item, and shows the position where the actual decimal point will be inserted. It is not allowed to appear in the same PICTURE character-string as the symbol V (denoting an assumed decimal point); these two symbols are mutually exclusive.

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Fixed Insertion:¶

Category	Insertion Symbols:
Numeric edited	+ - CR DB (editing sign control symbols) $ (currency symbol)

Only one currency symbol and only one of the editing sign control symbols can be used, in a given PICTURE character-string. When the symbols 'CR' or 'DB' are used they represent two characters positions in determining the size of the item and they must represent the rightmost character positions that are counted in the size of the item. The symbol '+' or '-', when used, must be either the leftmost or the rightmost character position to be counted in the size of the item. The currency symbol must be the leftmost character position to be counted in the size of the item, except that it can be preceded by either a '+' or a '-' symbol. Fixed insertion editing results in the insertion character occupying the same character position in the edited item as it occupied in the PICTURE character-string. Editing sign control symbols produces the following results depending upon the value of the data item.

Editing Symbol in PICTURE character-string	Result:
	Data Item Positive or Zero
+	+
-	space
CR	2 spaces
DB	2 spaces

Examples:¶

Picture	Data:	Edited Result:
+99.99	-12.345	-12.34
-99.99	+12.345	12.34
99.9+	+12.345	12.34
$99.99	-12.34	$12.34
-$99.99	-12.34	-$12.34
$999.99 CR	+12.34	$012.34
$999.99 DB	-12.34	$012.34 DB

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Floating Insertion¶

Category	Insertion Symbols
Numeric edited	$ + -

Floating insertion editing occurs when two or more of the above insertion symbols appear as a string within the given PICTURE character-string.

Examples¶

Picture	Data	Edited Result
$$99	12	$12
$$$$$$99	1234	$1234
$$$$99.99	.12	$0.12
++++/***.+99	12	+12
-----9,999	123456	-123,456
$$$$99.99CR	-123	$123.00CR

Within one PICTURE character-string the floating insertion symbols are mutually exclusive. Simple insertion symbols or the period may appear within a string of floating insertion symbols without causing discontinuity (except in the special case where there is only one floating insertion symbol in the string to the left of a simple one or a period).

The leftmost character of the floating insertion string represents the leftmost limit of the floating symbol in the data item. The rightmost character of the floating string represents the rightmost limit of the floating symbols in the data item.

The second floating character from the left represents the leftmost limit of the numeric data that can be stored in the data item. Nonzero numeric data may replace all the characters at this limit or to the right of it.

In a PICTURE character-string, there are only two ways of representing floating insertion editing. One way is to represent any or all of the leading numeric character positions on the left of the decimal point by the insertion character. The other way is to represent all of the numeric character positions in the PICTURE character-string by the insertion character.

If the insertion characters are only to the left of the decimal point in the PICTURE character-string, the result is that a single floating insertion character will be placed into the character position immediately preceding either the decimal point or the first nonzero digit in the data represented by the insertion symbol string, whichever is further to the left in the PICTURE character-string. The character positions preceding the insertion character are replaced.

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If all numeric character positions in the PICTURE character-string are represented by the insertion character, the result depends upon the value of the data. If the value is zero the entire data item will contain spaces. If the value is not zero, the result is the same as when the insertion character is only to the left of the decimal point.

To avoid truncation, the minimum size of the PICTURE character-string for the receiving data item must be the number of characters in the sending data item, plus the number of nonfloating insertion characters being edited into the receiving data item, plus one for the floating insertion character.

Zero Suppression and Replacement Editing¶

The symbols Z and * are used to replace leading zeros in the edited result by blanks or asterisks respectively. They can form floating strings in the same way as the floating insertion symbols $, + and - described earlier. (However, a floating string of zero suppression or replacement symbols cannot appear in the same PICTURE character-string as a floating string of insertion symbols.)

Examples:

Picture	Data	Result
ZZ.ZZ	00.09	.09
ZZ.ZZ	00.00
.	00.00	.
ZZZ99.99	0000.00	00.00
*.99CR	123	**123.00
,.+	-123.00	**123.00-
ZZZ.ZZ*	0

Any simple insertion symbols or the period may appear within a floating string of zero suppression or replacement characters and are regarded as part of this string.

When editing is performed, any leading zero in the data that appears in the same character position as a suppression symbol, is replaced by the replacement character. Suppression stops at the leftmost character that:

1) Does not correspond to a suppression symbol.

2) Is the decimal point.

3) Contains nonzero data.

If, however, the value of the data is zero and all the numeric character positions in the PICTURE character-string are represented by a Z, the resulting item will contain spaces only. If these positions are represented by asterisks, the resulting item, except for the

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decimal point, will contain asterisks.

Precedence Rules¶

Figure 5.1 shows the order of precedence when using characters as symbols in a character-string. An 'X' at an intersection indicates that the symbol(s) at the top of the column may precede the symbol(s) at the left of the row. Arguments appearing in {} (braces) indicate that the symbols are mutually exclusive. The currency symbol is shown as CS.

At least one of the symbols A, X, Z, 9 or *, or at least two of the symbols +, - or CS must appear in a PICTURE string.

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First Symbol	Non-Floating Insertion Symbols	Floating Insertion & Suppressing/Replacement Symbols	Other Symbols
Second Symbol	B	O	/
B	X	X	X
0	X	X	X
/	X	X	X
[-]	X	X	X
[+]	X	X	X
`(CR` `[DB])`	X	X	X
CS			X
[`Z`]	X	X	X
[+-]	X	X	X
{Z}	X	X	X
{+}	X	X	X
CS	X	X	X
CS	X	X	X
9	X	X	X
A	X		X
S
V	X	X	X

Figure 5.1

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5.4.2.7 The REDEFINES Clause in DATA DIVISION¶

The REDEFINES clause allows the same computer storage area to be described by different data description entries.

Format:

| level number data-name-1; REDEFINES data-name-2 |

(Note: The level number, semicolon and data-name-1 are shown in the above format for reasons of clarity. Level number and data-name-1 are not part of the REDEFINES clause.)

Data-name-2 is the redefined item while data-name-1 supplies an alternative description for the same area, i.e., is the redefining item.

The level numbers of data-name-1 and data-name-2 must be identical but not level 88.

General Rules:

Redefinition begins at data-name-1 and ends when a level number less than or equal to that of data-name-2 is encountered. No entry having a level number lower than those of data-names 1 and 2 may occur between these entries.
When the level number of data-name-1 is other than 01, it must specify the same number of character positions that the data item referenced by data-name-2 contains. It is important to observe that the REDEFINES clause specifies the redefinition of a storage area, not of the data items occupying the area.
Multiple redefinitions of the same character positions are permitted. The entries giving the new descriptions of the character positions must follow the entries defining the area being redefined; no entries that define new character positions may intervene.
Multiple level 01 entries subordinate to any given level indicator represent redefinitions of the same area.

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5) The entries giving the new description of the character positions must not contain any VALUE clauses, except in condition name entries.

Example:

02  A PICTURE A(6).
02  B REDEFINES A.
    05  B-1 PICTURE X(2).
    05  B-2 PICTURE 9(4).
02  C PICTURE 9(6).
02  D REDEFINES C.
    05  D-1 PICTURE 99.
    05  D-2 PICTURE 9999.
    05  D-3 REDEFINES D-2 PICTURE 99V99.

In this example A, C and D-2 are redefined items while B, D and D-3 are redefining items. Note that the REDEFINES clause has been specified for the item D-3 which is subordinate to the redefining item, D.

5.4.2.8 The SIGN Clause¶

The SIGN clause specifies the position and mode of representation of the operational sign when it is necessary to describe these explicitly.

Format:

The SIGN clause may be specified only for a numeric data description entry whose PICTURE contains the character 'S', or a group item containing at least one such numeric data description entry.

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The numeric data description entries to which the SIGN IS clause applies must be described as USAGE IS DISPLAY.

At most one SIGN IS clause may apply to any given numeric data description entry.

If the SEPARATE CHARACTER option is not present, then the operational sign is assumed to be associated with the LEADING OR TRAILING digit position (whichever is specified). The PICTURE character S is not counted in the size of the item.

If the SEPARATE CHARACTER option is present, then the operational sign is assumed to occupy the LEADING OR TRAILING character position. In this case the PICTURE character S is included in the size of the item. The operational signs for positive and negative are the characters + and - (minus) one of which must be present in the data at object time.

5.4.2.9 The SYNCHRONIZED Clause¶

The SYNCHRONIZED clause specifies the alignment of an elementary item on the natural boundaries of the computer memory.

Format:

SYNCHRONIZED
SYNC	LEFT
SYNCHRONIZED-2
SYNC-2	RIGHT

This clause may only appear with an elementary item.

SYNC is an abbreviation of SYNCHRONIZED.

General Rules:

1) This clause specifies that the subject data item is to be aligned in the computer such that no other data item occupies any of the character positions between the leftmost (SYNC LEFT) or rightmost (SYNC RIGHT) 16-bits word boundaries delimiting this data item. This applies on both the ND-100 and ND-500 computers. If the number of character positions required to store this data item is less than the number of character positions between the word boundaries, the unused character positions (or some of them) must not be used for any other data item. Such unused character

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Positions, however, are included in:

a) the size of any group item(s) to which the elementary item belongs and

b) the character positions redefined when this data item is the object of a REDEFINES clause.

SYNCHRONIZED LEFT specifies that the elementary item is to be positioned such that it will begin at the left character position of the word boundary in which the elementary item is placed.
SYNCHRONIZED RIGHT specifies that the elementary item is to be positioned such that it will terminate at the right character position of the word boundary in which the elementary item is placed.
Whenever a SYNCHRONIZED item is referenced in the source program, the original size of the item, as shown in the PICTURE clause, is used in determining any action that depends on size, such as justification, truncation or overflow.
If the data description of an item contains the SYNCHRONIZED clause and an operational sign, the sign of the item appears in the normal operational sign position, regardless of whether the item is SYNCHRONIZED LEFT or SYNCHRONIZED RIGHT.
When the SYNCHRONIZED clause is specified in a data description entry of a data item that also contains an OCCURS clause, or in one which is subordinate to a data description entry that contains an OCCURS clause, each occurrence of the item is synchronized.

5.4.2.10 The USAGE Clause¶

The USAGE clause specifies the format of a data item in the computer storage.

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Format¶

[USAGE IS]
COMPUTATIONAL
COMP
COMPUTATIONAL-1
COMP-1
COMPUTATIONAL-2
COMP-2
COMPUTATIONAL-3
COMP-3
PACKED-DECIMAL
DISPLAY
INDEX

If a COMPUTATIONAL item has a PICTURE character-string, then it can contain only '9's, the operational sign character 'S', or the implied decimal point character 'V'. (Refer to the PICTURE clause section earlier in this chapter.)

COMP is an abbreviation for COMPUTATIONAL.

General Rules¶

The USAGE clause can be written at any level. If the USAGE clause is written at a group level, it applies to each elementary item in the group. The USAGE clause of an elementary item cannot contradict the USAGE clause of a group to which the item belongs.
This clause specifies the manner in which a data item is represented in the storage of a computer. It does not affect the use of the data item, although the specifications for some statements in the procedure division may restrict the USAGE clause of the operands referred to. The USAGE clause may affect the radix or type of character representation of the item.
The USAGE IS DISPLAY clause indicates that the format of the data is a standard data format.
If the USAGE clause is not specified for an elementary item, or for any group to which the item belongs, the usage is implicitly DISPLAY.
All COMPUTATIONAL items are capable of representing a value to be used in computations and must be numeric. If a group item is described as COMPUTATIONAL, the elementary items in the group are COMPUTATIONAL. The group item itself is not COMPUTATIONAL (cannot be used in computations).

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6) On the ND-100, COMPUTATIONAL, COMPUTATIONAL-1 and COMPUTATIONAL-2 items are aligned on a word boundary even if the SYNCHRONIZED clause has not been specified.

7) COMPUTATIONAL-3 and PACKED-DECIMAL items are stored in packed decimal format.

The terms COMPUTATIONAL, COMPUTATIONAL-1, COMPUTATIONAL-2, COMPUTATIONAL-3 and PACKED-DECIMAL are explained under "Computational Options", which follows.

5.4.2.11 Computational Options¶

The terms COMPUTATIONAL and COMPUTATIONAL-1 define integer variables. They can be specified as 16 bit (2 byte) words or 32 bit (4 byte) words. The size depends on the maximum number of digits in the item.

The sizes of COMPUTATIONAL (COMPUTATIONAL-1) items are shown below:

	ND-100	ND-500
PICTURE definition	16 Bits	32 Bits
is omitted	(2 Bytes)	(4 Bytes)
(default integer)

PICTURE S9 (n)	16 Bits	16 Bits
where n<=4	(2 Bytes)	(2 Bytes)

PICTURE S9 (n)	32 Bits	32 Bits
where n>=5	(4 Bytes)	(4 Bytes)

Integer variables are always treated as if signed, even when there is no sign character(s) in the PICTURE definition.

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The range of permissible values is shown below:

Length	Range:
16 bits (2 bytes)	-32768 through 32767
32 bits (4 bytes)	-2147483648 through 2147483647

COMPUTATIONAL AND COMPUTATIONAL-1 VALUES¶

Note: For fast performance, integer fields should be used as indexes, as operands in MOVE operations, and for the arithmetic statements of COBOL.

The term COMPUTATIONAL-2 is used for the description of real numbers. The internal representation will be in floating point format.

On the ND-100, the COBOL system is self-adjusting for 48 and 32 bits REAL.

On the ND-500, the size of the real item depends on the numeric length of the PICTURE definition as shown below:

PICTURE definition	32 Bits
PICTURE S9(n)V9(m) where n+m <= 6	32 Bits
PICTURE S9(n)V9(m) where n+m >= 7	64 Bits

COMPUTATIONAL-2 variables may only be used as parameters in a subroutine call, or for converting (MOVE) to or from COMPUTATIONAL-3 variables.

No VALUE clause can be specified for COMPUTATIONAL-2 items.

COMPUTATIONAL-3 items are identical to PACKED-DECIMAL items. They appear in storage in packed decimal format. This is sometimes known as BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). The digits are each represented by 4 bits so that there are two adjacent digits per byte. The sign is contained in the rightmost 4 bits of the rightmost byte. The numbers always fill an integral number of bytes and are right justified. If necessary, the leftmost half byte is filled with zero.

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Each decimal digit is encoded as follows:

Digit/Sign	Binary Representation	Hexadecimal Representation
0 +	0 0 0 0	0
1	0 0 0 1	1
2	0 0 1 0	2
3	0 0 1 1	3
4	0 1 0 0	4
5	0 1 0 1	5
6	0 1 1 0	6
7	0 1 1 1	7
8	1 0 0 0	8
9	1 0 0 1	9
+	1 0 1 0	A
-	1 0 1 1	B
+	1 1 0 0	C
-	1 1 0 1	D
+	1 1 1 0	E
	1 1 1 1	F (ND-10 only)
unsigned	1 1 1 1	F (ND-100/ND-500 only)

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5.4.2.12 The VALUE Clause¶

The VALUE clause specifies the initial contents of a data item or the value associated with a condition name.

Format 1:

| VALUE IS literal |

Format 2:

( VALUE IS  )
( VALUES ARE ) literal-1  ( THROUGH  ) literal-2
                          ( THRU     )

             , literal-3  ( THROUGH  ) literal-4 ...
                          ( THRU     )

The words THRU and THROUGH are equivalent.

The VALUE clause is used in condition name entries in the File, Linkage and Working-Storage Sections. However, in the Working-Storage Section only, it also serves to specify the initial value of any data item. The item takes this value at the beginning of the program; without the specification, the value is unpredictable.

General Rules:

All numeric literals in the VALUE clause of an item must have a value within the range of values indicated by the PICTURE clause, and must not have a value which would require truncation of nonzero digits. Nonnumeric literals must not exceed the size indicated by the PICTURE clause. (A signed literal must have a signed numeric PICTURE character-string assigned with it.)

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2) The VALUE clause must not conflict with other clauses in the data description of the item or in the data description within the hierarchy of the item. The following rules apply:

a) If the category of the item is numeric, all literals in the VALUE clause must be numeric. If the literal defines the value of a Working-Storage item, the literal is aligned in the data item according to the standard alignment rules. (See Standard Alignment Rules.)

b) If the category of the item is alphabetic, alphanumeric, alphanumeric edited or numeric edited, all literals in the VALUE clause must be nonnumeric literals. The literal is aligned in the data item as if the data item had been described as alphanumeric. (See Standard Alignment Rules.) Editing characters in the PICTURE clause are included in determining the size of the data item (see the PICTURE clause), but have no effect on the initialization of the data item. Therefore, the VALUE for an edited item is presented in an edited form.

c) Initialization takes place independent of any BLANK WHEN ZERO or JUSTIFIED clause that may be specified.

3) A figurative constant may be substituted in both Format 1 and Format 2 whenever a literal is specified.

4) The VALUE clause must not be written for a group containing items with descriptions including JUSTIFIED, SYNCHRONIZED or USAGE (other than USAGE IS DISPLAY).

5) In a condition name entry, the VALUE clause is required. The VALUE clause and the condition name itself are the only two clauses permitted in the entry. The characteristics of a condition name are implicitly those of its conditional variable.

6) Format 2 can be used only in connection with condition names, and each condition name must have a separate level-88 entry. The special considerations for the use of Format 1 are:

a) The VALUE clause must not be specified for an entry that contains, or is subordinate to an entry that contains, a REDEFINES or OCCURS clause.

b) If the VALUE clause is used in an entry at the group level, the literal must be a figurative constant or a nonnumeric literal, and the group area is initialized without consideration for the individual elementary or group items contained within this group. The VALUE clause cannot be stated at the subordinate levels within this group.

See under the "Condition-Name Condition" for an example of the use of the VALUE clause.

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5.4.2.13 The EXPORT Clause¶

The EXPORT clause enables separately-compiled programs to access data items.

Format:

| EXPORT identifier |

A communication can be established between COBOL and data areas in PLANC or common areas in FORTRAN, without having to use parameters to effect the transfer.

Exported data must be defined in the Working-Storage Section.

For the corresponding IMPORT clause in the Linkage Section see Section 9.1.3.

Note:

EXPORT/IMPORT are only allowed on 01/77 levels.
No redefines are allowed on an identifier containing EXPORT/IMPORT, but EXPORT/IMPORT identifiers can be redefined in the usual way.
The EXPORT and IMPORT clauses are an ND extension.

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A Procedure Division is needed in every COBOL program. It is composed of two parts:

optional Declaratives sections, to handle errors and exceptions during execution;
procedures which contain the sections, paragraphs, sentences and statements used to solve a data processing problem.

Execution begins with the first statement in the Procedure Division after the Declaratives. Statements are executed in the order in which they are presented for execution (unless the rules imply a different order).

6.1 STRUCTURE OF THE PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

Format 1:

PROCEDURE DIVISION [USING data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ... ].

[DECLARATIVES.
{section-name SECTION [segment-number]. [USE sentence.]

[paragraph-name. [sentence] ... ] ... } ...

END DECLARATIVES.]

{section-name SECTION [segment-number].

[paragraph-name. [sentence] ... ] ... } ...

Format 2:

PROCEDURE DIVISION [USING data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ... ].

{paragraph name. [sentence] ... } ...

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6.1.1 Declaratives¶

Declarative sections are preceded by the key word DECLARATIVES and followed by the key words END DECLARATIVES. They are provided for the processing of exceptional input-output conditions which cannot normally be tested by the programmer. These additional procedures are executed only at the time an I-O error occurs and cannot appear in the regular sequence of procedural statements. Therefore, they are written at the beginning of the Procedure Division in a series of Declarative sections. Each of these sections is preceded by a USE sentence which specifies the actions to be taken when the exceptional condition occurs. (See the USE statement in the I-O Statement section of the Procedure Division description.)

The key word DECLARATIVES is written on the line following the Procedure Division header.

DECLARATIVES and END DECLARATIVES, when they appear, must be followed by a period but without any text on the same lines. They must both be written in area A.

If declarative sections are specified, the Procedure Division must be divided into sections.

6.1.2 Procedures¶

Procedures, whose names are user-defined, occur in the Procedure Division and may consist of one or more paragraphs and/or one or more sections.

A section consists of a section header followed by any number of paragraphs (including none).

A section header is a section name followed by the key word SECTION then a period and a space. A section name, which is used to identify a section, is user defined and must be unique.

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A paragraph consists of a paragraph name, followed by a period followed by a space and then any number of sentences (including none). A paragraph name, which identifies a paragraph, is user defined. It need not be unique since it can be qualified. If one paragraph in the program is contained within a section, then all paragraphs must be contained in sections.

A sentence is made up of one or more statements, followed by a period, followed by a space. There are three categories of sentence:

1) A conditional sentence is a conditional statement, optionally preceded by an imperative statement, followed by a period and a space.

2) An imperative sentence is an imperative statement or series of imperative statements finally followed by a period and a space.

3) A compiler directing sentence is a single compiler directing statement followed by a period and a space.

A statement is a syntactically valid combination of words and symbols beginning with a COBOL verb. Statements, like sentences, are divided into three types:

1) A conditional statement specifies the action to be taken by the object program, depending on the truth value of a condition.

2) An imperative statement directs that an unconditional action be taken by the object program. It may consist of a series of imperative statements.

3) A compiler directing statement causes a specific action to be taken by the compiler during compilation.

An identifier makes unique references to a data item. It may be qualified, indexed or subscripted.

6.2 ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS¶

6.2.1 Definition of an Arithmetic Expression¶

An arithmetic expression can be an identifier of a numeric elementary item, a numeric literal, such identifiers and literals separated by arithmetic operators, two arithmetic expressions separated by an arithmetic operator, or an arithmetic expression enclosed in parentheses. Any arithmetic expression may be preceded by a unary operator. The permissible combinations of variables, numeric literals, arithmetic operator and parentheses are given in the table below.

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The identifiers and literals appearing in an arithmetic expression must represent either numeric elementary items or numeric literals on which arithmetic may be performed.

6.2.1.1 Arithmetic Operators¶

There are five binary arithmetic operators and two unary arithmetic operators that may be used in arithmetic expressions. They are represented by specific characters that must be preceded by a space and followed by a space.

Binary Arithmetic Operators¶

Operator	Meaning
+	Addition
-	Subtraction
*	Multiplication
/	Division
**	Exponentiation

Unary Arithmetic Operators¶

Operator	Meaning
+	The effect of multiplication by numeric literal +1
-	The effect of multiplication by numeric literal -1

6.2.1.2 Evaluation Rules¶

Parentheses may be used in arithmetic expressions to specify the order in which elements are to be evaluated. Expressions within parentheses are evaluated first; within nested parentheses, evaluation proceeds from the least inclusive set to the most inclusive set. When parentheses are not used, or parenthesized expressions are at the same level of inclusiveness, the following hierarchical order of execution is implied:

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1st - unary plus and minus
2nd - exponentiation
3rd - multiplication and division
4th - addition and subtraction

2) Parentheses are used either to eliminate ambiguities in logic where consecutive operations of the same hierarchical level appear, or to modify the normal hierarchical sequence of execution in expressions where it is necessary to have some deviation from the normal precedence. When the sequence of execution is not specified by parentheses, the order of execution of consecutive operations of the same hierarchical level is from left to right.

3) The ways in which operators, variables, and parentheses may be combined in an arithmetic expression are summarized in the table where:

a) The letter 'P' indicates a permissible pair of symbols

b) The character '-' indicates an invalid pair

c) 'Variable' indicates an identifier or literal

Table of Combinations of Symbols in Arithmetic Expressions¶

First Symbol	Second Symbol
	Variable
Variable	-
* / + - **	P
Unary + or -	P
(	P
)	-

4) An arithmetic expression may only begin with the symbol '(', '-', or a variable and may only end with a ')' or a variable. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between left and right parentheses of an arithmetic expression such that each left parenthesis is to the left of its corresponding right parenthesis.

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6.3 ARITHMETIC STATEMENTS¶

The arithmetic statements are the ADD, COMPUTE, DIVIDE, MULTIPLY and SUBTRACT statements. They have several common features.

The data descriptions of the operands need not be the same; any necessary conversion and decimal point alignment is supplied throughout the calculation.
The maximum size of each operand is eighteen (18) decimal digits. The composite of operands, which is a hypothetical data item resulting from the superimposition of specified operands in a statement aligned on their decimal points, must not contain more than eighteen decimal digits.

Overlapping Operands

When a sending and receiving item in an arithmetic statement or an INSPECT, MOVE, SET, STRING or UNSTRING statement share a part of their storage areas, the result of the execution of such a statement is undefined.

Multiple Results in Arithmetic Statements

The ADD, COMPUTE, DIVIDE, MULTIPLY, and SUBTRACT statements may have multiple results. Such statements behave as though they had been written in the following way:

A statement which performs all arithmetic necessary to arrive at the result to be stored in the receiving items, and stores that result in a temporary storage location.
A sequence of statements transferring or combining the value of this temporary location with a single result. These statements are considered to be written in the same left-to-right sequence the multiple results are listed in.

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Incompatible Data¶

Except for the class condition (see the next section on Conditional Expressions), when the contents of a data item are referenced in the Procedure Division and the contents of that data item are not compatible with the class specified for that data item by its PICTURE clause, the result of such a reference is undefined.

6.3.1 Common Options¶

The three options common to the arithmetic statements are ROUNDED, SIZE ERROR and CORRESPONDING. They are described in the following subsections.

6.3.1.1 The ROUNDED Option¶

If, after decimal point alignment, the number of places in the fraction of the result of an arithmetic operation is greater than the number of places provided for the fraction of the resultant-identifier, truncation is relative to the size provided for the resultant-identifier. When rounding is requested, the absolute value of the resultant-identifier is increased by one (1) whenever the most significant digit of the excess is greater than or equal to five.

6.3.1.2 The SIZE ERROR Option¶

If, after decimal point alignment, the absolute value of a result exceeds the largest value that can be contained in the associated resultant-identifier, a size error condition exists. Division by zero always causes a size error condition. The size error condition applies only to the final results of an arithmetic operation. It does not apply to intermediate results, except in the MULTIPLY and DIVIDE statements, in which case the size error condition applies to the intermediate results as well.

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If the ROUNDED phrase is specified, rounding takes place before checking for size error. When such a size error condition occurs, the subsequent action depends on whether or not the SIZE ERROR phrase is specified.

1) If the SIZE ERROR phrase is not specified and a size error condition occurs, the value of the resultant-identifier(s) affected is underlined. Values of resultant-identifier(s) for which no size error condition occurs, are unaffected by size errors that occur for other resultant-identifier(s) during this operation.

2) If the SIZE ERROR phrase is specified and a size error condition occurs, then the values of resultant-identifier(s) affected by the size errors are not altered. Values of resultant-identifier(s) for which no size error condition occurs are unaffected by size errors occurring for other resultant-identifier(s). After execution is complete, the imperative-statement in the SIZE ERROR phrase is performed.

6.3.1.3 The CORRESPONDING Option¶

This option allows operations to be performed on elementary items of the same name by specifying the group items to which they belong. The following rules apply:

1) Both identifiers used must be group items.

2) CORRESPONDING is equivalent to the abbreviation CORR and is valid for the MOVE statement.

3) A pair of data items from two different group items correspond if the following conditions are true:

a) The two data items have the same name and the same qualifiers up to but not including the group level.

b) In the case of a MOVE statement with the CORRESPONDING option, at least one of the data items is an elementary item.

c) The two data items do not include a REDEFINES, OCCURS, or USAGE IS INDEX clause. Such items will be ignored together with any subordinate items containing REDEFINES, OCCURS or USAGE IS INDEX clauses.

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d) The group items themselves, however, may contain or be subordinate to data items containing REDEFINES or OCCURS clauses.

6.3.1.4 The ADD Statement¶

The ADD statement adds together two or more numeric operands, and stores the resulting sum.

Format 1:¶


ADD	( identifier-1 )	[ , identifier-2 ]
	( literal-1 )	[ , literal-2 ]
	... TO identifier-m [ROUNDED]	[ , identifier-n [ROUNDED] ]
		[ , ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

Format 2:¶


ADD	( identifier-1 )	[ , identifier-2 ]
	( literal-1 )	[ , literal-2 ]
		[ , identifier-3 ] ...
	GIVING identifier-m [ROUNDED]	[ , identifier-n [ROUNDED] ]
		[ ; ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

In format 1, each identifier must name an elementary numeric item.

In format 2, each identifier, except those following the word GIVING, must be elementary numeric items. Each identifier following the word GIVING must be either elementary numeric or numeric edited items.

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Each literal must be a numeric literal.

When the TO option is used (format 1), all identifiers preceding it are added together and then added to and stored immediately in identifier-m. Then, if specified, they are added to identifier-n and stored there.

When the GIVING option is used (format 2), the values of the preceding operands are added together and the sum is stored as the new value of identifier-m and (if specified) identifier-n, etc.

For the ROUNDED and SIZE ERROR options, see section 6.3.1 Common Options.

6.3.1.5 The COMPUTE Statement¶

The COMPUTE statement assigns the value of an arithmetic expression to one or more data items.

Format:¶

| COMPUTE identifier-1 [ROUNDED] [, identifier-2 [ROUNDED] ] ...
= arithmetic expression [; ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement] |

Identifiers that only appear to the left of '=' must refer to either elementary numeric or elementary numeric edited items.

The COMPUTE statement allows the user to combine arithmetic operations without the restrictions on receiving items in the ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, and DIVIDE statements. (When arithmetic operations must be combined, using the COMPUTE statement is more efficient than writing the separate arithmetic statements in series.)

When the COMPUTE statement is executed, the value of the arithmetic statement is calculated and then this value is stored as the new value of identifier-1, identifier-2, etc. (The arithmetic expression can be any arithmetic expression as defined earlier in this chapter.)

For the ROUNDED and SIZE ERROR phrases, see 'Common Options' earlier in this section.

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An arithmetic expression consisting of a single identifier or literal provides a method of setting the values of identifier-1, identifier-2, etc. equal to the values of that single identifier or literal.

The number of integer and decimal places provided by the compiler for intermediate results is shown in appendix 11. It is the user’s responsibility to define the operands of any arithmetic statement so that they have large enough fields to provide the required accuracy of results.

6.3.1.6 The DIVIDE Statement¶

The DIVIDE statement divides one numeric data item into others and stores the resultant values as quotient and remainder.

Format 1:¶

╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║                     ( identifier-1 )                     ║
║ DIVIDE              (                                   ║
║                     ( literal-1   )                     ║
║                                 INTO identifier-2 [ROUNDED]║
║ [ , identifier-3 [ROUNDED] ]...                           ║
║                                                          ║
║ [ ; ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]                 ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

Format 2:¶

╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║              ( identifier-1 )   ( identifier-2 )         ║
║ DIVIDE       ( INTO          )                           ║
║              ( literal-1   )   ( literal-2 )             ║
║                                BY                       ║
║                              GIVING                     ║
║ identifier-3 [ROUNDED] [ , identifier-4 [ROUNDED] ]...   ║
║                                                          ║
║ [ ; ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]                 ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝

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Format 3:¶


DIVIDE	INTO	GIVING
`(identifier-1)`	`(identifier-2)`
`(literal-1)`	`(literal-2)`

identifier-3 [ROUNDED] [REMAINDER identifier-4]

[;ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]

Each identifier, except those following the words GIVING and REMAINDER, must be elementary numeric items. The identifiers following GIVING and REMAINDER may also be numeric edited items.

Each literal must be a numeric literal.

In format 1, the value of identifier-1 or literal-1 is divided into the value of identifier-2, and the quotient obtained replaces this value. Similarly for identifiers 3, ... n, if specified.

In format 2, only one division takes place; the value of identifier-1 or literal-1 is divided into/by the value of identifier-2 or literal-2, and the quotient is then stored in identifier-3 and (if specified) identifier-4, etc.

In format 3, the division process is as for format 2 except that the quotient is stored in identifier-3 and the value of the remainder in identifier-4.

For the ROUNDED and SIZE ERROR options, see section 6.3.1 on Common Options.

6.3.1.7 The MULTIPLY Statement¶

The MULTIPLY statement computes the product of two numeric data items and stores it.

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Format 1:¶

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│   ( identifier-1 )          │
│   {            }            │
│ MULTIPLY                    │
│   ( literal-1 ) BY identifier-2 [ROUNDED] │
│                             │
│ [, identifier-3 [ROUNDED] ] ... │
│                             │
│ [:ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement] │
└─────────────────────────────┘

Format 2:¶

┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
│   ( identifier-1 )   ( identifier-2 )│
│   {                }  {            } │
│ MULTIPLY          BY                 │
│   ( literal-1 )     ( literal-2 )    │
│                                      │
│ GIVING identifier-3 [ROUNDED] [, identifier-4 [ROUNDED] ] ... │
│                                      │
│ [:ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]│
└──────────────────────────────────────┘

Each literal must be a numeric literal.

Each identifier must be a numeric elementary item, except that identifiers following the word GIVING in format 2 may also be elementary numeric items.

In format 1, identifier-2 is replaced by the product of it and the first operand. This process is continued for all subsequent identifiers.

When format 2 is used, the value of identifier-1 or numeric-literal-1 is multiplied by the value of the second operand. The result is stored in identifier-3, identifier-4, etc.

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6.3.1.8 The SUBTRACT Statement¶

The SUBTRACT statement subtracts one or more numeric data items from one or more items and stores the results.

Format 1:

SUBTRACT
   ( identifier-1 )   [ ,identifier-2 ]  ... 
   ( literal-1 )      ( literal-2 ) 

FROM identifier-m [ROUNDED] [, identifier-n [ROUNDED]] ...

[;ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]

Format 2:

SUBTRACT
   ( identifier-1 )   [ ,identifier-2 ]  ... 
   ( literal-1 )      ( literal-2 ) 

FROM
   ( identifier-m )
   ( literal-m )

GIVING identifier-n [ROUNDED] [, identifier-o [ROUNDED]] ...

[;ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]

Each identifier must represent a numeric elementary item, except when following the word GIVING when it may also be an elementary numeric edited item.

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In format 1, the identifiers or literals preceding FROM are added together and subtracted from identifiers m, n, ... in turn. After each subtraction, the results are stored in these identifiers m, n, ... .

In format 2, the identifier or literals preceding FROM are added together and subtracted from identifier-m or literal-m. The result of the subtraction is stored as the new value of identifier-n and any other specified identifiers.

6.4 CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS¶

Conditional expressions identify conditions that are tested to enable the object program to select between alternate paths of control depending upon the truth value of the condition. Conditional expressions are specified in the IF, PERFORM and SEARCH statements. There are two categories of conditions associated with conditional expressions: simple conditions and complex conditions.

Simple Conditions¶

The simple conditions are the relation, class, condition-name and sign conditions. A simple condition has a truth value of 'true' or 'false'.

Relation Condition¶

A relation condition causes a comparison of two operands, each of which may be the data item referenced by an identifier, a literal, or the value resulting from an arithmetic expression. A relation condition has a truth value of 'true' if the relation exists between the operands. Comparison of two numeric operands is permitted regardless of the formats specified in their respective USAGE clauses. However, for all other comparisons the operands must have the same usage. If either of the operands is a group item, the nonnumeric comparison rules apply.

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Format:¶


identifier-1	IS [NOT] GREATER THAN
literal-1	IS [NOT] LESS THAN
arithmetic-expression-1	IS [NOT] EQUAL TO
	IS [NOT] >
	IS [NOT] <
	IS [NOT] =


identifier-2
literal-2
arithmetic-expression-2

NOTE: The required relational characters >, <, and = are not underlined in this format to avoid confusion with other symbols such as ≥ (greater than or equal to).

Comparison of Numeric Operands¶

For operands whose class is numeric (refer to the Data Division, Classes and Categories of Data), the algebraic values of the operands are compared. The length of the literal or arithmetic expression operands, in terms of number of digits represented, is not significant. Zero is considered a unique value regardless of the sign.

Comparison of these operands is permitted regardless of the manner in which their usage is described. Unsigned numeric operands are considered positive for purposes of comparison.

Comparison of Nonnumeric Operands¶

For nonnumeric operands, or one numeric and one nonnumeric operand, a comparison is made with ND's standard character set. If one of the operands is numeric it must be an integer data item or integer literal and the following rules apply:

a) If the nonnumeric operand is an elementary data item or a literal, the numeric operand is treated as though it were moved to an elementary alphanumeric data item of the same size, and the contents of this alphanumeric item were then compared to the nonnumeric operand.

b) If the nonnumeric item is a group item, the numeric item is treated as though it were moved to a group item of the same size, and the contents of this group were compared to the nonnumeric operand.

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c) A non-integer numeric operand cannot be compared to a nonnumeric operand.

The size of an operand is the total number of characters contained in it.

If the operands are equal in size:

Characters in corresponding positions are compared, beginning with the leftmost character. If a pair of unequal characters is encountered, they are tested to ascertain their relative positions in the collating sequence. The operand having the character higher in the sequence is considered to be the greater operand.

If the operands are unequal in size:

The comparison is made as if the shorter operand were extended to the right with enough spaces to make the operands of equal size.

Class Condition¶

The class condition determines whether the operand is alphabetic or numeric.

Format:¶

	NUMERIC
identifier IS [NOT]	ALPHABETIC

The identifier is determined to be numeric if its contents consist only of a combination of the digits 0 through 9.

If its PICTURE does not contain an operational sign, then the identifier is considered as numeric if the contents are numeric and an operational sign is not present. Otherwise, if its PICTURE contains an operational sign, the identifier is considered to be numeric if it is an elementary item with numeric contents and an operational sign.

Valid operational signs are:

For items described with the SIGN clause -

(53 octal) and - (55 octal)
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The embedded operation signs -

+0 to +9	= 173, 101 to 111 (octal)
-0 to -9	= 175, 112 to 122 (octal)

For PACKED-DECIMAL items, see under Computational Options.

The NUMERIC test is not valid for alphabetic items or for group items which have operational signs present in items subordinate to them.

The ALPHABETIC test cannot be used with an item whose data description describes the item as numeric. The item being tested is determined to be alphabetic only if the contents consist of any combination of the alphabetic characters 'A' through 'Z' and the space.

Condition-Name Condition (Conditional Variable)¶

This condition determines whether a conditional variable has a value equal to any of the value(s) associated with the condition-name.

Format:¶

| condition-name; |

The use of this condition is as an abbreviation for the relation condition, and the rules for comparing a conditional variable with a condition-name are the same as specified for the relation condition.

If the condition-name is associated with a range or ranges of values, then the conditional variable is tested to determine whether or not its value falls in this range, including the end values.

The result of the test is true if one of the values corresponding to the condition-name equals the value of its associated conditional variable.

As an example of its use, if the following is specified:

05 TYPE-REC PIC X.
   88 TYPE-1 VALUE A THRU F.
   88 TYPE-2 VALUE H.
   88 TYPE-3 VALUE J THRU Z.

(where TYPE-REC is a conditional variable) then, to determine a type classification of a record, the code:

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IF TYPE-1 ...¶

can cause a branch for values of A, B, C, D, E or F. (Refer to VALUE clause in the Data Division and to 'Comparison of Nonnumeric Operands' earlier in this section.)

Sign Condition¶

The sign condition determines whether or not the algebraic value of an arithmetic expression is less than, greater than, or equal to zero.

General format for a sign condition:¶

When used, ‘NOT’ and the next key word specify one sign condition that defines the algebraic test for truth value; e.g., ‘NOT ZERO’ is a truth test for a nonzero (positive or negative) value. An operand is positive if its value is greater than zero, and zero if its value is equal to zero. The arithmetic expression must contain at least one reference to a variable.

Complex Conditions¶

A complex condition is formed by combining simple conditions, combined conditions and/or complex conditions with logical connectors (logical operators AND and OR), or negating these conditions with logical negation (the logical operator NOT). The truth value of a complex condition, whether parenthesized or not, is that which results from the interaction of all the logical operators on the individual values of simple conditions, or the intermediate values of conditions logically connected or logically negated.

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Logical Operators¶

The logical operators and their meanings are:

Logical Operator	Meaning
AND	Logical conjunction; the truth value is `true` if both conditions are true; `false` if one or both conditions is false.
OR	Logical inclusive OR; the truth value is `true` if one or both of the conditions is true; `false` if both conditions are false.
NOT	Logical negation or reversal of truth value; the truth value is `true` if the condition is false; `false` if the condition is true.

The logical operators must be preceded by a space and followed by a space.

Negated Simple Conditions¶

A simple condition (see earlier in this section) is negated through the use of the logical operator NOT. The negated simple condition effects the opposite truth value for a simple condition.

Format:

NOT simple condition;

Combined Conditions¶

A combined condition results from connecting conditions with one of the logical operators AND or OR.

Format:

condition { AND } condition ...
         { OR  }

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where 'condition' may be:

A simple condition, or
A negated simple condition, or
A combined condition, or
A negated combined condition (i.e., the 'NOT' logical operator followed by a combined condition enclosed within parentheses), or
Combinations of the above, specified according to the rules summarized in the following table, Combinations of Conditions, Logical Operators, and Parentheses.

Parentheses are optional when 'AND', 'OR' or 'NOT' are used. The table indicates the ways in which conditions and logical operators may be combined and parenthesized. There must be a one-to-one correspondence between left and right parenthesis such that each left parenthesis is to the left of its corresponding right parenthesis.

TABLE OF COMBINATIONS OF CONDITIONS, LOGICAL OPERATORS, AND PARENTHESES¶

Given the following element	Location in conditional expression	In a left-to-right sequence of elements:
	First	Last
simple-condition	Yes	Yes
OR or AND	No	No
NOT	Yes	No
(	Yes	No
)	No	Yes

Thus, the element pair 'OR NOT' is permissible whereas the pair 'NOT OR' is not permissible; 'NOT (' is permissible whereas 'NOT NOT' is not permissible.

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Abbreviated Combined Relation Conditions¶

When simple or negated simple relation conditions are combined with logical connectives in a consecutive sequence, such that a succeeding relation condition contains a subject or subject and relational operator that is common with the preceding relation condition (and no parentheses are used within such a consecutive sequence), any relation condition except the first may be abbreviated by:

The omission of the subject, or
The omission of the subject and relational operator.

Format for an abbreviated combined relation condition:

	AND
relation-condition	[NOT] [relational-operator] object ...
	OR

Within a sequence of relation conditions, both of the above forms of abbreviation may be used. The effect of using such abbreviations is as if the last preceding stated subject were inserted in place of the omitted subject, and the last stated relational operator were inserted in place of the omitted relational operator. The result of such implied insertion must comply with the rules given in the table, Combinations of Conditions, Logical Operators and Parentheses, shown above. This insertion of an omitted subject and/or relational operator terminates once a complete simple condition is encountered within a complex condition.

The interpretation of the word NOT in an abbreviated combined relation condition is as follows:

If the word immediately following NOT is GREATER, >, LESS, <, EQUAL, =, then the NOT participates as a part of the relational operator; otherwise
The NOT is interpreted as a logical operator and, therefore, the implied insertion of subject or relational operator results in a negated relation condition.

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Some examples of abbreviated combined and negated combined relation conditions and expanded equivalents follow.

Abbreviated Combined Relation Condition	Expanded Equivalent
a > b AND NOT < c OR d	((a > b) AND (a NOT < c)) OR (a NOT < d)
a NOT EQUAL b OR c	(a NOT EQUAL b) OR (a NOT EQUAL c)
NOT a = b OR c	(NOT (a = b)) OR (a = c)
NOT (a GREATER b OR < c)	NOT ((a GREATER b) OR (a < c))
NOT (a NOT > b AND c AND NOT d)	NOT (((a NOT > b) AND (a NOT > c)) AND (NOT (a NOT > d)))

Condition Evaluation Rules¶

Parentheses may be used to specify the order in which conditions are evaluated when it is necessary to depart from the implied evaluation sequence. In this case, logical evaluation proceeds in the following order:

1) Conditions within parentheses are evaluated first.

2) Within nested parentheses, evaluation proceeds from the least inclusive condition to the most inclusive condition. If parentheses are not used, then the evaluation order is:

1) Arithmetic expressions

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2) Simple conditions in the following order:

relation
class
condition-name
sign

3) Negated simple-conditions in the same order as in 2.

4) Combined conditions in the following order:

OR
AND
NOT

5) Negated combined conditions in the order as in 4.

Consecutive operands at the same hierarchical level are evaluated from left to right.

6.5 CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS¶

6.5.1 The IF Statement¶

The IF statement causes a condition to be evaluated. The subsequent execution sequence depends upon whether the condition is true or false.

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Format 1:¶

IF condition  { statement-1   }  [ ELSE statement-2   ]
             { NEXT SENTENCE }  [ ELSE NEXT SENTENCE ]

Format 2 (An ND Extension):¶

IF condition THEN  { statement-3   }  [ ELSE statement-4   ]
                  { NEXT SENTENCE }  [ ELSE NEXT SENTENCE ]
                                      [END-IF]

Format 3 (An ND Extension):¶

IF condition-1 THEN  { statement-5   }
                    { NEXT SENTENCE }

[
  ELSE-IF condition-2 THEN  { statement-6   }
                          { NEXT SENTENCE }  ...
]

[
  ELSE  { statement-7   }  [ END-IF ]
       { NEXT SENTENCE }
]

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General Rules for Format 1:¶

1) If the condition tested is true, one of the following actions takes place:

a) Statement-1, if specified, is executed. If this contains a procedure-branching statement, control is transferred according to the rules of that statement. If it does not, the ELSE phrase, if specified, is ignored and control passes to the next executable sentence.

b) If the NEXT SENTENCE phrase is specified instead of statement-1, the ELSE phrase, if present, is ignored and control passes to the next executable sentence.

2) If the condition tested is false, one of the following actions occurs:

a) ELSE statement-2, if specified, is executed. If this statement contains a procedure-branching statement, control is transferred according to the rules for that statement. Otherwise, control is passed to the next executable sentence.

b) ELSE NEXT SENTENCE, if specified, is executed, i.e. statement-1, if present, is ignored and control passes to the next executable sentence.

c) If ELSE NEXT SENTENCE is omitted, control passes to the next executable sentence.

3) Statement-1 and/or statement-2 may contain an IF statement. In this case, the statement is said to be nested. Statements 1 and 2 represent either an imperative statement or a conditional statement. Either of these may be followed by a conditional statement.

4) The ELSE NEXT SENTENCE option may be omitted if it immediately precedes the terminal period of the sentence.

General Rules for Format 2:¶

1) Statements 3 and 4 represent imperative statements.

2) If the condition is true and the ELSE clause is omitted, then if statement-3 has been coded, this statement together with any further imperative statements preceding the sentence terminator, will be executed. Control is then passed implicitly to the next sentence unless a GO TO procedure-name appears in statement-3. If the condition is true and NEXT SENTENCE is coded, control passes explicitly to the next sentence.

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3) If the condition is true and the ELSE clause is present then statement-4 (together with any further imperative statements preceding the sentence terminator) is executed or the NEXT SENTENCE of this clause. If the ELSE clause is absent, control passes to the next sentence following the END-IF.

4) No period character (.) should occur between the IF and END-IF verbs inclusively.

General Rules for Format 3:¶

1) Statements 5, 6 and 7 are imperative statements.

2) If the ELSE-IF clause is omitted then the rules are as for format 2. (Except that statement-5 should be substituted for statement-3 and statement-7 for statement-4.)

3) If condition-1 is false, then if condition-2 is true, the rules are as for format-2 if statement-6 is substituted for statement-3 and statement-7 for statement-4.

6.5.1.1 Nested IF Statements¶

The presence of one or more IF statements within an initial IF statement constitutes a "nested" IF statement. Statements 1 and 2 may consist of one or more imperative statements and/or a conditional statement. If an IF statement appears as the whole or part of statements 1 or 2, it is said to be nested.

IF statements within IF statements may be considered as paired IF and ELSE combinations, proceeding from left to right. Thus, any ELSE encountered is considered to apply to the immediately preceding IF that has not already been paired with an ELSE.

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The structure of a possible nested IF statement may be as follows:

IF condition-1 statement-A - IF condition-2 - IF condition-3 statement-B - ELSE statement-C - ELSE statement-D - IF condition-4 - IF condition-5 statement-E - ELSE statement-F.

The Flowchart for this example would appear as:

FALSE	TRUE	FLOW	CONDITION	STATEMENTS
		If condition-1		statement-A
		If condition-2		statement-B
		Else statement-C
	Else statement-D		If condition-4	statement-E
		If condition-5	TRUE	statement-F
NEXT SENTENCE

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6.5.2 The DO Statement (An ND-Extension)¶

A DO statement specifies a loop which can be used for coding iterative procedures. There are two basic formats:

Format 1:¶

| DO [statement] [ { WHILE condition } sentence] ... END-DO |

Format 2:¶

| DO FOR identifier-1 FROM       | (identifier-2 [{±} integer-1])      |
|                                |                                    |
|                                | integer-2                          |
|                                |                                    |
| UP   |                         | (identifier-5 [{±} integer-4])      |
| DOWN |   [BY integer-3] TO     |                                    |
|                                | integer-5                          |

sentence [ { WHILE condition } sentence ] ... END-DO

In format 2, the identifiers must be numeric items whose PICTURE specification does not contain a decimal point. Integers 2, 3, and 5 are initial, incremental, and terminal parameters respectively and they must be integers. The incremental parameter should be greater than or equal to 1, if it is not present it is assumed to be 1 (one). The UP/DOWN options, if specified, denote positive or negative increments, respectively.

At execution time, the identifier takes the value of the initial parameter, and the loop is performed until either the initial parameter is greater than the terminal parameter, or until the condition in the WHILE phrase (if present) is no longer true. Control then passes to the next executable statement following the corresponding END-DO statement.

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In format 1, the identifier must be specified as in format 2. If the WHILE condition phrase does not appear, the DO-loop may be regarded as an infinite loop (see Example 3 for an example of its use).

The WHILE condition phrase, which appears in both formats, may also appear any number of times within the DO-loop. DO-loops may be nested up to 50 levels. Any DO-loop may be left via the EXIT verb. (See also EXIT-DO and EXIT-ALL-DO in section 6.8.3.)

EXAMPLE 1:¶

DO FOR N FROM 1 BY 1 TO 50
MOVE CORRESPONDING MASTER-REC(N) TO OUT-REC(N).
WRITE OUTREC(N).
END-DO..

EXAMPLE 2:¶

DO WHILE I <100.
WHILE M = N.
WHILE P NOT EQUAL R OR S.
WRITE OUT-FILE.
END-DO.

EXAMPLE 3:¶

DO.
****************************************
* read file with unknown number of records
****************************************
READ FILE IN-FILE AT END EXIT-DO.
END-DO.

6.6 DATA MANIPULATION STATEMENTS¶

6.6.1 Screen Handling Facilities¶

Screen Handling for COBOL is an ND Extension for which the following Data Manipulation Statements can be used. These are ACCEPT (format 3), ACCEPT-ERROR, ACCEPT-RETURN, BLANK, RESET and DISPLAY (format 2), and they are described individually below. Section 6.6.2 provides a few examples of screen handling in which the function and interaction of these statements are demonstrated.

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These features can be used on terminals which are suitable for the ND editors NOTIS-WP, PED, etc.

The ESC key is automatically disabled when one of the following screen handling statements is used:

BLANK
ACCEPT {position specifier}
DISPLAY {position specifier}

This is done to avoid nonsensical screen pictures and inconsistent indexed and random access files. The ESC key is automatically enabled when the program terminates.

6.6.1.1 The ACCEPT Statement¶

The ACCEPT statement allows the user to enter data into specified identifiers from her terminal.

Note that when the user has started entering or editing data in the data field of an ACCEPT-statement, the data field can only be left through:

pressing the carriage return key;
pressing the CANCEL key if any actions for that key are specified in the ACCEPT statement. When a data field is left through CANCEL, the contents of the field will be left as they were when the key was pressed;
reaching the end of the data field if the AUTO-SKIP option has been specified.

While entering and editing data, the NOTIS conventions for cursor movements etc. will be followed.

Format 1 - Data Transfer:


ACCEPT identifier

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Format 2 - System Information Transfer¶


ACCEPT identifier FROM	DATE
	DAY
	TIME
	CPU-TIME

Format 3 - Screen Handling¶

ACCEPT position specifier identifier [WITH

[BEEP]
[SPACE-FILL]
[LENGTH-CHECK]
[AUTO-SKIP]
[PROMPT]
[BLANK-WHEN-ZERO]
[MUST]
[UPDATE]
[JUSTIFIED-RIGHT]
[INVISIBLE]
[INVERSE-VIDEO]
[BLINK]
[UNDERLINE]
[UPPER-CASE]
[LOW-INTENSITY]
[NORMAL]
[HELP Label]
[RE-DISPLAY Label]
[CANCEL Label]
[F1-F9 Label]]
[UP Label]]
[DOWN Label]]
[HOME Label]]
[EXIT Label]]
[LEFT Label]]
[RIGHT Label]]
[CONTROL Label]]

where:

Label is a paragraph or a section name, and
identifier is the name of the receiving field.

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F1–F8 Label denotes the actions to be taken when one of the function keys on the user's terminal is pressed. This adds 16 more keys to the ones available with the ACCEPT-statement - 8 shifted and 8 unshifted. Details will be given later in this section.

Position specifier is the screen position defined as:

| (Line, column) |

both line and column being defined by:

| identifier [ { ± } integer ] |
| integer |

Format 1 is used to transfer data from an input-output device into the identifier. The input device is assumed to be the system console in the case of RT-users, and a screen terminal in the case of Timesharing and Batch users. When running batch or mode files in background mode, data is accepted from the next line on the respective file. (If the FROM option is present, then the mnemonic-name is treated as a comment only.)

Format 2 is used to transfer system information (DAY, DATE, TIME, CPU-TIME) into the identifier according to the rules of the MOVE statement.

DATE is composed of a sequence of data elements as follows:

2 digits for year of century, 2 digits for month of year, 2 digits for day of month. Therefore, September 1, 1980 would be expressed as 800901.

DAY has the sequence of data elements as follows:

2 digits for year of century, 3 digits for day of year. Thus, September 1, 1980 is expressed as 80245.

TIME is composed of the data elements hours, minutes, seconds and hundredths of a second. For example, 2:41 p.m. would be expressed as 14410000.

CPU-TIME consists of the data element CPU-time expressed in milliseconds.

In format 3, the receiving field (identifier) is described by a PICTURE or USAGE specification. The data input field is a string of character positions, starting at the location indicated by the position specifier. Valid data which may be entered is governed by the rules for the associated PICTURE specification (see the Picture Clause).

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The identifier may have its USAGE described as COMPUTATIONAL (see Section 5.4.2.10). In this case, if the PICTURE clause is omitted, then the size of the field for single-word items is 5 + a sign position, and for double-word items the size is 10 + the sign position.

The identifier may also have its USAGE described as PACKED-DECIMAL.

Format 3 is used to accept data into a field from a screen. The options in the WITH phrase which describe the appearance of the field on the screen, can appear in any order or combination. However, in some cases the type of options which are operative simultaneously will be dependent on the terminal type.

The effects of each option are as follows:

Option	Description
BEEP	will sound the terminal's audio alarm when the system is ready to ACCEPT the field.
SPACE-FILL	is for use with numeric fields. Where the identifier has a PICTURE specification of 9's only, leading zeros are set to blanks. (On the screen only.)
LENGTH-CHECK	causes the entry of a field terminator to be ignored until each input position has been operated upon.
AUTO-SKIP	specifies that when an input field has been filled by the operator, the field will be terminated automatically.
PROMPT	sets the data input field on the screen to indicate that all positions contain the period character ('.') before input is accepted.
UPDATE	will initialize the data input field with the initial contents of the receiving field. These data can be edited as if they were typed by the operator. UPDATE and PROMPT can be used in the same ACCEPT statement.
INVISIBLE	will prevent the data entered into the input field from being displayed on the screen. This may be required for security reasons, such as when typing passwords etc.
INVERSE-VIDEO	produces a bright background in the identifier display area.

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BLINK¶

causes the display of the identifier to flash on and off.

UNDERLINE¶

underlines the identifier.

LOW-INTENSITY¶

reduces the intensity of the display.

NORMAL¶

resets the effect of a previous INVERSE-VIDEO, LOW-INTENSITY, BLINK or UNDERLINE.

MUST¶

implies that some data must be entered into the field of the ACCEPT statement before it can be left.

BLANK-WHEN-ZERO¶

causes the item to be displayed as all blanks if the item's value is zero.

UPPER-CASE¶

causes the field to be converted to upper case when it contains input data.

JUSTIFIED-RIGHT¶

causes right justification of the field when it has been entered. The option can be used with alphanumeric fields only.

UP, DOWN, HOME, EXIT, LEFT, and RIGHT¶

represent terminal-dependent control keys which are used for moving the cursor between specific data input fields. These data input fields are identified by the name of the paragraph or section in which they occur in the Procedure Division.

CONTROL label¶

provides the user with an opportunity to test for errors of her own definition. On entering carriage return, the section or paragraph with the label "Label" receives control. If a user-defined error is found then an ACCEPT-ERROR or ACCEPT-RETURN statement following the test will return control to the ACCEPT statement, at the end of the section or paragraph. The field must now be reentered. If the possible error did not occur, then the statement following the ACCEPT is executed.

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F1-F8 label¶

The label denotes a paragraph or section to be PERFORMed when one of the function keys is pressed during data entry. By using the shift key, up to 16 different actions may be defined. On exit from the section or paragraph, the control will automatically be given to the current field or the next field according to the next section.

If one of the 16 possible keys has been hit, the program must identify which one it was by using the system variable CB50. Details of CB50 and other system variables with a table of the possible values they can have, are given in appendix 8.

HELP label¶

The label points to a paragraph or section to be used if the HELP key is pressed. The HELP information is best displayed inside a FRAME with AUTO-ERASE. (See further description in the DISPLAY-statement and the COB-GEN Manual.)

RE-DISPLAY label¶

This option is used together with the HELP option only, and only when the HELP information overlaps the original image. (See also the COB-GEN Reference Manual, ND-60.172.)

CANCEL label¶

Denotes a label that is the name of a paragraph/section which will be executed like the EXIT option, except:

it will work regardless of the other field attributes.
it will work inside an ACCEPT field as well as at the start.

Carriage return (CR) acts as a terminator character. If LENGTH-CHECK has not been coded, it terminates the ACCEPT. Then the cursor automatically moves to the beginning of the next data input field.

The carriage return may be used at any position in the data input field, unless LENGTH-CHECK has been coded with the associated ACCEPT statement.

Editing within data input fields of alphanumeric types before termination of the ACCEPT statement may be performed using CTRL+A or 〈DEL〉 key to delete a single character at a time, CTRL+E or 〈EXPAND〉 to insert characters, CTRL+W to delete all characters and left and right arrows to move the cursor inside the field.

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CTRL+R twice or CTRL+F twice will position the cursor at the beginning or end of the ACCEPT field.

CTRL+A and CTRL+W may be used also in numeric fields.

Upon termination of the ACCEPT statement, data is transferred to the receiving field and edited according to the rules of the corresponding PICTURE specifications. With numeric fields there is an automatic display after "acceptance" of data input.

6.6.1.2 The ACCEPT-ERROR Statement¶

Format:

ACCEPT-ERROR

This statement is used in conjunction with an ACCEPT statement having the option CONTROL label or F1-F8 label. ACCEPT-ERROR is coded within the section or paragraph designated by 'label'. If a user-defined error has been detected, ACCEPT-ERROR causes a return to the ACCEPT statement, at the end of the section or paragraph. The field must now be reentered. The navigation keys (+, -, ↑, ↓, ) will be disabled. If the user-defined error is not detected, control passes to the statement following the ACCEPT statement.

6.6.1.3 The ACCEPT-RETURN Statement¶

Format:

ACCEPT-RETURN

This statement has the same effect as ACCEPT-ERROR, except that the navigation keys (+, -, ↑, ↓, ) will not be disabled.

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6.6.1.4 The BLANK Statement¶

The BLANK statement erases the whole or a part of the screen.

Format 1:

| BLANK SCREEN |

Format 2:

| BLANK | LINE | n1 [TO n2] [COLUMN n3 TO n4] | |-------|-------| | | LINES |

where n1, n2, n3, and n4 must be integers or identifiers defined with no decimal point.

With format 1, the entire screen is erased, and the cursor is placed in the home position (line 1, column 1). Format 2 will blank out the line n1 to n2 inclusively, between columns n3 and n4 inclusively.

6.6.1.5 The DISPLAY Statement¶

The DISPLAY statement causes low volume data to be transferred to printing terminals or screens.

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Format 1:¶

DISPLAY	{ identifier-1		{ identifier-2	... [ WITH NO ADVANCING ]
	{ literal-1		{ literal-2

[ UPON mnemonic-name ]

Literal-1 and literal-2 may be any figurative constant, except ALL.

The operand(s) are transferred to the system output device, if necessary with conversion.

The UPON option has no effect and exists for syntax reasons only.

If the WITH NO ADVANCING phrase is specified, the system output device will not advance one line on the page before displaying the output. Otherwise, automatic advancement of one line will occur.

Format 2:¶

DISPLAY	{ identifier-3		{ identifier-4	...
position specifier	{ literal-3		{ literal-4

[
    WITH [ BEEP ]
    [ SPACE-FILL ]
    [ INVERSE-VIDEO ]
    [ BLINK ]
    [ UNDERLINE ]
    [ LOW-INTENSITY ]
    [ NORMAL ]
    [ AUTO-ERASE ]
    [ PROMPT ]
    [ BLANK-WHEN-ZERO ]
]

Position specifier, the screen position, is defined as:

(line, column)

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both line and column being defined by:¶

{ identifier [ {±} integer] }

Format 2, which forms part of Screen Handling, displays data on a video terminal. Messages or the contents of a data item can appear on the screen with various forms of visual emphasis. The data consists of either literal-3 or identifier-3 and the display is described by the options listed in the WITH phrase. These options may appear in any order. However in some cases the number of options which may appear simultaneously will be terminal-dependent.

They have the following meanings:

Option	Description
BEEP	The terminal beeps when the DISPLAY statement is initialized.
SPACE-FILL	Is for use where identifier-4 describes a numeric field. If the PICTURE specification contains only 9's, leading zeros are set to blanks (on the screen only).
INVERSE-VIDEO	Produces a bright background in the display area of identifier-4 or literal-4. The characters themselves appear in the normal background intensity.
BLINK	The display of identifier-4 or literal-4 flashes off and on.
UNDERLINE	Underlines literal-4 or the contents of identifier-4 when they are displayed on the screen.
LOW-INTENSITY	Gives reduced display intensity.
NORMAL	Resets the effect of a previous INVERSE-VIDEO, LOW-INTENSITY, BLINK, or UNDERLINE.
AUTO-ERASE	When the first character of a following ACCEPT statement is entered, all fields coded with AUTO-ERASE (up to 16) will disappear automatically.
PROMPT	If the field is all zeros or all spaces, the prompt character period (".") will appear in each position instead.
BLANK-WHEN-ZERO	Causes the item to be displayed as all blanks if the item's value is zero.

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Format 3:¶

DISPLAY  
(  
(identifier-1 [ {±} integer-1) (identifier-2 [ {±} integer-3) )  
(  
(integer-2 ) ( integer-4 )  
)  
(  
(identifier-3 ) (identifier-4 )  
FRAME  
( literal-1 ) ( literal-2 )  
)  
[ WITH [SPACE-FILL]  
[HEADING]  
[REMARKS]  
[AUTO-ERASE] ]

Format 3 is used to draw frames around selected areas of the screen. The part within the first parentheses is a position specification, as in the previous format. The specified position is taken to be the upper left corner of a frame of the size given after the FRAME phrase. The first number after FRAME gives the number of lines down from the specified point that the frame will reach. The second number gives the number of columns that the frame will reach to the right of the specified point.

The format has four additional options:

SPACE-FILL erases the interior of the frame, i.e., it writes blanks into each character position inside the frame.

HEADING makes COBOL draw a line segment across the third line inside the frame, thus making room for a headline at the second line of the frame.

REMARKS leaves room for a remark at the second line from the bottom line of the frame, with a line across the frame above the remark.

AUTO-ERASE erases the frame (with contents) automatically upon the following ACCEPT. A very useful DISPLAY option when using the HELP option in the ACCEPT statement.

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Format 4¶

DISPLAY

(identifier-1 [t,] integer-1) (identifier-2 [t,] integer-3)
( integer-2 ) ( integer-4 )

( FULL-BAR ( identifier-3 ) ( identifier-4 )
( SPARSE-BAR ) ( literal-1 ) ( literal-2 )

Format 4 allows COBOL to draw vertical histogram bars from available data. It has a position specification part, like the previous formats. In format 4, however, the position specified inside the parentheses is the lower left corner of the bar. Select one of two different shadings:

FULL-BAR
dense shading.

SPARSE-BAR
half-tone shading.

The size of the bar must be specified after the shading option. The first of the two numbers defines the height of the bar, the second defines the width. The height of the bar may be up to four times the number of lines available for it. That means that a bar of height 4 is one line high, while a bar of height 88 may reach from the bottom to the top of a 22-line screen.

6.6.1.6 The RESET SCREEN Statement¶

The RESET SCREEN statement resets the terminal to the initial state.

Format:¶

| RESET SCREEN |

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6.6.2 Screen Handling Examples¶

This section shows five simple programs to illustrate some of the features of ND COBOL screen handling. A description of the statements used will be found in section 6.6.1.

Page 148¶

Example 1:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID. DIAGONALS.

This program produces a pattern of two crossing diagonals which appear as blanked areas on a filled-in background.

DATA DIVISION.¶

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

Line	Code
11	01 M PIC 99 VALUE ZERO.
12	01 J PIC 99 VALUE ZERO.
13	01 I PIC 999 VALUE ZERO.
14	01 N PIC 99 VALUE ZERO.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

100.¶

BLANK SCREEN.

1200.¶

DO FOR N FROM 1 BY 1 TO 80. - DO FOR I FROM 1 BY 1 TO 25. - DISPLAY (I, N) '#'. - END-DO.

1300.¶

DO FOR N FROM 2 BY 2 TO 25. - MOVE N TO I. - ADD N TO I. - ADD N TO I. - MOVE I TO M. - ADD 3 TO M. - BLANK LINE N COLUMN I TO M. - END-DO.

1400.¶

DO FOR N FROM 2 BY 2 TO 25. - SUBTRACT 6 FROM J. - MOVE J TO M. - ADD 3 TO M. - BLANK LINE N COLUMN J TO M. - END-DO.

1700.¶

STOP RUN.

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Example 2:¶

1 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
2 PROGRAM-ID. FORMS.
3 *********
4 * This program shows how a form might be created containing
5 * information - in this case, names, addresses and codes.
6 * The contents are displayed and the opportunity is given
7 * to "accept" an update for each entry. It is possible to move
8 * between the fields using control keys as individually coded
9 * in the program with each ACCEPT statement.
10 *********

11

12 DATA DIVISION.

13

14 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
15 01 SQUARE.
16 02 HORIZ-LINE PIC X(80) VALUE '------------------------------'.
17


18	02 NAM PIC X(15) OCCURS 10 TIMES.
19	02 ADDR PIC X(30) OCCURS 10 TIMES.
20	02 CODE PIC 9(3) OCCURS 10 TIMES.

21 01 N PIC 9(9) VALUE ZERO.
22 01 M PIC 99 VALUE ZERO.

23

24 PROCEDURE DIVISION.

25

26 5. MOVE 'ROSE COTTAGE' TO ADDR(1).
27 MOVE '10 STRAWBERRY HILL' TO ADDR(2).
28 MOVE 'THE OLD MILL' TO ADDR(3).
29 MOVE '132 OXFORD ROAD' TO ADDR(4).
30 MOVE '1 DONNINGTON SQUARE' TO ADDR(5).
31 MOVE '5 WHITE HORSE LANE' TO ADDR(6).
32 MOVE 'TUDOR LODGE' TO ADDR(7).
33 MOVE '3 DEER LEAP WOOD' TO ADDR(8).
34 MOVE 'RIVERSIDE HOUSE, HENLEY' TO ADDR(9).
35 MOVE 'THE BARN, ABBOTS ANN' TO ADDR(10).

36

37 15.

38 MOVE 'ANDERSON' TO NAM(1).
39 MOVE 'ARCHER' TO NAM(2).
40 MOVE 'BROWN' TO NAM(3).
41 MOVE 'CARTER' TO NAM(4).
42 MOVE 'EVANS' TO NAM(5).
43 MOVE 'HYDE' TO NAM(6).
44 MOVE 'LEWIS' TO NAM(7).
45 MOVE 'NORTON' TO NAM(8).
46 MOVE 'RUSSELL' TO NAM(9).
47 MOVE 'WOOD' TO NAM(10).

48

49 20.

50 MOVE '505' TO CODE(1).
51 MOVE '399' TO CODE(2).
52 MOVE '002' TO CODE(3).
53 MOVE '900' TO CODE(4).
54 MOVE '417' TO CODE(5).
55 MOVE '015' TO CODE(6).
56 MOVE '666' TO CODE(7).
57 MOVE '818' TO CODE(8).
58 MOVE '027' TO CODE(9).
59 MOVE '202' TO CODE(10).

60

61 30.

62 BLANK SCREEN.

63

64 * Insert form headers.

65

66 35.


67	DISPLAY (1, 1) HORIZ-LINE.
68	DISPLAY (2, 1) '.'.
69	DISPLAY (2, 10) 'NAME'.
70	DISPLAY (2, 31) '.'.
71	DISPLAY (2, 40) 'ADDRESS'.
72	DISPLAY (2, 72) '.'.
73	DISPLAY (2, 74) 'CODE'.
74	DISPLAY (2, 80) '.'.
75	DISPLAY (3, 1) HORIZ-LINE.

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Remainder of Form¶

DO FOR N FROM 4 BY 1 TO 24.
    DISPLAY (N, 1) '-'.
    DISPLAY (N, 31) '-'.
    DISPLAY (N, 72) '-'.
    DISPLAY (N, 80) '-'.
END-DO.

Loop to Display Contents¶

DO FOR N FROM 4 BY 1 TO 13.
    SUBTRACT 3 FROM N.
    MOVE N TO M.
    ADD 3 TO N.
    DISPLAY (N, 10) NAM(M).
    DISPLAY (N, 40) ADDR(M).
    DISPLAY (N, 74) CODE(M).
END-DO.

Use of ACCEPT Statement to Update Form¶

100.
    MOVE 4 TO N.
    MOVE 1 TO M.

101.
    ACCEPT (N, 10) NAM(M)
    WITH UPDATE PROMPT
    DOWN 201
    RIGHT 102
    LEFT 103
    HOME 100
    UP 301
    EXIT 900.

102.
    ACCEPT (N, 40) ADDR(M)
    WITH UPDATE PROMPT
    DOWN 202
    RIGHT 103
    LEFT 101
    HOME 100
    UP 302
    EXIT 900.

103.
    ACCEPT (N, 10) CODE(M)
    WITH UPDATE PROMPT
    DOWN 203
    RIGHT 102
    LEFT 101
    HOME 100
    UP 303
    EXIT 900.

201.
    PERFORM 500.
    GO TO 101.

202.
    PERFORM 500.
    GO TO 102.

203.
    PERFORM 500.
    GO TO 103.

301.
    PERFORM 600.
    GO TO 101.

302.
    PERFORM 600.
    GO TO 102.

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153     303.
154          PERFORM 600.
155          GO TO 103.
156
157     500.
158          ADD 1 TO N.
159          IF N IS GREATER THAN 13 THEN
160               SUBTRACT 1 FROM N
161          ELSE ADD 1 TO M
162          END-IF.
163
164     600.
165          SUBTRACT 1 FROM N.
166          IF N IS LESS THAN 4 THEN
167               ADD 1 TO N
168          ELSE SUBTRACT 1 FROM M
169          END-IF.
170
171     900.
172          STOP RUN.

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Example 3:¶

1 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
2 PROGRAM-ID. SCREEN-PLAY.
3 *********
4 * This program illustrates a few of the various ways of
5 * visually displaying fields which the user wants to
6 * update. Specific fields are accessed by use of control
7 * keys. CR moves the cursor from field to field in the
8 * order they are displayed. The screen is first filled
9 * with background characters.
10 *********

DATA DIVISION.¶

11 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
12 77 LIN PIC 99.
13 77 POS PIC 99.
14 01 N PIC XX VALUE 'ND'.
15 01 N1 PIC X(9) VALUE 'NORWAY '.
16 01 N2 PIC X(9) VALUE '..........'.
17 01 N3 PIC 9(9) VALUE ZERO.
18 01 N4 PIC S9(3) COMP VALUE 0.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

23 1000.

24 BLANK SCREEN.

25 5000.

26 PERFORM DISP
27 VARYING LIN FROM 24 BY -1 UNTIL LIN < 1
28 AFTER POS FROM 1 BY 2 UNTIL POS > 80.
29 DISP.
30 DISPLAY (LIN, POS) 'ND'.
31 1500.
32 ACCEPT (1, 1) N WITH UPDATE BEEP.
33 1700.
34 BLANK LINE 3 TO 9.
35 1800.
36 DISPLAY (5, 20) 'COUNTRY: ' WITH UNDERLINE.
37 ACCEPT (5, 30) N1 WITH UPDATE
38 UP 1500
39 EXIT 6000
40 HOME 5000
41 DOWN 3000.
42 2000.
43 BLANK LINE 12 COLUMN 8 TO 45.
44 3000.
45 DISPLAY (12, 10) 'MONTH: ' WITH INVERSE-VIDEO.
46 ACCEPT (12, 20) N2 WITH UPDATE
47 DOWN 3050
48 EXIT 1500
49 HOME 1800
50 UP 3000.
51 3050.
52 BLANK LINE 16 COLUMN 3S TO 55.
53 4000.
54 DISPLAY (16, 30) 'SALES: ' WITH BLINK.
55 ACCEPT (16, 40) N3 WITH UPDATE
56 UP 2000
57 HOME 3000
58 DOWN 4050
59 EXIT 6000.
60 4050.
61 BLANK LINE 21 COLUMN 20 TO 50.
62 BLANK LINE 22 COLUMN 20 TO 50.
63 BLANK LINE 23 COLUMN 20 TO 50.
64 5000.
65 DISPLAY (22, 24) 'Z CHANGE (+/-): ' WITH LOW-INTENSITY
66 UNDERLINE.
67 ACCEPT (22, 42) N4 WITH UPDATE
68 UP 4000
69 DOWN 6000
70 HOME 3000
71 EXIT 2000.
72 6000.
73 STOP RUN.

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Example 5:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID. VIDEO.

***************************************************************
* This program interrogates an existing file which           *
* contains information on a video-film library. The choice is*
* of viewing either: a list of all films in the same category,*
* details of a film in any category; or the whole file in    *
* alphabetic sequence. (The whole file can also be printed   *
* out.) Only the more relevant parts of the program are shown.*
***************************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL. - SELECT VIDEO-FILE - ASSIGN "VIDEO:DATA" - ORGANIZATION INDEXED - ACCESS DYNAMIC - RECORD KEY CODE-NO - ALTERNATE RECORD KEY CATEG WITH DUPLICATES - ALTERNATE RECORD KEY TITLE WITH DUPLICATES - STATUS V-STATUS. - SELECT PRINT-FILE - ASSIGN "L-P" - STATUS V-STATUS.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.

FD VIDEO-FILE.
- 01 VIDEO-REC.
  - 03 CODE-NO PIC X(5).
  - 03 CATEG PIC X(7).
  - 03 TITLE PIC X(35).
  - 03 STARS PIC X(20).
  - 03 RENT PIC 9V99.
  - 03 IN-STOCK PIC X.
  - 03 DATE-OUT PIC X(16).
  - 03 DATE-BACK PIC X(16).
  - 03 INCOME PIC 9V999V99.
  - 03 PIC X(30).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. - 77 V-STATUS PIC XX. - 77 REC-COUNT PIC 9(4). - 77 LINE-COUNT PIC 99. - 77 OPTION PIC X. - 77 REPLY PIC X. - 77 CATEGORY PIC X(7). - 77 NAME PIC X(35).

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

BEGIN.

OPEN I-O VIDEO-FILE WITH MULTI-USER-MODE.
OPEN OUTPUT PRINT-FILE.

Select an option.

CHOOSE.
   BLANK SCREEN.
   * ................... This statement disables the ESC key.
   DISPLAY (5, 20) 'VIDEO LIBRARY INFORMATION PROGRAM'
      WITH UNDERLINE.
   DISPLAY (8, 24) 'OPTIONS ARE:'
      WITH AUTO-ERASE.
   DISPLAY (10, 22) 'DISPLAY FILE BY CATEGORY     -1'
      WITH AUTO-ERASE.
   DISPLAY (12, 22) 'DISPLAY RECORD BY TITLE      -2'
      WITH AUTO-ERASE.
   DISPLAY (14, 22) 'DISPLAY FILE ALPHABETICALLY  -3'
      WITH AUTO-ERASE.
   DISPLAY (16, 22) 'PRINT FILE ALPHABETICALLY    -4'
      WITH AUTO-ERASE.
   DISPLAY (18, 22) 'EXIT FROM THE PROGRAM        -5'
      WITH AUTO-ERASE.

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DISPLAY (20, 22) 'PLEASE ENTER YOUR OPTION: '
WITH AUTO-ERASE

ACCEPT (20, 49) OPTION WITH MUST.
IF OPTION IS LESS THAN 1 OR GREATER THAN 5 GO TO OPTION-ERROR
GO TO ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, DEPENDING ON OPTION.

OPTION-ERROR.
DISPLAY (20, 22) 'INVALID OPTION, PRESS CR TO CONTINUE'

ACCEPT (20, 61) REPLY.
WITH BEEP.
GO TO CHOOSE.

List all films in a category.

ONE.¶

BLANK SCREEN.
DISPLAY (4, 13) 'DISPLAY THE CONTENTS OF ONE CATHEGORY'

DISPLAY (6, 13) 'ENTER REQUIRED CATHEGORY: '. WITH UNDERLINE.
ACCEPT (6, 43) CATHEGORY WITH PROMPT
BLINK
CONTROL VALID.
* If an invalid category has been entered, the above ACCEPT will not have been "accepted". A known cathegory must be re-submitted.

MOVE CATHEGORY TO CATEG.
START VIDEO-FILE KEY IS EQUAL TO CATEG
INVALID KEY DISPLAY (10, 20) 'ISAM FILE ERROR'
WITH BEEP
DISPLAY (10,36) V-STATUS

CR to try again

ACCEPT (10, 41) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.
PERFORM HEADER.
GO TO ONE-NEXT.

VALID.¶

IF CATHEGORY IS NOT EQUAL TO
'HORROR' OR
'WESTERN' OR
'DRAMA' OR
'ROMANCE' OR
'SCI-FI' OR
'CRIME' ACCEPT-ERROR.

ONE-NEXT.¶

READ VIDEO-FILE NEXT RECORD
AT END ACCEPT (LIN-COUNT, 80) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.
IF CATEG IS NOT EQUAL TO CATHEGORY
ACCEPT (LINE-COUNT, 80) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 2) CODE-NO.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 9) TITLE.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 47) CATEG.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 53) STARS.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 76) RENT.
ADD 10 TO LINE-COUNT.
IF LINE-COUNT IS GRETER THAN 24
ACCEPT (24,80) REPLY
PERFORM HEADER.
GO TO ONE-NEXT.

BLANK SCREEN.
DISPLAY (11, 28) 'VIDEO LIBRARY CATALOGUE'.
MOVE 4 TO LINE-COUNT.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 2) CODE-NO.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 9) TITLE.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 47) CATEG.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 53) STARS.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 76) RENT.

TWO.¶

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Display the details for one title.¶

BLANK SCREEN
DISPLAY (5, 20) 'SEARCH FOR RECORD BY TITLE'
WITH UNDERLINE.
DISPLAY (8, 10) 'ENTER REQUIRED TITLE:'
WITH INVERSE-VIDEO.
ACCEPT (8, 34) NAME WITH PROMPT CONTROL ALPHA.

The name of the video-film is checked for non-alphabetic characters. If any are found, the above ACCEPT will not be taken and must be re-entered.

MOVE NAME TO TITLE.
START VIDEO-FILE KEY IS NOT LESS THAN TITLE
INVALID KEY
DISPLAY (10, 10) 'TITLE NOT IN LIBRARY' WITH BEEP
DISPLAY (11, 10) 'PRESS CR'
ACCEPT (11, 19) REPLY
GO TO TWO.
PERFORM HEADER.

TWO-NEXT.¶

READ VIDEO-FILE NEXT RECORD
AT END DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 35) 'END OF FILE'
WITH BEEP
ACCEPT (LINE-COUNT, 47) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.

DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 2)	CODE-NO.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 9)	TITLE.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 47)	CATEG.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 53)	STARS.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 76)	RENT.

ADD 1 TO LINE-COUNT.

DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 35) 'CORRECT RECORD (Y/N)?'.
ACCEPT (LINE-COUNT, 55) REPLY.
IF REPLY EQUAL TO 'Y' GO TO CHOOSE.
BLANK LINE-COUNT
IF LINE-COUNT IS GREATER THAN 23
PERFORM HEADER.
GO TO TWO-NEXT.

ALPHA.¶

IS NAME IS NOT ALPHABETIC
ACCEPT-ERRORA.

THREE¶

Display the file in alphabetic order of title.

BLANK SCREEN.
MOVE LOW-VALUES TO TITLE.
START VIDEO-FILE KEY IS GREATER THAN TITLE
INVALID KEY
DISPLAY (2, 13) 'ISAM FILE ERROR' WITH BEEP
DISPLAY (2, 30) V-STATUS
ACCEPT (2, 35) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE
PERFORM HEADER.

THREE-NEXT.¶

READ VIDEO-FILE NEXT RECORD
AT END ACCEPT (LINE-COUNT, 80) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.

DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 2)	CODE-NO.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 9)	TITLE.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 47)	CATEG.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 53)	STARS.
DISPLAY (LINE-COUNT, 76)	RENT.

ADD 1 TO LINE-COUNT.
IF LINE-COUNT IS GREATER THAN 24
ACCEPT (24, 80) REPLY
PERFORM HEADER.
GO TO THREE-NEXT.

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FOUR¶

Print the full catalogue alphabetically.

BLANK SCREEN.
DISPLAY (5, 25) 'PRINTING FULL ALPHABETIC CATALOGUE.'
WITH UNDERLINE.

MOVE LOW-VALUES TO TITLE.
MOVE ZERO TO REC-COUNT.
START VIDEO-FILE KEY IS GREATER THAN TITLE
INVALID KEY
DISPLAY (7, 25) 'ISAM FILE ERROR' WITH BEEP
DISPLAY (7, 42) V-STATUS
ACCEPT (7, 50) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.
.
.

Create the print-header
.
.

FOUR-NEXT.
READ VIDEO-FILE NEXT RECORD
AT END
DISPLAY (12, 22) PROCESSING IS NOW COMPLETE'
WITH BEEP

ACCEPT (12,49) REPLY
GO TO CHOOSE.
.
.

Create the print record.
.
.

IF LINE-COUNT IS GREATER THAN 60
PERFORM PRINT-HEADER
GO TO FOUR-NEXT.

FIVE¶

Exit from program

BLANK SCREEN.
CLOSE VIDEO-FILE.
CLOSE PRINT-FILE.
DISPLAY (12, 20) '>>> Returning to main menu >>>'
WITH UNDERLINE.

STOP RUN.

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Example 6:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. X-001.
- This program demonstrates the facilities for framing selected
- parts of the screen, and for writing histogram bars.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 NAME PIC X(30).
01 ANSWER PIC X.
01 I COMP.
01 J COMP.
01 K COMP.
01 X COMP.
01 Y COMP.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
500.
COMPUTE X=19.
COMPUTE Y=9.
1000.
BLANK SCREEN.
DISPLAY (10, 1) 'Your name:'.
ACCEPT (10, 12) NAME WITH PROMPT.
BLANK LINE 10.
DISPLAY (1, 1) FRAME 18 x 75 WITH HEADING.
DISPLAY (2, 28) 'My name is:'.
DO FOR I FROM 4 TO 17
DISPLAY (I, 3) NAME WITH BLINK
DISPLAY (I, 42) NAME WITH UNDERLINE
END-DO.
1500.
BLANK LINE 22.
DISPLAY (22, 1) 'Continue execution?' WITH UNDERLINE.
ACCEPT (22, 20) ANSWER WITH PROMPT.
IF ANSWER EQUAL 'N' OR 'n' THEN PERFORM 3000.
DISPLAY (Y, X) FRAME 12 x 34 WITH SPACE-FILL.
DO FOR I FROM Y + 1 TO Y + 10
DISPLAY (I, X + 2) NAME WITH INVERSE-VIDEO.
END-DO.
2000.
BLANK LINE 22.
DISPLAY (22, 1) 'Continue execution?' WITH UNDERLINE.
ACCEPT (22, 20) ANSWER WITH PROMPT.
IF ANSWER EQUAL 'N' OR 'n' THEN PERFORM 3000.
BLANK SCREEN.
DISPLAY (1, 1) FRAME 20 x 73.
DO FOR I FROM 2 BY 3 TO 71
COMPUTE J = I
DISPLAY (19, I) FULL-BAR J x 1
COMPUTE J = 72 - I
COMPUTE K = I + 1
DISPLAY (19, K) SPARSE-BAR J x 1
END-DO.
2500.
COMPUTE X = 5.
COMPUTE Y = 3.
PERFORM 1500.
3000.
BLANK LINE 22.
DISPLAY (22, 11)
'You have now used the ND COBOL Screen Handling'
WITH UNDERLINE.
STOP RUN.

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6.6.3 The INSPECT Statement¶

The INSPECT statement specifies that characters in a data item are to be counted, or replaced, or counted and replaced.

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Format:¶

INSPECT identifier-1

[  
  [  
    ( 
      ( ALL ) ( identifier-3 )  
      TALLYING , identifier-2 FOR , ( LEADING ) literal-1  
    )
    ( ( CHARACTERS  
      [
        ( BEFORE ) ( identifier-4 ) ] ) )  
      ( INITIAL )  
      ( AFTER  ) literal-2 )  ... ...  
  ]  
]

[  
  REPLACING  
  [
    |
    ( identifier-6 )  
    CHARACTERS BY  
    ( literal-4 )  
  ]  
  [
    |
    ( BEFORE ) ( identifier-7 )  
    ( INITIAL )  
    ( AFTER  ) literal-5  
  ] 
  ]

  [
    ( ALL ) ( identifier-5 ) ( identifier-6 )  
    ( LEADING ) ( )  BY  
    ( FIRST ) literal-3   literal-4  
  ]

  [
    ( BEFORE ) ( identifier-7 )  
    ( INITIAL )  
    ( AFTER  ) literal-5  
  ]  ... ...  
]

Identifier-1, the inspected item, must either be a group item or any category of elementary item with USAGE DISPLAY.

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Identifier-2, the count field, must be an elementary integer data item.

All literals must be nonnumeric and any figurative constant except ALL. (If a figurative constant is used as literal-3, then the size of identifier-6 and -7 must be one character in length.)

When the CHARACTERS phrase is used, literal-4 and -5 or identifier-6 and -7 must be one character in length.

General Rules:¶

Either the TALLYING or REPLACING option must be given. Both may appear, but in this case all tallying occurs before any replacement is made.
All identifiers (except identifier-2) are treated by the INSPECT statement according to its category:

a) If alphabetic or alphanumeric - as a character-string.

b) If alphanumeric edited, numeric edited or unsigned numeric - as though redefined as alphanumeric, and the INSPECT statement refers to the alphanumeric item.

c) If signed numeric - as though moved to an unsigned numeric data item of the same length and then treated as in rule b above.
Inspection includes the comparison cycle, the establishment of boundaries for the BEFORE and AFTER phrase, and the mechanisms for tallying and/or replacing. It begins at the leftmost character position of the data item identifier-1 and proceeds to the rightmost character position as described in the remaining general rules.
The rules for comparison are:

a) The first TALLYING/REPLACING operand is compared with an equal number of the leftmost contiguous characters in the inspected item. A match occurs only if both are equal character-for-character.

b) If no match occurs, the comparison is repeated for each successive TALLYING/REPLACING operand until either a match is found or all the operands have been compared;

c) If a match is found, then tallying/replacing occurs according to the following TALLYING/REPLACING option descriptions. The first character of the inspected item following the rightmost matching character is now the subject of the operations described in rules a and b above.

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d) If no match is found, then the first character following the leftmost inspected character in the inspected item becomes the leftmost character position and processes of a and b above are repeated. The steps a to d, the comparison cycle, are repeated until the rightmost character has participated in a match or has been considered as the leftmost character position.

5) If the BEFORE/AFTER option is used, then the previous rules are modified as described in the following TALLYING/REPLACING option descriptions.

TALLYING OPTION¶

Identifier-2 (an elementary integer item) is the count field.
Identifier-3 or literal-1 is the tallying field.

If the BEFORE/AFTER option is not specified, then the following actions occur on execution of INSPECT with TALLYING:

a) If ALL is used, the count field is increased by 1 for each non-overlapping occurrence of the tallying field.

b) If LEADING is specified, the count field is increased by 1 for each contiguous non-overlapping occurrence of this tallying field in the inspected item, provided that the leftmost such occurrence is at the point where comparison began in the first comparison cycle which this tallying field took part in.

c) If CHARACTERS is specified, the count field is increased by 1 for each character position in the inspected item.

REPLACING OPTION¶

Identifier-5 or literal-3 is the subject field, and identifier-6 or literal-4 is the substitution field. These two fields must be the same length and the following rules apply:

1) When the subject and substitution fields are character strings, each non-overlapping occurrence of the subject field in the inspected item is replaced by the character-string specified in the substitution field.

2) After replacement has occurred in any character position of the inspected item, no further replacement for that position is made during this INSPECT statement execution. When the BEFORE/AFTER option is not given, the following actions take place on execution of INSPECT with REPLACING:

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a) If CHARACTERS is specified, the substitution field must be one character in length. Each character in the inspected item is replaced by the substitution field, beginning at the leftmost character and continuing to the rightmost.

b) If ALL is specified, each non-overlapping occurrence of the subject field in the inspected item is replaced by the substitution field, beginning at the leftmost character and continuing to the rightmost.

c) If LEADING is specified, each contiguous non-overlapping occurrence of the subject field of the inspected item is replaced by the substitution field, provided that the leftmost occurrence is at the point where comparison began in the first comparison cycle in which this substitution field can participate.

d) If FIRST is specified, the leftmost occurrence of the subject field in the inspected item is replaced by the substitution field.

BEFORE/AFTER OPTIONS¶

When these are specified, the above rules for counting and replacing are modified thus:

Identifiers 4 and 7 and literals 2 and 5 are delimiters and are themselves not counted or replaced.

In the REPLACING option, if CHARACTERS is specified then the delimiter must be one character in length.

When BEFORE is used, counting and/or replacement of the inspected item begins at the leftmost character and continues until the first occurrences of the delimiter are encountered. If no delimiter occurs in the inspected item, counting and/or replacement continues to the rightmost character.

When AFTER is present, counting and/or replacement of the inspected item begins with the first character to the right of the delimiter and continues to the rightmost character in the inspected item. If no delimiter exists in the inspected item no counting/replacement takes place.

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Six examples of the INSPECT statement follow:

(Note: identifier-2, the count field, must be initialized before execution of the INSPECT statement.)

EXAMPLE 1.¶

INSPECT word TALLYING count FOR LEADING "L" BEFORE INITIAL "A",
count-1 FOR LEADING "A" BEFORE INITIAL "L".

Word	Count	Count-1
LARGE	1	0
ANALYST	0	1

EXAMPLE 2.¶

INSPECT word TALLYING count FOR ALL "L", REPLACING LEADING "A"
BY "E" AFTER INITIAL "L".

Word	Count	Word
CALLAR	2	CALLAR
SALAMI	1	SALEMI
LATTER	1	LETTER

EXAMPLE 3.¶

INSPECT word REPLACING ALL "A" BY "G" BEFORE INITIAL "X".

Word	Word
ARXAX	GRXAX
HANDAX	HGNDGX

EXAMPLE 4.¶

INSPECT word TALLYING count FOR CHARACTERS AFTER INITIAL "J"
REPLACING ALL "A" BY "B".

Word	Count	Word
ADJECTIVE	6	BDJECTIVE
JACK	3	J8CK
JUJMAB	5	JUJMBB

EXAMPLE 5.¶

INSPECT word REPLACING ALL "X" BY "Y", "B" BY "Z", "W"
BY "Q" AFTER INITIAL "R".

Word	Word
RXXBQWY	RYYZQQY
YZACOWBR	YZACQWZR
RAWRXEB	RAQRYEZ

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EXAMPLE 6¶

INSPECT word REPLACING CHARACTERS BY "B" BEFORE INITIAL "A".


word before:	1 2 X Z A B C D
word after:	B B B B A B C D

6.6.4 The MOVE Statement¶

The MOVE statement transfers data to one or more data areas in accordance with the editing rules.

Format 1:¶

+----------------------------+
|                            |
|  { identifier-1 }          |
| MOVE  {            } TO identifier-2 [, identifier-3] ... |
|  { literal      }          |
|                            |
+----------------------------+

Format 2:¶

+----------------------------+
|                            |
|  { CORRESPONDING }         |
| MOVE  {              } identifier-1 TO identifier-2 |
|  { CORR          }         |
|                            |
+----------------------------+

In this format, identifier-1 and literal represent the sending area; identifier-2, identifier-3, ..., represent the receiving area.

When format 2 is specified, both identifiers must be group items. When CORRESPONDING is used, selected items in identifier-1 are moved to identifier-2 according to the rules given for the CORRESPONDING option, which are given in the next paragraphs. The results are the same as if each pair of corresponding identifiers had been referred to in a separate MOVE statement.

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For the purpose of this discussion, identifier-1 and identifier-2 must each be identifiers that refer to group items. A pair of data items, one from identifier-1 and one from identifier-2 correspond if the following conditions exist:

A data item in identifier-1 and a data item in identifier-2 are not designated by the keyword FILLER and have the same data-name and the same qualifiers up to, but not including, identifier-1 and identifier-2.
At least one of the data items is an elementary data item in the case of a MOVE statement with the CORRESPONDING phrase.
The description of identifier-1 and identifier-2 must not contain level-number 77 or 88 or the USAGE IS INDEX clause.
A data item that is subordinate to identifier-1 and identifier-2 and contains a REDEFINES, RENAMES, OCCURS or USAGE IS INDEX clause is ignored, as well as those data items subordinate to the data item that contains the REDEFINES, OCCURS or USAGE IS INDEX clause. However, identifier-1 and identifier-2 may have REDEFINES or OCCURS clauses or be subordinate to data items with REDEFINES or OCCURS clauses.

CORR is an abbreviation for CORRESPONDING.

General Rules:¶

The data in the sending area is moved into the first receiving area (identifier-2), then into the second receiving area (identifier-3) etc. Any subscripting or indexing associated with the sending item is evaluated immediately before the data is moved to the first receiving field. Similarly, any subscripting or indexing associated with receiving items is evaluated immediately before the data is moved in.
The result of the statement:
```
MOVE a (b) TO b, c (b)
```
is equivalent to:
```
MOVE a (b) TO temp
MOVE temp TO b
MOVE temp TO c (b)
```
where temp has been defined as an intermediate result.
Any MOVE in which the sending and receiving items are both elementary items is an elementary move. Every elementary item belongs to one of the following categories: numeric, alphabetic, alphanumeric, numeric edited, alphanumeric edited. These categories are described in the PICTURE Clause. Numeric literals belong to the category numeric, and nonnumeric literals belong to

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The category alphanumeric. The figurative constant ZERO belongs to the category numeric. The figurative constant SPACE belongs to the category alphabetic. All other figurative constants belong to the category alphanumeric.

The following rules apply to an elementary move between these categories:

a) The figurative constant SPACE, an alphanumeric edited, or alphabetic data item must not be moved to a numeric or numeric edited data item.

b) A numeric literal, the figurative constant ZERO, a numeric data item or a numeric edited data item must not be moved to an alphabetic data item.

c) A non-integer numeric literal or a non-integer numeric data item must not be moved to an alphanumeric or alphanumeric edited data item.

d) All other elementary moves are legal and are performed according to the rules given in general rule 4.

e) A numeric edited item must not be moved to another numeric edited item.

f) (An ND-Extension.) A numeric edited item may be moved to a numeric item which is either integer or non-integer. This is equivalent to "de-editing".

4) Any necessary conversion of data from one form of internal representation to another takes place during legal elementary moves, along with any editing specified for the receiving data item:

a) When an alphanumeric edited or alphanumeric item is a receiving item, alignment and any necessary space filling takes place as defined under Standard Alignment Rules in the 'Working-Storage' Section of the Data Division. If the size of the sending item is greater than the size of the receiving item, the excess characters are truncated on the right after the receiving item is filled. If the sending item is described as being signed numeric, the operational sign will not be moved; if the operational sign occupies a separate character position (see the SIGN Clause), that character will not be moved and the size of the sending item will be considered to be one less than its actual size.

b) When a numeric or numeric edited item is the receiving item, alignment by decimal point and any necessary zero-filling takes place as defined under the Standard Alignment Rules (except where zeros are replaced because of editing requirements).

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1) When a signed numeric item is the receiving item, the sign of the sending item is placed in the receiving item. (See the SIGN Clause). Conversion of the representation of the sign takes place as necessary. If the sending item is unsigned, a positive sign is generated for the receiving item.

2) When an unsigned numeric item is the receiving item, the absolute value of the sending item is moved and no operational sign is generated for the receiving item.

3) When a data item described as alphanumeric is the sending item, data is moved as if the sending item were described as an unsigned numeric integer.

4) When a receiving field is described as alphabetic, justification and any necessary space-filling takes place as defined under the Standard Alignment Rules. If the size of the sending item is greater than the size of the receiving item, the excess characters are truncated on the right after the receiving item is filled.

Data in the following chart summarizes the legality of the various types of MOVE statements. The references are to the rule that prohibits the move or the behaviour of a legal move.

| CATEGORY OF SENDING DATA ITEM | CATEGORY OF RECEIVING DATA ITEM | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | | ALPHABETIC | ALPHANUMERIC EDITED | NUMERIC INTEGER | NUMERIC NON-INTEGER | NUMERIC EDITED | | ALPHABETIC | Yes/4c | Yes/4a | No/3a | No/3a | | ALPHANUMERIC | Yes/4c | Yes/4a | Yes/4b | Yes/4b | | ALPHANUMERIC EDITED | Yes/4c | Yes/4a | No/3a | No/3a | | NUMERIC INTEGER | No/3b | Yes/4a | Yes/4b | Yes/4b | | NUMERIC NON-INTEGER | No/3b | No/3c | Yes/4b | Yes/4b | | NUMERIC EDITED | No/3b | Yes/4a | Yes/3f | No/3e |

The characters /4c etc. refer to points and subpoints in the text.

c) Any move that is not an elementary move is treated exactly as if it were an alphanumeric to alphanumeric elementary move, except that there is no conversion of data from one form of internal representation to another. In such a move, the receiving area will be filled without consideration for the individual elementary or group items.

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6.6.5 The STRING Statement¶

The STRING statement enables the programmer to concatenate the complete or partial contents of two or more data items into a single data item.

Format:

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        ┌────────────────────────────┐                       │
│  STRING    ( identifier-1 )  [ . identifier-2 ]                             │
│            ( literal-1   )  [ . literal-2   ]  ...                          │
│                                                                             │
│            DELIMITED BY   ( identifier-3 )                                  │
│                          ( literal-3   )                                    │
│                          ( SIZE        )                                    │
│                                                                             │
│                                                                           
│            ( identifier-4 )  [ . identifier-5 ]                             │
│            ( literal-4   )  [ . literal-5   ]  ...                          │
│                                                                           
│            DELIMITED BY   ( identifier-6 )  ]                               │
│                          ( literal-6   )  ]  ...                            │
│                          ( SIZE        )                                    │
│                                                                             │
│ INTO identifier-7  [ WITH POINTER identifier-8 ]                            │
│                                                                             │
│ [: ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement ]                                       │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Each literal must be nonnumeric or any figurative constant except ALL.

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The sending fields are given by identifier-7 which must represent an elementary alphanumeric data item.

The pointer field is identifier-8 which must represent an elementary numeric integer data item large enough to contain a value equal to the size plus one of the fields referenced by identifier-7. If no POINTER phrase exists, the default value of the logical pointer is 1.

The delimiters are identifiers 3 and 6 or their corresponding literals.

When DELIMITED BY is specified, the contents of each sending field is transferred character-by-character until the rightmost character has been sent, or a delimiter for the sending field is reached.

All identifiers (except identifier-8) must have USAGE DISPLAY.

When the STRING statement is executed, the transfer of data is governed by the following rules:

Characters from the sending field are transferred to the sending field according to the rules for an alphanumeric to alphanumeric move, except that no space filling is provided.
If DELIMITED BY SIZE is specified, each sending field is moved in its entirety to the receiving field.
If DELIMITED is specified without SIZE then the contents of each sending item is transferred character-by-character, starting with the leftmost one and continuing until the end of the data, or its delimiter is reached. (The delimiter itself is not transferred.)
If the POINTER option appears, the pointer field is explicitly available to the programmer. If this option does not appear, it is as if the user had specified identifier-8 with an initial value of 1.
When characters are transferred to the receiving field, the moves behave as though these characters were moved one at a time with the pointer field being incremented by one after each character is positioned. The value in the pointer cannot be changed in any other way. When processing is complete, this value will be one character position greater than that of the last character transferred.
If this pointer value, at or after initiation of the STRING statement execution, becomes less than one or greater than the length of the receiving field, data transfer ceases. ON OVERFLOW, if specified, is now raised.
If ON OVERFLOW has not been specified, then, when the above conditions are encountered, control passes to the next executable statement.

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Example¶

If the following STRING statement is coded:

STRING ID-1 LIT-2 DELIMITED BY ID-3  
       ID-4 ID-5 DELIMITED BY SIZE INTO  
       ID-7 WITH POINTER ID-8.

and at execution time the fields contain:

ID-1	LIT-2	IO-4	ID-5	ID-3
1 2 3 4 *	A B * C	5 6 7 *	* 8 9 0	*

ID-7	ID-8
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S	0 1

Then after execution the receiving field and the pointer field will appear as:

ID-7	ID-8
1 2 3 4 A B 5 6 7 * * 8 9 0 S S S S S S S	1 6

6.6.6 The UNSTRING Statement¶

The UNSTRING statement causes contiguous data in a single sending field to be separated and placed into multiple receiving fields.

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Format:¶

UNSTRING identifier-1 DELIMITED BY [ALL] {  
                                        ( identifier-2 )  
                                        ( literal-1 )  
                                      }  
                                      OR "ALL" {  
                                                 ( identifier-3 )  
                                                 ( literal-2 )  
                                              } ... 

INTO identifier-4 [, DELIMITER IN identifier-5]  
              [, COUNT IN identifier-6]  

              [, identifier-7 ], DELIMITER IN identifier-8  

              [, COUNT IN identifier-9 ]  
              [WITH POINTER identifier-10]  

[TALLYING IN identifier-11]  
    [; ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement]

The DELIMITER IN option and the COUNT IN option may only appear if the DELIMITED BY option is also present.

Each literal must be a nonnumeric literal. Each may be any figurative constant without the word ALL.

Identifier-1 (the sending field) must be an alphanumeric data item.

Identifier-6 and identifier-9 must be type computational.

The DELIMITED BY option specifies the delimiters which control the amount of data (transferred from the sending field).

The delimiters are identifiers 2 and 3, or their corresponding literals, and each of them (representing one delimiter) must be an alphanumeric data item. The maximum number of delimiters is 15.

If a delimiter contains two or more characters it will act as a delimiter only if the delimiter characters appear contiguously in the sending field, and in the sequence specified.

When two or more delimiters are specified in the DELIMITED BY option, an 'OR' condition exists between them. Each non-overlapping occurrence of any of the delimiters in the sending field in its specified sequence, is considered to be a match.

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DELIMITED BY ALL results in one occurrence, or two or more contiguous occurrences, of any delimiter being treated as if they were only one occurrence; this occurrence is moved to the delimiter receiving field (if any), (identifiers 5, 6, ...).

If DELIMITED BY ALL is not specified, and two or more occurrences of any delimiter are found, then the current receiving field is filled with either space or zero according to the description of this field.

When the UNSTRING statement is initiated, identifier-4 is the current receiving field. Receiving fields must have USAGE DISPLAY and must be one of the types:

alphabetic
alphanumeric (not edited)
numeric (not edited)

Data is transferred from the sending field according to the following rules:

If the POINTER option appears, it contains a value indicating a relative position in the sending field (it must be initialized prior to statement execution).

DELIMITED BY causes the examination to proceed from left to right, character-by-character, until a delimiter is encountered. If no delimiter is found, the examination ends with the last character in the sending field.

If the DELIMITED BY option does not appear, the number of characters examined will be equal to the size of the current receiving field. (If the sign of the receiving field has been defined as occupying a separate character position, then the number of characters examined is one less than the size of the field.)

The characters thus examined (excluding delimiters if any) are treated as an elementary alphanumeric data item and are transferred to the receiving field according to the rules of the MOVE statement.

The DELIMITED IN option causes the delimiting characters in the sending field to be treated as an elementary alphanumeric item and to be moved to the current delimiter receiving field (identifier-5) according to the rules of the MOVE statement. If, however, the delimiting condition is the end of the sending field, identifier-5 is filled with spaces.

If the COUNT IN option is specified, a value equal to the number of examined characters (excluding delimiter(s)) is moved to the data count field (identifier-6) according to rules for an elementary move (identifier-6 must be of type computational).

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If the DELIMITED BY option appears then the sending field is further examined, beginning with the first character to the right of the delimiter. Otherwise, examination of the sending field begins with the first character to the right of the last character examined.

After data is transferred to the first receiving field (identifier-4), identifier-7 becomes the next receiving field. The preceding procedure is now repeated for this (and subsequently, for any succeeding receiving fields), until all characters in the sending field have been transferred or there are no more unfilled receiving fields.

Example:¶

The following UNSTRING statement:

UNSTRING SEND-IDL DELIMITED BY ALL DEL-ID2 OR DEL-ID3  
  INTO REC-ID4 DELIMITER IN DREC-ID5 COUNT IN CT-ID6  
       REC-ID7 DELIMITER IN DREC-ID8 COUNT IN CT-ID9  
       REC-ID12 DELIMITER IN DREC-ID13 COUNT IN CT-ID14  
  WITH POINTER P-ID10  
  TALLYING INT-ID11  
  ON OVERFLOW GO TO UNSTRING-OFL.

might have the following field contents at execution time:

SEND-IDL	DEL-ID2	DEL-ID3
1 2 3 * 4 5 6 $ 7 8 9 0	$	*

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and the remaining fields might have the following contents after execution:

REC-ID4	DREC-ID5	CT-ID6
1 2 3 b b	*	3

REC-ID7	DREC-ID8	CT-ID9
b b b b	*	0

REC-ID12	DREC-ID13	CT-ID14
4 5 6	$	3

P-ID10

1 1

T-ID11

0 3

where b represents a space (blank character). Since SENO-ID11 still contains untransferred characters, the ON OVERFLOW condition will be raised.

If a further receiving field had been specified for this UNSTRING statement, the first character moved to it from the sending field would have been the leftmost character following the second $, i.e., the number 7. (Note the difference in effect of coding DELIMITED BY with or without ALL.)

When the execution of the UNSTRING statement has been completed, if a TALLYING IN option is present, then the field-count field (identifier-11) will have had its initial value incremented by the number of data receiving areas acted upon (including any null fields).

At this point, if a POINTER option has been specified, the pointer field (identifier-10) will contain a value equal to its initial value plus the number of characters examined in the sending field.

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Execution of the UNSTRING statement will cease if an overflow condition exists. If ON OVERFLOW is specified the imperative-statement is executed. If ON OVERFLOW is not specified control passes to the next executable statement. An overflow condition occurs if:

a) The value in the pointer field is less than one or greater than the length of the sending field when UNSTRING is initiated.

b) During execution of the UNSTRING statement, after all receiving fields have been acted upon, the sending field still contains unexamined characters.

Any subscripting or indexing associated with the identifiers is evaluated immediately before data transfer.

6.7 INPUT-OUTPUT STATEMENTS¶

COBOL input-output statements transfer data to and from files stored on external devices, and they control low-volume data going to or coming from media such as console typewriters and terminals. In this manual and its index, INPUT-OUTPUT is usually abbreviated to I-O.

The unit of data used by the COBOL program is called a record.

The input-output statements which may be used in the Procedure Division are determined by the file descriptions in the Environment and Data Divisions.

6.7.1 I-O Status¶

If the FILE STATUS clause is specified in a file-control entry, a value is placed into the specified 2-character data item during the execution of an OPEN, CLOSE, START, READ, WRITE, REWRITE or DELETE statement and before any applicable USE procedure is executed, to indicate the status of the I-O operation.

See appendix 7, Indexed/Relative I-O Status Summary.

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6.7.1.1 Status Key 1¶

The leftmost character position of the FILE STATUS data item, upon completion of an I-O operation, is set according to the following:

Code	Description
'0'	indicates Successful Completion
'1'	indicates At End
'2'	indicates Invalid Key
'3'	indicates Permanent Error
'9'	indicates Other Error

The meanings of the indications are:

0 - Successful Completion. The I-O statement was successfully executed.

1 - At End. Indexed and Relative I-O.

The Format 1 READ statement was unsuccessfully executed following an attempt to read a record when no next logical record exists in the file.

At End. Sequential I-O.

The sequential READ statement was unsuccessfully executed, either as a result of attempting to read a record when no next logical record existed in the file or because the first READ statement being executed for a file was described with the OPTIONAL clause, and that file was not available to the program at the time its associated OPEN statement was executed.

2 - Invalid Key. The I-O statement was unsuccessfully executed as one of the following:

Sequence Error (Indexed I-O only)
Duplicate Key
Record Not Found
Boundary Violation

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Two programs attempting to access the same record (only with Indexed or Relative I-O, with MULTI-USER Access)

Invalid Key does not apply to Sequential I-O.

3 - Permanent Error. The input-output statement was unsuccessfully executed due to a boundary violation for a sequential file or as the result of an input-output error, such as data check parity error, or transmission error.

9 - Some other error.

6.7.1.2 Status Key 2¶

The rightmost character position of the FILE STATUS data item is known as status key 2 and is used to further describe the results of the input-output operation.

The value this character contains will have the meanings given in the following table, according to the appropriate file organization.

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Status Key 2	Meaning
0	No further information
1	If Status Key 1 is '2' - Sequence error Otherwise - Password failure
2	If Status Key 1 is '0' - Duplicate key (Indexed files) If Status Key 1 is '2' - Duplicate key (Relative and Indexed files) Otherwise - Logic error
3	If Status Key 1 is '2' - No record found (Relative and Indexed files) Otherwise - Resource not available
4	If Status Key 1 is '2' - Boundary violation (Relative and Indexed files) If Status Key 1 is '3' - Boundary violation (Sequential files) Otherwise - No current record pointer
5	Invalid or incomplete file information
6	No file information given
7	Open successful

VALID COMBINATIONS OF STATUS KEYS 1 AND 2¶

The valid combinations of the values of status key 1 and status key 2 are shown in the following figures. An 'X' at an intersection indicates valid combination.

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INDEXED I-O¶

Status Key 1	Status Key 2
	No Further Information (0)	Sequence Error (1)	Duplicate Key (2)	No Record Found (3)	Boundary Violation (4)
Successful Completion (0)	X		X
At End (1)	X
Invalid Key (2)		X	X	X	X
Permanent Error (3)	X
Other Error (9)

RELATIVE I-O¶

Status Key 1	Status Key 2
	No Further Information (0)	Duplicate Key (2)	No Record Found (3)	Boundary Violation (4)
Successful Completion (0)	X
At End (1)	X
Invalid Key (2)		X	X	X
Permanent Error (3)	X
Other Error (9)

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Status Key 1	Status Key 2
	No Further Information (0)
Successful Completion (0)	X
At End (1)	X
Permanent Error (3)	X
Other Error (9)

6.7.1.3 The INVALID KEY Condition (Indexed and Relative I-O Only)¶

The INVALID KEY condition can occur as a result of the execution of a START, READ, WRITE, REWRITE or DELETE statement. For details of the causes of the condition see under the relevant statement headings.

When the INVALID KEY condition is recognized, the runtime system takes these actions in the following order:

A value is placed into the FILE STATUS data item, if specified for this file, to indicate an INVALID KEY condition. (See under I-O status earlier in this section.)
If the INVALID KEY phrase is specified in the statement causing the condition, control is transferred to the INVALID KEY imperative-statement. Any USE procedure specified for this file is not executed.
If the INVALID KEY phrase is not specified, but a USE procedure is specified, either explicitly or implicitly, for this file, that procedure is executed.

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6.7.1.4 The AT END Condition¶

The AT END condition can occur as the result of a READ statement. For details see under the statement heading.

6.7.1.5 Current Record Pointer¶

The current record pointer is a conceptual entity for identifying the next record to be accessed within a given file. (It has no meaning for a file opened in output mode.)

The OPEN statement positions it at the first record in the file.

For a READ statement note the following:

If the OPEN statement positioned the current record pointer, the record identified by it is made available.
If a previous READ statement positioned the current record pointer then this is updated to point to the next existing record which is then made available.
(Indexed and Relative I-O only.) The START statement positions the current record pointer at the first record in the file that satisfies the comparison specified.

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6.7.1.6 The CLOSE Statement¶

The CLOSE statement terminates the processing of files (with optional rewind for Sequential I-O).

Format 1 - Indexed and Relative I-O¶

CLOSE file-name-1 [WITH LOCK] [, file-name-2 [WITH LOCK] ] ...

Format 2 - Sequential I-O¶

-----------------------------------------------------------------
|                                                               |
|  ----------------------------------------------------------   |
|  |                                                       |   |
|  |  [ REEL       [ WITH NO REWIND ]   ]                   |  |
|  |  CLOSE        { NO REWIND          }                   |  |
|  |  file-name-3  { LOCK               }                   |  |
|  |                                                       |   |
|  |  [ REEL       [ WITH NO REWIND ]   ]                   |  |
|  |  , file-name-4 { NO REWIND          }                  |  |
|  |  WITH         { LOCK               }                   |  |
|  |                                                       |   |
|  ----------------------------------------------------------   |
|                                                               |
-----------------------------------------------------------------

The files referenced in the CLOSE statement need not all have the same organization or access.

General Rules¶

A CLOSE statement may only be executed for a file in an open mode.

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2) The action taken if a file is in the open mode when a STOP RUN statement is executed is that the file will be closed. Note, however, that the last block in memory will not be written out so that the last record on the file may be lost.

General rules for indexed and relative I-O:¶

1) If a CLOSE statement has been executed for a file, no other statement can be executed that references this file, whether explicitly or implicitly, unless an intervening OPEN statement for this file is executed.

2) Following the successful execution of a CLOSE statement, the record area associated with file-name is no longer available. The unsuccessful execution of such a CLOSE statement leaves the availability of the record area undefined.

General Rule For Sequential I-O:¶

1) Treatment of mass storage files is logically equivalent to the treatment of a file on a tape.

6.7.1.7 The DELETE Statement¶

The DELETE statement logically removes a record from a mass storage file. It is not used with Sequential I-O.

Format:¶

| DELETE file-name RECORD [; INVALID KEY imperative-statement] |

The INVALID KEY phrase must not be specified for a DELETE statement which references a file which is in sequential access mode.

The INVALID KEY phrase must be specified for a DELETE statement which references a file not in sequential access mode and for which an applicable USE procedure is not specified.

General Rules:¶

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The associated file must be open in the I-O mode at the time of the execution of this statement.
For files in the sequential access mode, the last input-output statement executed for file-name prior to the execution of the DELETE statement must have been a successfully executed READ statement. The runtime system logically removes from the file the record that was accessed by that READ statement.
For a file in random or dynamic access mode, the runtime system logically removes from the file the record identified by the contents of the RELATIVE KEY data item associated with file-name. If the file does not contain the record specified by the key, an INVALID KEY condition exists.
After the successful execution of a DELETE statement, the identified record has been logically removed from the file and can no longer be accessed.
The execution of a DELETE statement does not affect the contents of the record area associated with file-name.
The current record pointer is not affected by the execution of a DELETE statement.
The execution of the DELETE statement causes the value of the specified FILE STATUS data item (if any) associated with file-name, to be updated.

6.7.1.8 The OPEN Statement¶

The OPEN statement initiates the processing of files. For Indexed and Relative I-O it also performs checking and/or writing of labels and other input-output operations.

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Format 1. Sequential Files.¶

OPEN

(  
    INPUT file-name-1 [WITH NO REWIND]  
    [, file-name-2 [WITH NO REWIND] ] ...  
)  
(  
    OUTPUT file-name-3 [WITH NO REWIND]  
    [, file-name-4 [WITH NO REWIND] ] ...  
)  
(  
    I-O file-name-5 [, file-name-6] ...  
)  
(  
    EXTEND file-name-7 [, file-name-6] ...  
)

Format 2: Indexed and Relative Files.¶

OPEN

(  
    INPUT  
    OUTPUT file-name WITH  
    I-O  
)  
(  
    ( MULTI-USER-MODE )  
    ( IMMEDIATE-WRITE )  
    ( MANUAL-UNLOCK )  
)  

(  
    INPUT  
    OUTPUT file-name WITH 
    I-O  
)  
(  
    ( MULTI-USER-MODE )  
    ( IMMEDIATE-WRITE )  
    ( MANUAL-UNLOCK )  
) ...

The files referenced in the OPEN statement need not all have the same organization or access. The I-O option can only be used for mass storage files. The EXTEND option is only valid for Sequential files.

The successful execution of an OPEN statement determines the availability of the file and results in that file being in an open mode. It also makes the associated record area available to the programs.

Prior to the successful execution of an OPEN statement for a file, no statement can be executed (except in Sequential I-O, for a SORT or MERGE statement with either GIVING or USING phrases) that references that file.

An OPEN statement must be successfully executed prior to the execution of any of the permissible input-output statements. The following tables show permissible statements for each I-O classification.

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PERMISSIBLE STATEMENTS FOR INDEXED AND RELATIVE I-O-OPEN¶

File Access Mode	Statement	Input	Input-Output
Sequential	READ	X	X
	WRITE	X	X
	REWRITE		X
	START	X
	DELETE	X
Random	READ	X	X
	WRITE	X	X
	REWRITE		X
	START	X
	DELETE	X
Dynamic	READ	X	X
	WRITE	X	X
	REWRITE		X
	START	X
	DELETE	X

For Indexed I-O, an 'X' indicates that the specified statement, used in the access method given for that row, may be used with the indexed file organization and the open mode given at the top of the column.

For Relative I-O, an 'X' indicates that the specified statement, used in the access method given for that row, may be used with the relative file organization and the open mode given at the top of the column.

Various kinds of errors or system malfunctions may partly or entirely destroy indexed and relative files. The programs ISAM-SERVICE and ISAM-INTER (both are self-documenting) may be used to examine such files and to restore them as far as possible.

PERMISSIBLE STATEMENTS FOR SEQUENTIAL I-O-OPEN¶

Statement	Input	Input-Output	Extend
READ	X	X
WRITE	X		X
REWRITE		X

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An X indicates that the specified statement, used in sequential access mode, may be used with the sequential file organization and the open mode given at the top of the column.

General Rules For Indexed And Relative I-O:¶

1) A file may be opened with the INPUT, OUTPUT and I-O options in the same program. After the initial execution of an OPEN statement for a file, each subsequent OPEN statement execution for this file must be preceded by the execution of a CLOSE statement (without the LOCK phrase for Indexed I-O) for the same file.

2) Execution of the OPEN statement does not obtain or release the first data record.

3) The file description entry for files open for INPUT or I-O must be equivalent to that used when this file was created.

4) For files being opened with the INPUT or I-O option, the OPEN statement sets the current record pointer to the first record currently existing within the file. For indexed files, the prime record key is established as the key of reference and is used to determine the first record to be accessed. If no records exist in the file, the current record pointer is set such that the next executed format 1 READ statement for the file will result in an AT END condition.

5) The I-O option permits the opening of a file for both input and output operations. Since this option implies the existence of the file, it cannot be used if the file is being initially created.

6) Upon successful execution of an OPEN statement with the OUTPUT option specified, a file is created. As yet, the associated file contains no data records.

7) The options MULTI-USER-MODE, IMMEDIATE WRITE, and MANUAL-UNLOCK are ND Extensions. They are used with relative or indexed organized files and they have the following meanings:

MULTI-USER-MODE allows one program to be running concurrently on several terminals, each accessing the same relative or indexed organized file, and it also allows different programs running concurrently on several terminals to access the same relative or indexed organized file. In both of these cases, if the programs access the same record in the file, conflicts are prevented.

Note that when you use MULTI-USER-MODE, output to the files is done in a different way from what is usually the case. When writing files in other modes, data are buffered, so that the computer can organize the data transfers etc. in a convenient way. When MULTI-USER-MODE is chosen, the buffers are bypassed to achieve immediate updates of the data. The consequence of this is that MULTI-USER-MODE file output is somewhat slower than ordinary access.

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IMMEDIATE-WRITE (single user only) causes records to be written immediately back to the file - a process which happens automatically in MULTI-USER-MODE; otherwise output is buffered. This option is useful, for instance, where high security is required.

MANUAL-UNLOCK will prevent the automatic unlock of records until an UNLOCK statement is encountered. However, the user is strongly advised to allow automatic unlock of records since the use of MANUAL-UNLOCK can lead to deadlocks.

Note that the multi-user supervisor must be active before running programs in multi-user mode. The system supervisor for the users installation should do this.

General Rules for Sequential I-O:¶

A file may be opened with the INPUT, OUTPUT, EXTEND and I-O options in the same program. Following the initial execution of an OPEN statement, each subsequent OPEN statement for the same file must be preceded by the execution of a CLOSE statement for it.
Execution of the OPEN statement does not obtain or release the first data record. The file description entry for file-names 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, or 8 must be the equivalent to that used when the file was created.
If an input file is designated with the OPTIONAL phrase in its SELECT clause, the object program causes an interrogation for the presence or absence of this file. If the file is not present, the first READ statement for this file causes the AT END condition to occur. (See the READ statement later in this section.)
For files being opened with the INPUT or I-O option, the OPEN statement sets the current record pointer to the first record currently existing within the file. If no records exist in the file, the current record pointer is set such that the next executed READ statement for the file will result in an AT END condition.
The EXTEND option allows the file to be opened for output operations. (The OPEN statement positions the file immediately following the last logical record of that file. Subsequent WRITE statements referencing the file will add records to the file as though the file had been opened with the OUTPUT option.)
The I-O option allows the opening of a mass storage file for both input and output operations. Since this option implies the existence of the file, it cannot be used if the mass storage file is being initially created.

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7) Upon successful execution of an OPEN statement with the OUTPUT option specified, a file is created. As yet the associated file contains no data records.

8) If the OPTIONAL phrase has been given for the file in the FILE-CONTROL paragraph of the Environment Division and the file is not present, then the standard end-of-file processing is performed for that file if it is an input file. If it is an output file it is created.

6.7.1.9 The READ Statement¶

The READ statement makes the next logical record from a file available. The formats are:

Format 1:¶

READ file-name	NEXT	RECORD [INTO identifier] [WITH LOCK]
	PREVIOUS
[: AT END imperative-statement]

Format 2. Indexed I-O Only:¶

READ file-name RECORD [INTO identifier] [WITH LOCK]
[: KEY IS data-name] [: INVALID KEY imperative-statement]

Format 3. Relative I-O Only:¶

READ file-name RECORD [INTO identifier] [WITH LOCK]
[: INVALID KEY imperative-statement]

The storage areas associated with file-name and with identifier must not be the same.

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Format 1¶

The NEXT/PREVIOUS phrase and the WITH LOCK phrase are not valid for sequential files. This format is used for sequential retrieval of records when files organized in another way are used in the dynamic access mode. The WITH LOCK phrase applies only to files opened in MULTI-USER-MODE, and is an ND Extension (see the OPEN statement).

Format 1 must be used for all files in sequential access mode.

If the AT END phrase appears and if no applicable USE procedure is given for file-name, a runtime error will result.

Format 2. Indexed I-O Only¶

Data-name, which may be qualified, must identify a record key associated with file-name.

Formats 2 and 3¶

These formats are used for files in dynamic or random access modes when records are to be retrieved randomly.

If the INVALID KEY phrase appears and if no applicable USE procedure is given for file-name, a runtime error will result.

The WITH LOCK phrase is an ND Extension and applies only to files opened in MULTI-USER-MODE (see the OPEN statement and General Rule 3 for Indexed and Relative I-O later in this section).

General Rules¶

The associated file must be open in the INPUT or I-O mode when this statement is executed. (See the OPEN statement in the previous section.)
The execution of the READ statement causes the value of the FILE STATUS data item, if any, to be updated. (See I-O Status at the beginning of the I-O section.)
If the INTO phrase is specified, the record being read is moved from the record area to the area specified by identifier according to the rules specified for the MOVE statement. The implied MOVE does not occur if the execution of the READ statement was unsuccessful. Any indexing associated with identifier is evaluated after the record has been read and immediately before it is moved to the data item.
When the INTO phrase is used, the record being read is available in both the input record area and the data area associated with identifier.

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5)¶

If, at the time of execution of a format 1 READ statement, the position of the current record pointer for that file is undefined, the execution of that READ statement is unsuccessful.
(See I-O Status at the beginning of the I-O section.)

6)¶

When the AT END condition is recognized, the following actions are taken in the specified order:

a) A value is placed into the FILE STATUS data item (if specified for this file), to indicate an AT END condition.

b) If the AT END phrase is specified in the statement causing the condition, control is transferred to the AT END imperative-statement. Any USE procedure specified for this file is not executed.

c) If the AT END phrase is not specified, then a USE procedure must be specified, either explicitly or implicitly, for this file, and the procedure is executed.

When the AT END condition occurs, execution of the input-output statement which caused the condition is unsuccessful.

7)¶

Following the unsuccessful execution of any READ statement, the contents of the associated record area and the position of the current record pointer are undefined. For indexed files the key of reference is also undefined.

8)¶

For a file for which dynamic access mode is specified, a format 1 READ statement with the NEXT/PREVIOUS phrase specified causes the next or previous logical record to be retrieved from that file, as described in rule 1.

General Rules For Indexed I-O:¶

1) The record to be made available by a format 1 READ statement is determined as follows:

a) The record, pointed to by the current record pointer, is made available provided that the current record pointer was positioned by the START or OPEN statement and the record is still accessible through the path indicated by the current record pointer; if the record is no longer accessible (which may have been caused by deletion of the record or by a change in an alternate record key) the current record pointer is updated to point to the next existing record within the established key of reference, and that record is then made available.

b) If the current record pointer was positioned by the execution of a previous READ statement, it is updated to point to the next existing record in the file with the established key of reference. That record is then made available.

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2) For an indexed file being sequentially accessed, records having the same duplicate value in an alternate record key which is the key of reference, are made available in the same order in which they are released, by execution of WRITE statements, or by execution of REWRITE statements which create such duplicate values.

3) For an indexed file if the KEY phrase is specified in a format 2 READ statement, data-name is established as the key of reference for this retrieval. If the dynamic access mode is specified, this key of reference is also used for retrievals by any subsequent executions of format 1 READ statements for the file until a different key of reference is established for the file.

4) If the KEY phrase is not specified in a Format 2 READ statement, the prime record key is established as the key of reference for this retrieval. If the dynamic access mode is specified, this key of reference is also used for retrievals by any subsequent executions of format 1 READ statements for the file until a different key of reference is established for it.

5) If execution of a format 2 READ statement causes the value of the key of reference to be compared with the value contained in the corresponding data item of the stored records in the file, until the first record having an equal value is found. The current record pointer is positioned to this record which is then made available. If no record can be so identified, the INVALID KEY condition exists and execution of the READ statement is unsuccessful.

General Rules For Indexed And Relative I-O:¶

1) PREVIOUS is defined to be the opposite of NEXT.

2) If, at the time of the execution of a format 1 READ statement, no next logical record exists in the file, the AT END condition occurs, and the execution of the READ statement is considered unsuccessful.

3) When the AT END condition has been recognized, a format 1 READ statement for that file must not be executed without first executing one of the following:

a) A successful CLOSE statement followed by the execution of a successful OPEN statement for that file.

b) A successful START statement for that file.

c) A successful format 2 (for Indexed I-O) READ statement for that file (or format 3 for Relative I-O).

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4) The WITH LOCK phrase exists for the access of files which have been opened in MULTI-USER-MODE (see the OPEN statement). If the file has been opened in single-user mode, the phrase is treated as comments only.

If coded, READ WITH LOCK ensures that two programs cannot modify the same record at the same time. A locked record can only be read. It will become unlocked automatically when it has been rewritten by the program which locked it, or when another record has been read, or when the file is closed. The record can also be unlocked upon execution of the UNLOCK statement (see Section 6.7.1.12).

An attempt by two programs to modify the same record will raise the INVALID KEY condition with a file status code of 68 or 78 depending on whether the records are "locked" or not.

It is the responsibility of the user program to provide the code which enables it to wait for a record to become accessible; a read loop might otherwise occur.

Note also the requirements for relative or indexed organized files accessed in multi-user mode. All relative or indexed organized files, both the index and data part, must be contiguous SINTRAN files. The size of the index part (in SINTRAN pages) is found by using the ESTIMATE-INDEX-FILE-SIZE function in the INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD SERVICE (or ISAM-Service) program. This self-explaining program is started by typing ØISAM-SERVICE when in SINTRAN. The size (in SINTRAN pages) of the data part is:

(maximum number of records * record length/2048) + 1

General Rules For Relative I-O Only:¶

1) The existence of records numbered, say, 2000 and 4000, does not imply that mass storage file space for records 0 - 1999 and 2001 - 3999 is occupied. A relative file only occupies enough space for the records it is presently holding. Thus, it makes perfect sense to access records by, say, social security numbers or numerical representations of birth dates.

2) The record to be made available by a format 1 READ statement is determined as follows:

a) The record, pointed to by the current record pointer, is made available provided that the current record pointer was positioned by the START or OPEN statement and the record is still accessible through the path indicated by the current record pointer; if the record is no longer accessible, which may have been caused by the deletion of the records, the current record pointer is updated to point to the next existing record in the file and then that record is made available.

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b) If the current record pointer was positioned by the execution of a previous READ statement, the current record pointer is updated to point to the next existing record in the file with the established key of reference and then that record is made available.

3) If the RELATIVE KEY phrase is specified, the execution of a format 1 READ statement updates the contents of the RELATIVE KEY data item such that it contains the relative record number of the record made available.

4) The execution of a format 2 READ statement sets the current record pointer to, the record whose relative record number is contained in the data item named in the RELATIVE KEY phrase for the file and makes this record available. If the file does not contain such a record, the INVALID KEY condition exists and execution of the READ statement is unsuccessful.

General Rules For Sequential I-O:¶

1) The record to be made available by a format 1 READ statement is determined as follows:

a) If the current record pointer was positioned by the execution of the OPEN statement, the record pointed to by the current record pointer is made available.

b) If the current record pointer was positioned by the execution of a previous READ statement, the current record pointer is updated to point to the next existing record in the file and then that record is made available.

2) When the AT END condition has been recognized, a READ statement for that file must not be executed without first executing a successful CLOSE statement followed by the execution of a successful OPEN statement for that file.

3) If at the time of the execution of a READ statement, no next logical record exists in the file, the AT END condition occurs, and the execution of the READ statement is considered unsuccessful.

4) If a file described with the OPTIONAL phrase is not present at the time the file is opened, then at the time of execution of the first READ statement for the file, the AT END condition occurs and the execution of the READ statement is unsuccessful. The standard end-of-file procedures are not performed. Execution then proceeds as specified in general rule 6.

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Example¶

1   IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
2   PROGRAM-ID.
3       GEN-ISAM-1.
4   *****************************************************************
5   * ISAM MEANS INDEX-SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD.
6   *
7   * THE RECORDS ARE OUTPUT TO AN ISAM-FILE USING THE *UNIQUE*
8   * (I.E., NOT DUPLICATED) DATA FOUND IN FIELD ISAM-KEY AS
9   * *KEY* VALUE.
10  *
11  * BEFORE THIS JOB CAN BE RUN, THE FOLLOWING *MUST* BE MET:
12  *    A) FILE "ISAM-EX:DATA" AND "ISAM-EX:ISAM" MUST EXIST
13  *       AND BE CONSISTENT; OR
14  *    B) FILE "ISAM-EX:DATA" MUST NOT EXIST OR IF EXISTING
15  *       CONTAIN *NO DATA*!
16  *****************************************************************
17  ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
18  INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
19  FILE-CONTROL.
20     SELECT ISAM-FILE ASSIGN TO "ISAM-EX:DATA",
21         ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED,
22         ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC,
23         RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY,
24         FILE STATUS IS ISAMSTATUS.
25  DATA DIVISION.
26  FILE SECTION.
27  FD  ISAM-FILE
28      RECORD CONTAINS 46 CHARACTERS.
29  01  ISAM-REC.
30      02  ISAM-KEY PIC X(6).                  ...MUST BE IN RECORD AREA!
31      02  ISAM-TEXT PIC X(40).
32  WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
33  01  ISAMSTATUS PIC XX.
34                                             ...RETURN STATUS FROM ISAM.

# Procedure Division

38  A001.
39      OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.
40  A002.
41      DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX. 6 CHAR) : ".
42      ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
43      IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES GO TO LIST.
44  *                                  ...SPACES INPUT, END DIALOG.
45      DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 40 CHAR) : ".
46      ACCEPT ISAM-TEXT.
47  *                                  ...READ RECORDS FROM TERMINAL.
48      WRITE ISAM-REC, INVALID KEY;
49      DISPLAY "ISAM FILE ERROR : ", ISAMSTATUS, ":".
50      GO TO A002.
51  *                                  ...OUTPUT RECORD AND ASK AGAIN.
52  LIST.
53      DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ".
54      ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
55      IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES THEN GO TO FINI.
56      READ ISAM-FILE RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY INVALID KEY;
57      DISPLAY "RECORD NOT FOUND".
58      GO TO LIST.
59      DISPLAY "REC: ", ISAM-KEY, ": ", ISAM-REC.
60      GO TO LIST.
61  FINI.
62      CLOSE ISAM-FILE.
63      DISPLAY "JOB END.".
64      STOP RUN.
65

Footnote¶

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION¶

PROGRAM-ID. GENERALIVE.

***********************************************************
* THIS PROGRAM SHOWS THE USAGE OF A RELATIVE FILE.        *
*                                                        *
* THE FILE *MUST* EXIST BEFORE THE RUN, BUT MAY BE EMPTY.*
* RECORD IS LOCATED RELATIVE TO RECORD 1 IN THE FILE BY *
* *INTEGER* KEY VALUE.                                   *
*                                                        *
* NOTE: EVEN IF SOMETHING IS WRITTEN ON RECORDS 300 AND 700 *
* IN THE RELATIVE FILE, *NO* STORAGE SPACE IS USED FOR THE *
* "EMPTY" RECORDS BETWEEN RECORD 1 AND 299, OR BETWEEN 301 AND *
* 699. THUS IT MAKES PERFECT SENSE TO USE, SAY, BIRTH DATES *
* AS KEYS IN RELATIVE FILES.                              *
***********************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION¶

FILE-CONTROL¶

SELECT RELFILE ASSIGN "RELATIVE-EX:DATA",
    ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE,
    ACCESS IS DYNAMIC,
    RELATIVE KEY IS REL-KEY,
    FILE STATUS IS REL-STATUS.

DATA DIVISION¶

FILE SECTION¶

FD RELFILE
    BLOCK CONTAINS 10 RECORDS
    RECORD CONTAINS 60 CHARACTERS.

01 REL-RECORD PIC X(60).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION¶

01 REL-STATUS PIC XX.
01 REL-KEY PIC 999.

***********************************************************
*         THE RELATIVE KEY CAN NOT OCCUR IN THE RECORD    *
* AREA. ITS POSSIBLE SIZES ARE 1-399999999999,            *
*            BUT IT IS RESTRICTED TO 999 IN THIS PROGRAM. *
***********************************************************

PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

A000.
    OPEN 1-O RELFILE.

A002.
    DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX 999) : ".
    PERFORM GET-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY = ZEROES GO TO A003.
    DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 60 CHARACTERS) : ".
    ACCEPT REL-RECORD.
    WRITE REL-RECORD INVALID KEY,
        DISPLAY "*** RELFILE ERROR *** ;", REL-STATUS.
    GO TO A002. A003.

A003.
    DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ".
    PERFORM GET-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY = ZEROES GO TO A999.
    READ RELFILE RECORD INVALID KEY,
        DISPLAY "*** RECORD NOT FOUND ***;",
        REL-STATUS, GO TO A003.
    DISPLAY "REC: ", REL-KEY, "; ", REL-RECORD.
    GO TO A003.

A999.
    CLOSE RELFILE.
    DISPLAY "JOB END".
    STOP RUN.

GET-KEY.
    ACCEPT REL-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY NOT NUMERIC,
        DISPLAY "*** KEY MUST BE NUMERIC ***",
        GO TO GET-KEY.

GET-KEY-EXIT. EXIT.

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EXAMPLE:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
GENSEQ.

**********************************************************
** CREATES SQ-FILES AND LISTS.                         
**********************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.¶

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT SQ-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA",
    ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL,
    ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

FD SQ-FILE.
- 01 M-REC.
  - 02 PIC X(10).
  - 02 SEQNUM PIC S9(5) BLANK WHEN ZERO.
  - 02 PIC X(5).
  - 02 PIC X(40).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 RANDNO PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE ZERO.
01 MAXRAND PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.
01 NORECS PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
01 RECCNT PIC 99, COMP, VALUE 0.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

INIT-01.¶

OPEN OUTPUT SQ-FILE.
DISPLAY "CREATE RECORDS?".
PERFORM GET-NORECS.
PERFORM CRE-SQ-FILE NORECS TIMES.
- BUILDS THE INPUT FILE.
CLOSE SQ-FILE.
DISPLAY "FILE SQ-FILE CREATED.", RECCNT, " RECORDS.".
OPEN INPUT SQ-FILE.
LIST-FILE-0.
- MOVE 0 TO RECCNT.
LIST-FILE-1.
- READ SQ-FILE AT END GO TO LIST-END.
- ADD 1 TO RECCNT.
- DISPLAY "REC ", RECCNT, ", SEQNUM = ", SEQNUM.
- GO TO LIST-FILE-1.
LIST-END.
- CLOSE SQ-FILE.
- DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".
STOP RUN.

CRE-SQ-FILE.¶

CALL "RND" USING RANDNO, MAXRAND.
MOVE ALL "X" TO M-REC.
MOVE RANDNO TO SEQNUM.
ADD 1 TO RECCNT.
DISPLAY "UT REC = ", RECCNT, " KEY = ", SEQNUM.
WRITE M-REC.

GET-NORECS.¶

ACCEPT NORECS.
IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
- DISPLAY " NOT NUMERIC DATA ",
- GO TO GET-NORECS
END-IF.

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6.7.1.10 The REWRITE Statement¶

The REWRITE statement logically replaces a record existing in a mass storage file.

Format 1:

| REWRITE record-name [FROM identifier] |

Format 2. Indexed and Relative I-O Only:

| REWRITE record-name [FROM identifier] [; INVALID KEY imperative-statement] |

Record-name and identifier must not refer to the same storage area.

Record-name is the name of a logical record in the File Section of Data Division.

For Relative I-O, the INVALID KEY phrase must be specified in the REWRITE statement for files in the random or dynamic access mode for which an appropriate USE procedure is not specified. It must not be specified for a REWRITE statement for a file in sequential access mode.

For Indexed I-O, the INVALID KEY phrase must be specified in the REWRITE statement for files which do not have an appropriate USE procedure for them.

General Rules:

The file associated with record-name (which must be a mass-storage file for Sequential I-O) must be open in the I-O mode at the time of execution of the statement.
The last input-output statement executed for the associated file prior to the execution of the REWRITE statement must have been a successfully executed READ statement.
The number of character positions in the record referenced by record-name must be equal to the number of character positions in the record being replaced.

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4) The logical record released by a successful execution of the REWRITE statement is no longer available in the record area.

5) The execution of a REWRITE statement with the FROM phrase is equivalent to the execution of:

MOVE identifier TO record-name

followed by the execution of the same REWRITE statement without the FROM phrase. The contents of the record area prior to the execution of the implicit MOVE statement have no effect on the execution of the REWRITE statement.

6) The current record pointer is not affected by the execution of a REWRITE statement.

7) The execution of the REWRITE statement causes the value of the FILE STATUS data item (if any) associated with the file, to be updated.

8) For Relative I-O, with a file accessed in either random or dynamic access mode, the runtime system logically replaces the record referenced by the RELATIVE KEY data item for the file. If this file does not contain this record, the INVALID KEY condition exists. The updating operation will not take place.

General Rules for Indexed I-O only:¶

1) For a file in the sequential access mode, the record to be replaced is indicated by the prime record key. When the REWRITE statement is executed, the value in the prime record key data item of the record to be replaced must be the same as that of the last record read from this file. For a file in random or dynamic access mode, the record to be replaced is specified by the prime record key data item.

2) The contents of alternate record key data items of the record being rewritten may differ from those in the record being replaced. The runtime system utilizes the contents of the record key data items during the execution of the REWRITE statement in such a way that subsequent access to the record may be based upon any of those specified record keys.

3) The INVALID KEY condition exists when:

a) The access mode is sequential and the value contained in the prime record key data item of the record to be replaced is not equal to the value of the prime record key of the last record read from this file, or

b) The value contained in the prime record key data item does not equal that of any record stored in the file, or

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c) The value contained in an alternate record key data item for which a DUPLICATES clause has not been specified is equal to that of a record already stored in the file, or

d) The record has been modified by another user. File status is '78' (for files opened in multi-user mode only).

The updating operation does not take place and the data in the record area is unaffected.

6.7.1.11 The START Statement¶

The START statement provides a basis for logical positioning within an indexed or relative file, for subsequent retrieval of records.

Format:

START file-name KEY
IS EQUAL TO
IS =
IS GREATER THAN data-name
IS >
IS NOT LESS THAN
IS NOT <
IS LESS THAN
IS <
IS NOT GREATER THAN
IS NOT >
[] : INVALID KEY imperative-statement

Note: The required relational characters '>', '<', and '=' are not underlined to avoid confusion with other symbols such as ≥ (greater than or equal to).

File-name must be the name of a file with sequential or dynamic access.

The INVALID KEY phrase must be specified if no applicable USE procedure is specified for file-name.

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Data-name may be qualified, and for Relative I-O, it must be the data item specified in the RELATIVE KEY phrase of the associated file-control entry.

General Rules:¶

1) File-name must be open in the INPUT or I-O mode at the time that the START statement is executed. (See the OPEN statement.)

2) If the KEY option is not specified, the relational operator 'IS EQUAL TO' is implied.

3) If the KEY option is present, the comparison specified in the KEY relational operator is made between data-name and the corresponding key field associated with the records of the file.

4) The execution of the START statement causes the current value in the key data-name and the corresponding key field of the file's records to be compared. The current record pointer is positioned at the logical record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison. (If the comparison is not satisfied by any record in the file, an INVALID KEY condition exists, the execution of the START statement is unsuccessful, and the position of the current record pointer is undefined.)

5) The execution of the START statement also causes the value of the FILE STATUS data item (if any) associated with file-name to be updated. (See I-O Status at the beginning of this section.)

General Rules For Indexed Files:¶

1) If the KEY option is not specified, then the IS EQUAL TO comparison is made with the prime RECORD KEY data item. After successful execution of the START statement RECORD KEY or ALTERNATE RECORD KEY becomes the key of reference for subsequent READ statements.

2) If a KEY option is present, then the comparison is made with the data item which may be the prime RECORD KEY, an ALTERNATE RECORD KEY, or an alphanumeric data item subordinate to a record key having its leftmost character position corresponding to the leftmost character position of that record key.

3) The current record pointer is positioned as in general rule 4. If the operands in the comparison are of unequal length, the comparison takes place as if the longer field were truncated on the right of the length of the shorter field.

4) If the execution of the START statement is not successful, the key of reference is undefined.

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General Rule for Relative Files:¶

1) The KEY data item used in the comparison is that associated with RELATIVE KEY, whether or not the KEY option appears. Thus, when the KEY option does not appear, the data-name must specify RELATIVE KEY.

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EXAMPLE:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
GEN-ISAM-2.
*************************************************************
* ISAM MEANS INDEX-SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD.
*
* THE RECORDS ARE OUTPUT TO AN ISAM-FILE USING THE *UNIQUE*
* (I. E., NOT DUPLICATED) DATA FOUND IN FIELD ISAM-KEY AS
* *KEY* VALUE.
*
* BEFORE THIS JOB CAN BE RUN, THE FOLLOWING *MUST* BE SO:
* A) FILE "ISAM-EX-DATA" MUST EXIST; OR
* B) FILE "ISAM-EX-DATA" MUST NOT EXIST OR IF EXISTING
* CONTAIN *NO DATA*!
*************************************************************
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT ISAM-FILE ASSIGN TO "ISAM-EX-DATA",
    ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED,
    ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC,
    RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY,
    FILE STATUS IS ISAMSTATUS.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD ISAM-FILE
    RECORD CONTAINS 46 CHARACTERS.
01 ISAM-REC.
  02 ISAM-KEY PIC X(6).
    ......MUST BE IN RECORD AREA!
  02 ISAM-TEXT PIC X(40).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 ISAMSTATUS PIC XX.
* ....................RETURN STATUS FROM ISAM.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A001.
  OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.
A002.
  DISPLAY 'ENTER KEY (MAX. 6 CHAR) : ',
  ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
  IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES GO TO LIST.
  DISPLAY 'ENTER TEXT (MAX 40 CHAR) : ',
  ACCEPT ISAM-TEXT.
* READ RECORDS FROM TERMINAL.
  WRITE ISAM-REC. INVALID KEY.
  DISPLAY 'ISAM FILE ERROR :', ISAMSTATUS, '.'.
  GO TO A002.
* OUTPUT RECORD AND ASK AGAIN.
LIST.
  DISPLAY 'ENTER ACCESS KEY: ',
  ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
  IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES THEN GO TO FINI.
  START ISAM-FILE KEY IS EQUAL TO ISAM-KEY, INVALID KEY,
  DISPLAY 'KEY NOT FOUND!'.
  GO TO LIST.
  READ ISAM-FILE RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY INVALID KEY,
  DISPLAY 'RECORD NOT FOUND!'.
  GO TO LIST.
  DISPLAY 'REC: ', ISAM-KEY, ':', ISAM-REC.
  GO TO LIST.
FINI.
  CLOSE ISAM-FILE.
  DISPLAY 'JOB END.'.
  STOP RUN.

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Example¶

Identification Division¶

PROGRAM-ID. GEN-EX2.

THIS PROGRAM SHOWS THE USAGE OF A RELATIVE FILE.

The file must exist before the run, but may be empty, each
record is located directly by its relative (to 1) position in
the file by its integer key value.

Note: Even if something is written on records 300 and 700
in the relative file, no storage space is used for the
"empty" records between record 0 and 299, or between 301 and
1. Thus it makes perfect sense to use, say, birth dates
as keys in relative files.

Environment Division¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.

FILE-CONTROL.

    SELECT RELFILE ASSIGN "RELATIVE-EX:DATA",
        ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE,
        ACCESS IS DYNAMIC,
        RELATIVE KEY IS REL-KEY,
        FILE STATUS IS REL-STATUS.

Data Division¶

FILE SECTION.

FD RELFILE
    BLOCK CONTAINS 10 RECORDS
    RECORD CONTAINS 60 CHARACTERS.

01 REL-RECORD PIC X(60).

RF-CONN CAN NOT BE OF THE "QED" TYPE.

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 REL-STATUS PIC XX.
01 REL-KEY PIC 999.

The relative key can not occur in the record area. Its possible sizes are 1-999999999999, but it is restricted to 999 in this program.

Procedure Division¶

A000.
    OPEN I-O RELFILE.
A002.
    DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX 999) : ".
    PERFORM GET-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY = ZEROES GO TO A003.
    DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 60 CHARACTERS) : ".
    ACCEPT REL-RECORD.
    WRITE REL-RECORD INVALID KEY,
        DISPLAY "*** RELFILE ERROR *** :", REL-STATUS.
    GO TO A002.
A003.
    DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ".
    PERFORM GET-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY = ZEROES GO TO A999.
    START RELFILE KEY IS EQUAL REL-KEY INVALID KEY,
        DISPLAY "*** RECORD NOT FOUND ***",
        REL-STATUS, GO TO A003.
    READ RELFILE,
        DISPLAY "REC :", REL-KEY, ":", REL-RECORD.
    GO TO A003.
A999.
    CLOSE RELFILE.
    DISPLAY "JOB END".
    STOP RUN.
GET-KEY.
    ACCEPT REL-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY NOT NUMERIC,
        DISPLAY "*** KEY MUST BE NUMERIC ***",
        GO TO GET-KEY.
GET-KEY-EXIT.
    EXIT.

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6.7.1.12 The UNLOCK Statement¶

The UNLOCK statement unlocks records which have been locked in MANUAL-UNLOCK-MODE.

Format:

UNLOCK file-name

The UNLOCK statement is an ND Extension and it is used for programs accessing relative or indexed organized files in MULTI-USER-MODE (see the OPEN statement).

Records are normally unlocked automatically after a REWRITE or another READ on the same file, or when the file is closed. However the MANUAL-UNLOCK option on the OPEN statement, if present, will prevent this until an UNLOCK statement is encountered for the file.

6.7.1.13 The USE Statement¶

The USE statement specifies procedures for I-O error handling in addition to the standard procedures provided by the I-O control system.

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Format:

USE AFTER STANDARD	EXCEPTION	PROCEDURE ON
	ERROR
file-name-1
[, filename-2] ...
INPUT
OUTPUT
I-0
EXTEND

The EXTEND option is valid for Sequential I-0 only.

A USE statement, when present, must immediately follow a section header in the Declaratives Section of the Procedure Division. (See under Declaratives at the beginning of the Procedure Division description.)

The USE statement itself is never executed, it merely defines the conditions requiring execution of the USE procedure.

The files referenced need not all have the same organization or access.

THE EXCEPTION/ERROR PROCEDURE¶

This procedure is executed after completion of the standard system I-0 routine or when an AT END or INVALID KEY option has not been specified in the INPUT-OUTPUT statement.

EXCEPTION/ERROR procedures are activated when:¶

a) An OPEN statement is issued for a file already in the open status, or for a nonexistent file.

b) A file is in the OPEN status and the execution of a CLOSE statement is unsuccessful.

c) An I-0 error occurs during execution of a READ, WRITE, REWRITE, START or DELETE statement.

After execution of the EXCEPTION/ERROR procedure, control is returned to the statement in the invoking routine following the statement which activated this procedure.

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Within a USE procedure there must not be any reference to any non-declarative procedures. There is no interface between the two types. (However, a PERFORM statement may refer to a USE procedure.)

Within an EXCEPTION/ERROR procedure, no statement may be executed that would cause execution of a USE procedure that had been previously invoked and had not yet returned control to the invoking routine.

Note: EXCEPTION/ERROR procedures can be used to check the status key values whenever an input-output error occurs.

6.7.1.14 The WRITE Statement¶

The WRITE statement releases a logical record for an output or an input-output file. For Sequential I-O it can be used for vertical positioning of lines within a logical line.

Format 1. Indexed and Relative I-O:¶

WRITE record-name [FROM identifier-1] [;]
INVALID KEY imperative-statement

Format 2. Sequential I-O:¶

WRITE record-name FROM identifier-1
{ BEFORE } ADVANCING { identifier-3 { LINE } }
{ AFTER } { integer { LINES } }
PAGE

Record-name and identifiers 1 or 2 must not reference the same storage area.

For format 1, record-name is the name of a logical record in the File Section of the Data Division and may be qualified.

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With format 1, the INVALID KEY phrase must appear if no USE procedure is specified for the associated file.

For format 2, when identifier-3 is used in the ADVANCING phrase, it must be the name of an elementary data item (whose value may be zero). Integer may also be zero.

General Rules:¶

1) For Indexed and Relative I-O, the associated file must be open in the OUTPUT or I-O mode at the time of execution of this statement. For Sequential I-O the file must be open in either OUTPUT or EXTEND modes.

2) The results of the execution of the WRITE statement with the FROM phrase are equivalent to the execution of:

a) The statement:

MOVE identifier TO record-name

according to the rules specified for the MOVE statement, followed by:

b) The same WRITE statement without the FROM phrase.

The contents of the record area prior to the execution of the implicit MOVE statement have no effect on the execution of this WRITE statement.

After execution of the WRITE statement is complete, the information in the area referenced by identifier is available, even though the information in the area referenced by record-name may not be.

3) The current record pointer is unaffected by the execution of a WRITE statement.

4) The execution of the WRITE statement causes the value of the FILE STATUS data item (if any) associated with the file to be updated.

5) The maximum record size for a file is established at the time the file is created and must not subsequently be changed.

6) The number of character positions on a mass storage device required to store a logical record in a file may or may not be equal to the number of character positions defined by the logical description of that record in the program.

7) The execution of the WRITE statement releases a logical record to the operating system.

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General Rules for Indexed I-O:¶

Execution of the WRITE statement causes the contents of the record area to be released. The runtime system utilizes the content of the record keys in such a way that subsequent access of the record key may be made based upon any of those specified record keys.
The value of the prime record key must be unique within the records in the file.
The data item specified as the prime record key must be set by the program to the desired value prior to the execution of the WRITE statement. (See general rule 2.)
If sequential access mode is specified for the file, records must be released to the runtime system in ascending order of prime record key values.
If random or dynamic access mode is specified, records may be released to the runtime system in any program-specified order.
When the ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause is specified in the file control entry for an indexed file, the value of the alternate record key may be non-unique only if the DUPLICATES phrase is specified for that data item. In this case the runtime system provides storage of records such that when records are accessed sequentially, the order of retrieval of those records is the order in which they are released to the runtime system.
The INVALID KEY condition exists under the following circumstances:
- a) When the file is opened in the output or I-O mode, and the value of an alternate record key for which duplicates are not allowed equals the corresponding data item of a record already existing in the file, or
- b) When an attempt is made to write beyond the externally defined boundaries of the file.
When the INVALID KEY condition is recognized, the execution of the WRITE statement is unsuccessful, the contents of the record area are unaffected and the FILE STATUS data item, if any, associated with file-name of the associated file is set to a value indicating the cause of the condition. Execution of the program proceeds according to the rules given for the INVALID KEY condition.

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General Rules for Relative I-O:¶

1) When a file is opened in the output mode, records may be placed into the file by one of the following:

a) If the access mode is sequential, the WRITE statement will cause a record to be released to the runtime system. The first record will have a relative record number of one (1) and subsequent records released will have relative record numbers of 2, 3, 4, .... If the RELATIVE KEY data item has been specified in the file control entry for the associated file, the relative record number of the record just released will be placed into the RELATIVE KEY data item by the runtime system during execution of the WRITE statement.

b) If the access mode is random or dynamic, prior to the execution of the WRITE statement the value of the RELATIVE KEY data item must be initialized in the program with the relative record number to be associated with the record in the record area. That record is then released to the runtime system by execution of the WRITE statement.

2) When a file is opened in the I-O mode and the access mode is random or dynamic, records are to be inserted in the associated file. The value of the RELATIVE KEY data item must be initialized by the program with the relative record number to be associated with the record in the record area. Execution of a WRITE statement then causes the contents of the record area to be released to the runtime system.

3) The INVALID KEY condition exists under the following circumstances:

a) When the access mode is random or dynamic, and the RELATIVE KEY data item specifies a record which already exists in the file, or

b) When an attempt is made to write beyond the externally defined boundaries of the file.

4) When the INVALID KEY condition is recognized, the execution of the WRITE statement is unsuccessful, the contents of the record area are unaffected, and the FILE STATUS data item, if any, of the associated file is set to a value indicating the cause of the condition. Execution of the program proceeds according to the rules given for the INVALID KEY condition.

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General Rules For Sequential I-O:¶

The ADVANCING phrase allows control of the vertical positioning of each line on a printed page. If the ADVANCING phrase is not used, automatic advancing will act as if the user had specified AFTER ADVANCING 1 LINE. If the ADVANCING phrase is used, advancing is provided as follows:

a) If identifier-3 is specified, the page is advanced the number of lines equal to the current value associated with identifier-3.

b) If integer is specified, the page is advanced the number of lines equal to the value of integer.

c) If the BEFORE phrase is used, the line is presented before the page is advanced according to rules a and b above.

d) If the AFTER phrase is used, the line is presented after the page is advanced according to rules a and b above.

e) If PAGE is specified, the record is presented on the logical page before or after (depending on the phrase used) the device is repositioned to the next logical page.

Note: Since the ND screen editors assume that files end with a carriage return/linefeed, this feature implies that the last line on a file written from COBOL without the BEFORE ADVANCING phrase will appear to be lost, while a blank line will appear at the beginning of the file.
When an attempt is made to write beyond the externally defined boundaries of a sequential file, an EXCEPTION condition exists and the contents of the record area are unaffected. The following action takes place:

a) The value of the FILE STATUS data item, if any, of the associated file is set to a value indicating a boundary violation.

b) If a USE AFTER STANDARD EXCEPTION declarative is explicitly or implicitly specified for the file, that declarative procedure will then be executed.

c) If a USE AFTER STANDARD EXCEPTION declarative is not explicitly or implicitly specified for the file, the result is undefined.

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EXAMPLE:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-IO.
GEN-SQ.

Creates SQ-Files and Lists¶

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.¶

FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT SQ-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA",
- ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL,
- ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

FD SQ-FILE.
- 01 M-REC.
  - 02 PIC X(10).
  - 02 SEQNUM PIC S9(5), BLANK WHEN ZERO.
  - 02 PIC X(5).
  - 02 PIC X(40).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 RANDNO PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE ZERO.
01 MAXRAND PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.
01 NORECS PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
01 RECCNT PIC S9(3) COMP, VALUE 0.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

INIT-01.¶

OPEN OUTPUT SQ-FILE.
DISPLAY "CREATE RECORDS?".
PERFORM GET-NORECS.
PERFORM CRE-SQ-FILE NORECS TIMES.
- Build the input file.
CLOSE SQ-FILE.
DISPLAY "FILE SQ-FILE CREATED.", RECCNT, " RECORDS.".
OPEN INPUT SQ-FILE.

LIST-FILE-1.¶

MOVE 0 TO RECCNT.
LIST-FILE-1.
READ SQ-FILE AT END GO TO LIST-ENDO.
ADD 1 TO RECCNT.
DISPLAY "REC ", RECCNT, ", SEQNUM = ", SEQNUM.
GO TO LIST-FILE-1.

LIST-ENDO.¶

CLOSE SQ-FILE.
DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".
STOP RUN.

CRE-SQ-FILE.¶

CALL "RND" USING RANDNO, MAXRAND.
MOVE ALL "*" TO M-REC.
MOVE RANDNO TO SEQNUM.
ADD 1 TO RECCNT.
DISPLAY "OUT REC ", RECCNT, " KEY = ", SEQNUM.
WRITE M-REC.

GET-NORECS.¶

ACCEPT NORECS.
IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
- DISPLAY " NOT NUMERIC DATA ",
- GO TO GET-NORECS
END-IF.

Page 213¶

EXAMPLE:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID.
GEN-ISAM-1.

***********************************************************
* ISAM MEANS INDEX-SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD.              *
*                                                        *
* THE RECORDS ARE OUTPUT TO AN ISAM-FILE USING THE *UNIQUE*
* (I.E., NOT DUPLICATED)DATA FOUND IN FIELD ISAM-KEY AS  *
* "KEY" VALUE.                                           *
*                                                        *
* BEFORE THIS JOB CAN BE RUN, THE FOLLOWING *MUST* BE MET:*
* A) FILE "ISAM-EX:DATA" AND "ISAM-EX:ISAM" MUST EXIST   *
*    AND BE CONSISTENT; OR                               *
* B) FILE "ISAM-EX:DATA" MUST NOT EXIST OR IF EXISTING   *
*    CONTAIN *NO DATA*.                                  *
***********************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.¶

FILE-CONTROL.¶

SELECT ISAM-FILE ASSIGN TO "ISAM-EX:DATA",
   ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED,
   ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC,
   RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY,
   FILE STATUS IS ISAMSTATUS.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

FD ISAM-FILE
   RECORD CONTAINS 46 CHARACTERS.

01 ISAM-REC.
   02 ISAM-KEY PIC X(6).
   02 ISAM-TEXT PIC X(40).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 ISAMSTATUS PIC XX.
* ................RETURN STATUS FROM ISAM.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

A001.
   OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.

A002.
   DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX. 6 CHAR): ",
       ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
   IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES GO TO LIST.
   DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 40 CHAR): ",
       ACCEPT ISAM-TEXT.
   WRITE ISAM-REC; INVALID KEY,
   DISPLAY "ISAM FILE ERROR ", ISAMSTATUS, ".
   GO TO A002.
* ...........OUTPUT RECORD AND ASK AGAIN.

LIST.
   DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ",
       ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
   IF ISAM-KEY = SPACES THEN GO TO FIN1.
   READ ISAM-FILE RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY INVALID KEY,
       DISPLAY "RECORD NOT FOUND",
       GO TO LIST.
   DISPLAY "REC: ", ISAM-KEY, ": ", ISAM-REC.
   GO TO LIST.

FIN1.
   CLOSE ISAM-FILE.
   DISPLAY "JOB END.".
   STOP RUN.

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Example¶

Identification Division¶

PROGRAM-ID. GENERALTIVE.

Description¶

This program shows the usage of a relative file.

The file must exist before the run, but may be empty; each record is located relatively to record 1 in the file by its integer key value.

Note: Even if something is written on records 300 and 700 in the relative file, no storage space is used for the "empty" records between record 0 and 299, or between 301 and 699. Thus it makes perfect sense to use, say, birth dates as keys in relative files.

************************************************************

Environment Division¶

Input-Output Section.

File-Control.

SELECT REFLIFE ASSIGN "RELATIVE-EX:DATA",
    ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE,
    ACCESS IS DYNAMIC,
    RELATIVE KEY IS REL-KEY,
    FILE STATUS IS REL-STATUS.

Data Division¶

File Section.

FD  REFLIFE

    BLOCK CONTAINS 10 RECORDS
    RECORD CONTAINS 60 CHARACTERS.

01  REL-RECORD  PIC X(60).

Working-Storage Section¶

01  REL-STATUS  PIC XX.
01  REL-KEY     PIC 999.

Note¶

The relative key cannot occur in the record area; its possible sizes are -999999999999, but it is restricted to 999 in this program.

************************************************************

Procedure Division¶

A000.
    OPEN  I-O  REFLIFE.

A002.
    DISPLAY "ENTER KEY (MAX 999) : ".
    PERFORM GET-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY = ZEROS GO TO A003.
    DISPLAY "ENTER TEXT (MAX 60 CHARACTERS) : ".
    ACCEPT REL-RECORD.
    WRITE REL-RECORD INVALID KEY
        DISPLAY "*** REFLIFE ERROR *** : ", REL-STATUS.
    GO TO A002.

A003.
    DISPLAY "ENTER ACCESS KEY: ".
    PERFORM GET-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY = ZEROS GO TO A999.
    READ REFLIFE RECORD INVALID KEY
        DISPLAY "*** RECORD NOT FOUND ***",
            REL-STATUS, GO TO A003.
    DISPLAY "REC : ", REL-KEY, ":", REL-RECORD.
    GO TO A003.

A999.
    CLOSE  REFLIFE.
    DISPLAY "JOB END".
    STOP RUN.

GET-KEY.
    ACCEPT REL-KEY.
    IF REL-KEY NOT NUMERIC
        DISPLAY "*** KEY MUST BE NUMERIC ***",
            GO TO GET-KEY.

GET-KEY-EXIT.
    EXIT.

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6.8 PROCEDURE BRANCHING STATEMENTS¶

6.8.1 The ALTER Statement¶

Format:

| ALTER procedure-name-1 TO [PROCEED TO]procedure-name-2 |
| [, procedure-name-3 TO [PROCEED TO]procedure-name-4] ... |

This format is used to modify a simple GO TO statement elsewhere in the Procedure Division, thus changing the sequence of execution of program statements.

Each procedure-name-1, procedure-name-3, ..., is the name of a COBOL paragraph that consists of a simple GO TO statement only.

Each procedure-name-2, procedure-name-4, ..., is the name of a paragraph in the Procedure Division.

The ALTER statement in effect replaces the former operand of that GO TO by procedure-name. Consider the ALTER statement in the context of the following program segment.

GATE.     GO TO MF-OPEN
MF-OPEN.  OPEN INPUT MASTER-FILE
          ALTER GATE TO PROCEED TO NORMAL
NORMAL.   READ MASTER-FILE, AT END GO TO EOF-MASTER

Examination of the above code reveals the technique of "shutting a gate", providing for a one-time, initializing-program step.

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AVOID THE ALTER STATEMENT¶

The ALTER statement should not be used as it has a number of undesirable effects.

a) The object code produced will not be completely reentrant, depending on program structure. This could increase dramatically the memory requirements during execution.

b) The source listing will not show any obvious changes and thus be more difficult to debug.

6.8.2 The CONTINUE Statement¶

Format:

CONTINUE

This statement has no effect and is treated as comments.

6.8.3 The EXIT Statement¶

The EXIT statement provides a common end point for a series of procedures.

Format 1:

EXIT

Format 2:

EXIT-DO

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Format 3:¶

| EXIT-ALL-DO |

General Rules for Format 1:¶

1) An EXIT statement is used only when assigning a procedure-name to a given point in a program. Such an EXIT statement has no other effect on the compilation of the program.

2) An EXIT statement can be used to leave a DO --- END-DO loop.

General Rule for Formats 2 and 3:¶

1) The EXIT-DO statement in format 2 is used to leave the single DO-loop within which it appears. The EXIT-ALL-DO statement, however, is used to leave all nested DO-loops within which it occurs. (See the DO-statement description, section 6.5.2.)

6.8.4 The GO TO Statement¶

The GO TO statement causes control to be transferred from one part of the Procedure Division to another.

Format 1:¶

| GO TO [procedure-name-1] |

Format 2:¶

| GO TO procedure-name-1 [,procedure-name-2] ..., procedure-name-n DEPENDING ON identifier. |

Identifier is the name of a numeric elementary item described without any positions to the right of the assumed decimal point.

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When a paragraph is referenced by an ALTER statement, that paragraph can consist only of a paragraph header followed by a Format 1 GO TO statement.

A Format 1 GO TO statement, without procedure-name-1, can only appear in a single statement paragraph.

If a GO TO statement represented by Format 1 appears in a consecutive sequence of imperative statements within a sentence, it must appear as the last statement in that sequence.

General Rules:¶

1) When a GO TO statement, represented by Format 1 is executed, control is transferred to procedure-name-1 or to another procedure-name if the GO TO statement has been modified by an ALTER statement.

2) If procedure-name-1 is not specified in Format 1, an ALTER statement, referring to this GO TO statement, must be executed prior to the execution of this GO TO statement.

3) When a GO TO statement represented by Format 2 is executed, control is transferred to procedure-name-1 procedure-name-2, etc., depending on the value of the identifier being 1, 2, ..., n. If the value of the identifier is anything other than the positive or unsigned integers 1, 2, ..., n, then no transfer occurs and control passes to the next statement in the normal sequence for execution.

4) Integer n must be in the range 1 to 100.

5) The maximum number of procedure-names that can be specified with a GO TO statement is 100.

6.8.5 The PERFORM Statement¶

The PERFORM statement permits the execution of a separate body of program steps. Three formats of the PERFORM statement are available:

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Format 1:¶

PERFORM range	{ identifier-1 }	TIMES
	{ integer }

Format 2:¶

PERFORM range UNTIL condition-1

Format 3:¶

PERFORM range	VARYING
	{ identifier-5 }
	{ index-name-3 }
FROM	{ literal-3 }
BY	{ identifier-7 }
	{ literal-4 }
AFTER	{ identifier-8 }
	{ index-name-5 }
	{ literal-5 }
BY	{ identifier-10 }
	{ literal-6 }
AFTER	{ identifier-11 }
	{ index-name-8 }
	{ literal-6 }
BY	{ identifier-13 }
	{ literal-7 }

where range is the construct:

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procedure-name-1	{ THROUGH	procedure-name-2 }
	{ THRU

and THROUGH is synonymous with THRU.

Procedure-names 1 and 2 must have a section or paragraph in the Procedure Division. Where both are specified, if either is a procedure-name inside Declaratives, then both must be procedure-names in Declaratives.

Each index-name identifies an index to be used in table references.

Each literal represents a numeric literal (in the BY phrase this must not be zero). Condition-names 1, 2 and 3 may be any conditional expressions (see under Conditional Expressions). Each identifier must name an elementary numeric item.

General Rules:¶

Whenever a PERFORM statement is executed, control is transferred to the first statement of the procedure named as procedure-1. Control is always returned to the statement following the PERFORM statement and the point from which it is returned is determined as follows:

a) If procedure-name-1 is a paragraph name and a procedure-name-2 is not present, the return is made after the execution of the last statement of procedure-name-1.

b) If procedure-name-1 is a section name and a procedure-name-2 is not present, the return is made after the execution of the last sentence of the last paragraph of procedure-name-1.

c) If procedure-name-2 is present and it is a paragraph name, the return is made after the execution of the last statement of that paragraph.

d) If procedure-name-2 is present and it is a section name, the return is made after the execution of the last sentence of the last paragraph in the section.
GO TO and PERFORM statements may be specified within the performed procedure. When the performed procedures include another PERFORM statement, the sequence of procedures associated with the embedded PERFORM statement must be included in or excluded from the performed procedures of the first PERFORM statement.

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3) The TIMES option. Identifier-1, if used, must name an integer item. (If the integer is zero or negative when the PERFORM statement is initiated, control passes to the statement following the PERFORM statement.) The procedure(s) referred to are executed the number of times specified by the integer or the value in identifier-1. Once the PERFORM statement has been initiated, any reference to identifier-1 cannot vary the number of times the procedures are executed.

4) The UNTIL option. The procedures referred to are performed until the condition is satisfied. Control is then passed to the next executable statement following the PERFORM statement. If the condition is already true when the PERFORM statement is initiated, then the specified procedure(s) are not executed.

5) The VARYING option. This increments or decrements identifiers or index-names until the condition(s) in the UNTIL option are satisfied, when control is passed to the next executable statement following the PERFORM statement.

6) With format 3, when varying two identifiers, the AFTER variable (identifier-8) is set to the value of identifier-9. When condition-1 is evaluated, if it is true, control is transferred to the next executable statement. If false, range is executed once before identifier-8 is augmented by identifier-10 or literal-6. And so on.

6.8.6 Using the PERFORM Statement¶

With format 1, the designated range is performed (i.e., executed remotely) a fixed number of times, as determined by an integer or by the value of an integral data-item.

In format 2, identifier-2 is set to the value of literal-1 or the current value of identifier-3 at the beginning of the execution. If condition-1 is false the designated range is performed and then condition-1 is evaluated again. The cycle is repeated (augmenting data-name-2 with the current BY value) until condition-1 is true.

In format 3 we may now vary not only the object of the VARYING phrase but objects of the AFTER phrases as well.

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Varying two identifiers we have:

Flowchart depicting the process for varying two identifiers.

Figure 6.8

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Varying three identifiers gives us:

         +---------------------------------------------------+
         |  Set identifier-5 (or index-name-3),              |
         |  identifier-8 (or index-name-5)                   |
         |  and identifier-11 (or index-name-7)              |
         |  to current FROM values                           |
         +---------------------------------------------------+
                |  
     +----------+-----------+   
     |   condition-1        |  
     +----------+-----------+  
     | False              True  
     |                      |  
     |                      |  EXIT
     |  
+----+----------------------+-----------+----------------+
|   condition-2             |           |                |
+----+----------------------+-----------+----------------+
| False              True   |           |                |
|                        +--+-----------+---+            |
|                        |  condition-3   |              |
|                        +----+-----------+              |
|                             |                   False  |
|                             |                    |     |
+---------------------+-------+-----+  +-----------+-----+
| Execute range       |             |  |  Set identifier-1(or  
|  Augment identifier-11            |  |  index-name-7) to its  
|  (or index-name-7)                |  |  current FROM value
|  with current BY value            |  |  Augment identifier-5
|                                   |  |  (or index-name-3)
|                                   |  |  with current BY value
|                                   |  +-------------------++
|                                   |  | Set identifier-8  ||
|                                   |  | (or index-name-5) ||
|                                   |  | to its current    ||
|                                   |  | FROM value        ||
|                                   |  | Augment identifier||
|                                   |  | -8 (or index-name ||
+-----------------------------------+  | -5) with current  ||
                                        +-------------------+

Figure 6.9

The format-3 PERFORM statement is particularly useful in table handling when one statement can search a whole three dimensional table.

At runtime, it is illegal to have concurrently active perform ranges whose terminus points are the same.

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Example:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
GENEX0.

*****************************************************************
* CREATES SQ-FILES AND LISTS.
*****************************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT SQ-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA",
    ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL,
    ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.
DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD SQ-FILE.
01 M-REC.
    02 PIC X(10).
    02 SEQNUM PIC S9(5) BLANK WHEN ZERO.
    02 PIC X(5).
    02 PIC X(40).
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 RANDNO PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL VALUE ZERO.
01 MAXRAND PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL VALUE 1000.
01 NORECS PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
01 RECINT PIC 99 COMP VALUE 0.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
INIT-01.
    OPEN OUTPUT SQ-FILE.
    DISPLAY "CREATE RECORDS?".
    PERFORM GET-NORECS.
    PERFORM CRE-SQ-FILE NORECS TIMES.

    * BUILDS THE INPUT FILE.
    CLOSE SQ-FILE.
    DISPLAY "FILE SQ-FILE CREATED.", RECINT, " RECORDS.".
    OPEN INPUT SQ-FILE.
LIST-01.
    MOVE 0 TO RECINT.
LIST-FILE-1.
    READ SQ-FILE AT END GO TO LIST-END.
    ADD 1 TO RECINT.
    DISPLAY "REC ", RECINT, ", SEQNUM = ", SEQNUM.
    GO TO LIST-FILE-1.
LIST-END.
    CLOSE SQ-FILE.
    DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".
    STOP RUN.

CRE-SQ-FILE.
    CALL "RAND" USING RANDNO, MAXRAND.
    MOVE ALL "*" TO M-REC.
    MOVE RANDNO TO SEQNUM.
    ADD 1 TO RECINT.
    DISPLAY "UT REC = ", RECINT, ", KEY = ", SEQNUM.
    WRITE M-REC.

GET-NORECS.
    ACCEPT NORECS.
    IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
        DISPLAY "*** NOT NUMERIC DATA ***".
        GO TO GET-NORECS
    END-IF.

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6.8.7 The STOP Statement¶

The STOP statement is used to terminate or delay execution of the object program.

Format:

STOP	{ RUN }
	literal

STOP RUN terminates execution of a program, returning control to the operating system.

The form STOP literal causes the specified text to be displayed on the terminal, and execution to be suspended. Execution of the program is resumed only after operator intervention. The operator will probably perform a function suggested by the content of the literal, prior to resuming program execution.

The operator restarts the program by hitting the carriage return key.

Due caution must be taken when using this facility in MODE and BATCH jobs.

6.9 COMPILER DIRECTING STATEMENTS¶

6.9.1 The COPY Statement¶

Prewritten source programs can be included in a source program at compile time. These prewritten programs can be saved in user-created libraries without recoding, and incorporated later in the COBOL program by means of the COPY statement.

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Format:¶


COPY file-name.

Where file-name is the name of a SINTRAN file. (Default file type is :SYMB.)

The COPY statement must be preceded by a space and terminated by a period. It may occur anywhere in the source program where a character string or separator may occur. However, a COPY statement must not occur within a COPY statement.

The effect of processing a COPY statement is that the library text associated with file-name is copied into the source program, logically replacing the entire COPY statement beginning with the word COPY and ending with the period.

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7 SORT/MERGE¶

Sort/Merge enables the programmer to order one or more files of records, or to combine two or more identically ordered files of records, according to a set of user-specified keys contained within each of these records.

COBOL has special language features for sorting and merging so that the programmer does not need to program these operations in detail.

7.1 SORT CONCEPTS¶

Sort produces an ordered file from one or more files that may be completely unordered with regard to the sort sequence.

A COBOL program containing a sort may have one or more input files handled by an input procedure. Within this procedure a RELEASE statement (analogous to a WRITE statement) places records one at a time onto the sort file. When all the records have been placed on this file the sorting operation is executed. All the sort file records are now arranged in the sequence specified by the keys.

Upon completion of the sorting operation, individual records can be accessed, one at a time, through a RETURN statement, should they need to be modified. If the user does not want to modify the sorted records, the SORT statement's GIVING option names the sorted output file.

Page 228¶

7.2 MERGE CONCEPTS¶

Merge produces an ordered file from two or more input files, each of which is already ordered in the merge sequence.

The COBOL program can contain any number of merge operations each of which can have independent output procedures. After merging, individual records can be accessed, for modification if required, by use of the RETURN statement. Otherwise, the GIVING option is used to name the merged output file. Sort/Merge handles fixed or variable length records.

The files specified in the USING and GIVING phrases of the Sort/Merge statement must be described in the FILE-CONTROL paragraph as having sequential organization. No I-O statement may be executed for the file named in the Sort/Merge file description.

7.3 SORT/MERGE - ENVIRONMENT DIVISION¶

File-control entries are required for each file to be used as input or output. A file-control entry is also required for the Sort/Merge file itself.

Format:

| FILE-CONTROL. file-control entry [file-control entry] ... |

For the sort file, the format of the allowable clauses in the file-control entry is:

| SELECT file-name ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1. |

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Each Sort/Merge file described in the Data Division must be named once and once only in a file-control entry.

The ASSIGN clause associates a Sort/Merge file with a storage medium.

7.4 SORT/MERGE - DATA DIVISION¶

In the File Section there must be FD entries for each I-O file together with a record description entry. For each Sort/Merge, file there must be an SD entry as well as a record description. The SD entry has the following format:

Format:


SD file-name
[
: RECORD CONTAINS [integer-1 TO]	integer-2 CHARACTERS
	[DEPENDENT ON identifier]

[	( E )
: RECORDING MODE IS	( TEXT-FILE )
	( I )
[	( V )

[
: DATA RECORD IS
	data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ...

Where the file-name must specify a Sort/Merge file.

The RECORD CONTAINS clause defines the size of the data records. As the size of each record is completely defined within the record description entry, this clause is never required. However, the number of characters in all fixed-length elementary items, plus the sum of the maximum number of those in any variable-length item subordinate to the record, determines its size.

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The DATA RECORDS clause serves only as documentation for the names of the data records with their associated file.

Data-name-1 and data-name-2 are the names of data records which must have 01 level-number record descriptions, with the same names, associated with them. The presence of more than one data-name indicates that the file contains more than one type of data record which may be of differing sizes, formats etc.

7.5 SORT/MERGE - PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

A sort input procedure must contain a RELEASE statement to make each record available to the sorting operation. A Sort/Merge output operation must have a RETURN statement which makes a sorted/merged record available to the output procedure.

Format:

| RELEASE record-name [FROM identifier] |

Record-name must be the name of a logical record in the associated SD entry and may be qualified.

Record-name and identifier must not refer to the same storage area.

When the FROM option is used, the RELEASE statement is the equivalent of a MOVE statement operation of identifier to record-name, followed by a RELEASE statement operation for the record-name. Moving takes place according to the rules for the MOVE statement without the CORRESPONDING option. After the move, information in the record area is no longer available but that in the data area associated with the identifier may still be accessed.

When control passes from the Input Procedure, the sort file consists of all those records placed in it by execution of RELEASE statements.

The RETURN statement obtains records from the final phase of a sort or merge operation.

Format:

| RETURN file-name RECORD [INTO identifier]: AT END imperative-statement. |

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Within an Output Procedure at least one RETURN statement must be specified.

The file-name must be described by a Data Division SD entry.

The storage areas associated with the identifier and the record area of the file-name must not be the same.

The execution of a RETURN statement causes the next record, in the order specified by the keys listed in the SORT or MERGE statement, to become available by the Output Procedure. If more than one record description is associated with more than one file-name, these records share the same storage.

After execution of a RETURN statement, only the contents of the current record are available; if any data items lie beyond the length of the current record their contents are undefined.

After all the records have been returned from file-name, the AT END imperative statement is executed and no further RETURN statements may be executed as part of the current output procedure.

7.5.1 The SORT Statement¶

The SORT statement creates a sort file by executing input procedures, or by transferring records from another file. It then sorts records in the sort file on a set of specified keys. In its final phase it makes each record from this file available, in sorted order, to some output procedure or to an output file.

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Format:¶

SORT file-name-1 ON
   ( ASCENDING 
   | DESCENDING ) KEY data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ...
   [ 
   ( ASCENDING 
   | DESCENDING ) KEY data-name-3 [, data-name-4] ... 
   ] 

   [ 
   INPUT PROCEDURE IS section-name-1 
      [ 
      THROUGH 
      | THRU 
      ] section-name-2 
   ] 

   USING file-name-2 

   [ 
   OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS section-name-3 
      [ 
      THROUGH 
      | THRU 
      ] section-name-4 
   ] 

   GIVING file-name-3

File-name-1 is the name given in the SD entry describing the records being sorted.

When the SORT statement is executed, all records contained on file-name-2 are sorted according to the specified keys. This input file must not be open at the time the SORT statement is executed; it is automatically opened and closed by the SORT operation (and implicit functions are also performed, if any).

The INPUT PROCEDURE option specifies one or more section-names of a procedure that is to modify input records before the sorting operation begins. Control is therefore passed to this procedure before file-name-1 is sequenced by the SORT statement. The compiler inserts a return mechanism at the end of the last section in the input procedure and when control passes the last statement of this procedure, the records that have been released to file-name-1 are sorted.

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The input procedure must not contain any SORT statements or any transfer of control to points outside it. The execution of a CALL statement however follows standard linkage conventions.

7.5.2 Options Common to Sort and Merge¶

The ASCENDING/DESCENDING phrases specify that the records are to be processed in an ascending or descending sequence (whichever option is used) based on the specified sort keys.

The data items identified by KEY data-names must not contain an OCCURS clause or be subordinate to an entry containing an OCCURS clause.

Key data items must be of fixed length; they may be qualified but not subscripted or indexed.

If the USING phrase is specified, all records in file-name-2 for SORT (in file-names 2 and 3 for MERGE) are transferred automatically to file-name-1. At the time the Sort/Merge statements are executed, these files must not be open. The compiler makes code which opens, reads and makes records available, and closes files automatically.

The OUTPUT PROCEDURE option specifies one or more section-names of a procedure that will modify records from the sort or merge operation.

The procedure takes control when all records have been sorted/merged.

The compiler inserts a return mechanism at the end of the last section in the output procedure so that, when the last statement of this procedure has been passed, the return mechanism causes control to pass to the next executable statement following the SORT or MERGE statement.

The output procedure must not itself contain any Sort/Merge statements but it must include at least one RETURN statement to make the sorted/merged records available for processing.

The GIVING phrase causes all the sorted/merged records to be transferred to the output file. (File-name-3 for SORT operations, file-name-4 for MERGE operations).

When the Sort/Merge statements are executed the output file must not be open. The compiler opens, reads and makes records available. The terminating function is performed as for a CLOSE statement.

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7.5.3 The MERGE Statement¶

The MERGE statement combines two identically sequenced files according to a set of specified keys, and during the process makes records available in merge order, to an output file or procedure.

Format:¶

MERGE file-name-1 ON { ASCENDING  }  { KEY data-name-1
                   { DESCENDING }  } 
[ , data-name-2 ]  ...

         { ASCENDING  }
ON {                   }  KEY data-name-3 [, data-name-4] ...
   { DESCENDING }

USING file-name-2, file-name-3

          { OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS   { THROUGH  } section-name-4 }
          {                       { THRU     }               }
GIVING file-name-4

File-name-1 is the name given in the SD entry which describes the records being merged.

When the MERGE statement is executed, all records on file-names-2 and 3 are merged according to the key(s) specified. These files must not be open when this statement is executed; they are automatically opened and closed by the MERGE operation.

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SORT/MERGE¶

For the statement options, refer to the previous section on the SORT statement.

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Example:¶

01 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
02 PROGRAM-ID.
03 SORT-E01.

CREATES IN-FILE, LISTS, SORTS, CREATING OUT-FILE, LISTS.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.¶

FILE-CONTROL.¶

SELECT IN-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA",
    ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL,
    ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.
SELECT OUT-FILE ASSIGN "COB2:DATA".
SELECT S-FILE ASSIGN "SORT:DATA".

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

NOTE: ALL FILES, INPUT/OUTPUT AND SORT CAN BE FIXED (F),
VARIABLE (V) OR TEXT (T), EXCEPT RELATIVE AND INDEXED
THAT CAN’T BE TEXT.

FD IN-FILE.
01 M-REC PIC X(60).
01 MOD-REC.
    02                PIC X(10).
    02 SEQNUM    PIC S(5).
    02                 PIC X(5).
    02                 PIC X(40).

FD OUT-FILE.
01 N-REC.
    02                PIC X(10).
    02 SEQNUM2 PIC S(5).
    02                 PIC X(5).
    02                 PIC X(40).

NOTE THAT THE SORT DESCRIPTOR (SD) DOES NOT NEED ANY
FILE-DESCRIPTION-ENTRY, IF RECORDING MODE T OR V
IS NOT USED.

SD S-FILE.
01 S-REC.
    02                PIC X(10).
    02 S-KEY       PIC S(5).
    02                 PIC X(5).
    02                 PIC X(40).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 RANDNO   PIC S(5), PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE ZERO.
01 MAXRAND PIC S9(5), PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.
01 NORECS    PIC S(5).
01 RECNT      PIC S(5), PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 0.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

MAIN SECTION.¶

INIT-01.
    OPEN OUTPUT IN-FILE.
    DISPLAY "CREATE NO RECORDS? (<9999 LEAD 0, S)".
    PERFORM GET-NORECS.
    MOVE 0 TO RECNT.
    PERFORM CRE-IN-FILE NORECS TIMES.

BUILDING THE INPUT FILE FOR SORT.

    CLOSE IN-FILE.
    DISPLAY "FILE IN-FILE CREATED.", RECNT, " RECORDS.".
    MOVE 0 TO RECNT.

ALL FILES REFERRED TO BY THE SORT VERB MUST BE CLOSED
BEFORE THE SORT IS STARTED, OTHERWISE A RUNTIME ERROR OCCURS.

    SORT S-FILE ON ASCENDING KEY S-KEY,

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SORT/MERGE¶

74   USING IN-FILE,  
75          GIVING OUT-FILE.  
76   OPEN INPUT OUT-FILE.  
77   PERFORM LIST-OUT-FILE.  
78   CLOSE OUT-FILE.  
79   DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".  
80   STOP RUN.

81 CRE-IN-FILE SECTION.
82 CRE-FILE-1.
83 CALL "RND" USING RANDNO, MAXRAND.
84 MOVE ALL "X" TO M-REC.
85 MOVE RANDNO TO SEQNUM.
86 ADD 1 TO RECCNT.
87 DISPLAY "UT REC = ", RECCNT, " KEY = ", SEQNUM.
88 WRITE M-REC.
89 CRE-FILE-END.
90 EXIT.
91 LIST-OUT-FILE SECTION.
92 LIST-FILE-0.
93 MOVE 0 TO RECCNT.
94 LIST-FILE-1.
95 READ OUT-FILE AT END GO TO LIST-END.
96 ADD 1 TO RECCNT.
97 DISPLAY "REC NO. ", RECCNT, ", SEQNUM = ", SEQNUM2.
98 GO TO LIST-FILE-1.
99 LIST-END.
100 EXIT.
101 GET-NORECS SECTION.
102 GET-NO.
103 ACCEPT NORECS.
104 IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
105 DISPLAY "** NOT NUMERIC DATA",
106 GO TO GET-NO.
107 GET-EXIT.
108 EXIT.

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SORT/MERGE¶

Running the program (on an ND-500) gives the following output to screen:

&nd (cobol-exam)c-7-8¶

CREATE NO RECORDS? (<9999 LEAD 0, S120

UT REC	KEY
00001	00403
00002	00976
00003	00019
00004	00832
00005	00715
00006	00968
00007	00891
00008	00784
00009	00947
00010	00680
00011	00283
00012	00360
00013	00299
00014	00312
00015	00395
00016	00848
00017	00971
00018	00664
00019	00427
00020	00360

FILE IN-FILE CREATED, 00020 RECORDS.

REC NO.	SEQNUM
00001	00019
00002	00056
00003	00064
00004	00283
00005	00299
00006	00312
00007	00360
00008	00395
00009	00403
00010	00427
00011	00680
00012	00715
00013	00784
00014	00832
00015	00848
00016	00891
00017	00947
00018	00968
00019	00971
00020	00976

JOB FINISH

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Example¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-1O.
SORT-EX2.

CREATES IN-FILE, LISTS, SORTS USING PROCEDURE, CREATING OUT-FILE.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.¶

FILE-CONTROL.¶

SELECT IN-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA"
    FILE STATUS IS IN-FILE-STATUS.
SELECT OUT-FILE ASSIGN "COB2:DATA"
    FILE STATUS IS OUT-FILE-STATUS.
SELECT S-FILE ASSIGN "SORT-DATA"
    FILE STATUS IS S-FILE-STATUS.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

FD IN-FILE.
01 IN-REC.
    02    PIC X(10).
    02 SEQNUM1 PIC S(5).
    02       PIC X(5).
    02       PIC X(80).

FD OUT-FILE.
01 UT-REC.
    02     PIC X(10).
    02 SEQNUM2 PIC S(5).
    02     PIC X(5).
    02     PIC X(80).

SD S-FILE.
01 S-REC.
    02     PIC X(10).
    02 S-KEY PIC 9(5).
    02     PIC X(5).
    02     PIC X(80).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 N0RECS    PIC 9(4).
01 RECNT     PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 0.

PARAMETERS FOR CALL TO RND (A RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR).

01 RANDNO      PIC 9(4), PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE ZERO.
01 MAXRAND     PIC S9(4), PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.

STATUS DATA-NAME(S) MUST BE DEFINED AND MUST BE 2 BYTES LONG.

01 IN-FILE-STATUS PIC XX.
01 OUT-FILE-STATUS PIC XX.
01 S-FILE-STATUS PIC XX.

START/END-TIME USED FOR ACCEPTING TIME FROM SYSTEM.

01 START-TIME PIC 9(8).
01 END-TIME   PIC 9(8).

SORT-START/END ARE THE RECEIVING EDIT FIELDS FOR START/END-TIME

01 SORT-START PIC 99,99,99,99.
01 SORT-END   PIC 99,99,99,99.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

MAIN SECTION.¶

INIT-01.
OPEN OUTPUT IN-FILE.
DISPLAY "CREATE N0 RECORDS?".
PERFORM GET-N0RECS.
MOVE 0 TO RECENT.
PERFORM CRE-IN-FILE N0RECS TIMES.
CLOSE IN-FILE.
DISPLAY "IN-FILE CREATED. ", RECNT, " RECORDS.".
MOVE 0 TO RECENT.
ACCEPT START-TIME FROM TIME.
SORT S-FILE ON ASCENDING KEY S-KEY,

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SORT/MERGE¶

Main Procedure¶

INPUT PROCEDURE IS SORT-PROC-IN  
OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS SORT-PROC-UT.  
ACCEPT END-TIME FROM TIME.  
PERFORM SORT-TIMES.  
DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".  
STOP RUN.  
MAIN-END.

Generating Random Data¶

CRE-IN-FILE SECTION.  
CRE-FILE-1.  
CALL "RND" USING RANONO, MAXRANO.  
MOVE RANONO TO SEQNUM.  
ADD 1 TO RECNT.  
DISPLAY "UT REC =", RECNT, ", KEY =", SEQNUM.  
WRITE IN-REC.  
CRE-FILE-END.  
EXIT.

Sort Times¶

SORT-TIMES SECTION.  
SORT1.  
MOVE START-TIME TO SORT-START.  
MOVE END-TIME TO SORT-END.  
DISPLAY "START SORT AT :", SORT-START.  
DISPLAY "END SORT AT :", SORT-END.  
SORT-TIMES-END.  
EXIT.

Call from Sort¶

Read and pass records from IN-FILE into the sort.
IN-FILE is opened/read/closed within the routine.

SORT-PROC-IN SECTION.  
SORTIN.  
DISPLAY "::::::: SORT-PROC-IN START :::::::".  
OPEN INPUT IN-FILE.  
SORTIN-1.  
READ IN-FILE AT END GO TO SORT-IN-END.  
RELEASE S-REC FROM IN-REC.  
GO TO SORTIN-1.  
SORT-IN-END.  
CLOSE IN-FILE.  
DISPLAY "::::::: SORT-PROC-IN END :::::::".  
SORT-IN-FINI.  
EXIT.

Accept and Write Records¶

Accept records and write them onto OUT-FILE.
OUT-FILE is opened/written/closed within the routine.

SORT-PROC-UT SECTION.  
SORTOUT.  
DISPLAY "****** SORT-PROC-UT START *********".  
MOVE 1 TO RECNT.  
OPEN OUTPUT OUT-FILE.  
SORTOUT-1.  
RETURN S-FILE INTO UT-REC, AT END  
DISPLAY "SFILE-ERR, STATUS :", S-FILE-STATUS,  
GO TO SORTOUT-END.  
DISPLAY "REC =", RECNT, ", SEQNUM =", SEQNUM2,  
"STATUS =", OUT-FILE-STATUS.  
WRITE UT-REC.  
ADD 1 TO RECNT.  
GO TO SORTOUT-1.  
SORTOUT-END.  
CLOSE OUT-FILE.  
DISPLAY "******* SORT-PROC-UT ENDED ********".

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SORT/MERGE¶

151       SORT-FINI.
152       EXIT.
153
154       GET-NORECS SECTION.
155       GET-NO.
156       ACCEPT NORECS.
157       IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
158           DISPLAY "** NOT NUMERIC DATA",
159           GO TO GET-NO.
160       GET-EXIT.
161       EXIT.

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Running Example Output¶

CREATE NO RECORDS?20

UT REC	KEY
00001+	00403
00002+	00976
00003+	00019
00004+	00832
00005+	00715
00006+	00696
00007+	00891
00008+	00784
00009+	00947
00010+	00680
00011+	00283
00012+	00056
00013+	00299
00014+	00312
00015+	00395
00016+	00848
00017+	00971
00018+	00064
00019+	00427
00020+	00360

IN-FILE CREATED. 00020+ RECORDS.

SORT-PROC-IN START¶

SORT-PROC-IN END¶

SORT-PROC-UT START¶

REC	SEQNUM	STATUS
00001+	000195	00
00002+	000563	00
00003+	000645STATUS	00
00004+	002953STATUS	00
00005+	002399STATUS	00
00006+	003123STATUS	00
00007+	003605STATUS	00
00008+	003953STATUS	00
00009+	004093STATUS	00
00010+	004273STATUS	00
00011+	006805STATUS	00
00012+	007155STATUS	00
00013+	007845STATUS	00
00014+	008293STATUS	00
00015+	008483STATUS	00
00016+	008915STATUS	00
00017+	009475STATUS	00
00018+	009563STATUS	00
00019+	009715STATUS	00
00020+	009765STATUS	00

$FILE-ERR, STATUS :=:10

SORT-PROC-UT ENDED¶

START SORT AT : 11,06,00,84
END SORT AT : 11,06,02,12
JOB FINISH

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

8 TABLE HANDLING¶

A table is a set of contiguous data items having the same data description.

Tables of data are common components of business data processing tasks. Although items of data that make up a table could be described as contiguous data items, there are two reasons why this approach is not satisfactory. First, from a documentation standpoint, the underlying homogeneity of the items would not be readily apparent; and second, it would be unnecessarily difficult to retrieve an element from a table when executing the program.

In COBOL, a table is defined with an OCCURS clause in its data description entry. This clause specifies that the named item is to be repeated as many times as stated. The item so named is considered to be a table element and its name and description apply to each repetition (or occurrence) of the item. Since the occurrences do not have unique data-names, reference to a particular occurrence can only be made by giving the data-names of the table element, together with the occurrence number of the required item within the element.

The occurrence number is known as a subscript and the method of supplying this number for individual table elements is called subscripting. A related technique for table referencing is called indexing and both of these methods of specifying occurrence numbers are described in this section.

8.1 TABLE DEFINITION¶

COBOL allows tables in one, two, or three dimensions.

To define a one-dimensional table, the programmer uses an OCCURS clause as part of the data description of the table element, but the OCCURS clause must not appear in the description of group items which contain the table element.

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Example:¶

01 TABLE-1.
   02 ELEMENT-1 OCCURS 20 TIMES.
      03 ELEMENT-A PIC X(2).
      03 ELEMENT-B PIC 9(5).

TABLE-1 is the group element containing the table. ELEMENT-1 names a table element of a one-dimensional table which occurs 20 times. ELEMENT-A and ELEMENT-B are elementary items.

Defining a one-dimensional table within each occurrence of an element of another one-dimensional table gives rise to a two-dimensional table. To define a two-dimensional table, therefore, an OCCURS clause must appear in the data description of the element of the table, and in the description of only one group item which contains that table element.

Example:¶

01 TABLE-2.
   02 ELEMENT-1 OCCURS 5 TIMES.
      03 ELEMENT-2 OCCURS 4 TIMES.
         04 ELEMENT-A PIC 9(10).
         04 ELEMENT-B PIC X(5).

ELEMENT-1 is an element of a one-dimensional table occurring five times. ELEMENT-2 is an element of a two-dimensional table occurring four times within each occurrence of ELEMENT-1.

To define a three-dimensional table, the OCCURS clause should appear in the data description of the element of the table and in the description of 2 group items which contain the element.

Example:¶

01 CENSUS TABLE.
   05 CONTINENT-TABLE OCCURS 6 TIMES.
      10 CONTINENT-NAME PIC X(9).
      10 COUNTRY-TABLE OCCURS 5 TIMES.
         15 COUNTRY-NAME PIC X(12).
         15 CITY-TABLE OCCURS 100 TIMES.
            20 CITY-NAME PIC X(4).
            20 CITY-POPULATION PIC X(5).

In the above example we have a table of one dimension for CONTINENT-NAME, two dimensions for COUNTRY-NAME and three dimensions for CITY-NAME and CITY-POPULATION.

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8.1.1 Table References¶

Whenever the user refers to a table element, the reference must indicate which occurrence of the element is intended. For access to a one-dimensional table, the occurrence number of the desired element provides complete information. For access to tables of more than one dimension, an occurrence number must be supplied for each dimension of the table accessed. In the last example then, a reference to the 4th CONTINENT-NAME would be complete, whereas a reference to the 4th COUNTRY-NAME would not. To refer to COUNTRY-NAME, which is an element of a two-dimensional table, the user must refer, for example, to the 4th COUNTRY-NAME within the 6th CONTINENT-TABLE.

One method by which occurrence numbers may be specified is to append one or more subscripts to the data-name. A subscript is an integer whose value specifies the occurrence number of an element. The subscript can be represented either by a literal which is an integer, or by a data-name which is defined elsewhere as a numeric elementary item with no character positions to the right of the assumed decimal point. In either case, the subscript, enclosed in parentheses, is written immediately following the name of the table element. A table reference must include as many subscripts as there are dimensions in the table whose element is being referenced. That is, there must be a subscript for each OCCURS clause in the hierarchy containing the data-name, including the data-name itself. In the example, references to CONTINENT-NAME require only one subscript, reference to COUNTRY-NAME requires two, references to CITY-NAME require two, and references to CITY-NAME and CITY-POPULATION require three.

When more than one subscript is required, they are written in order of successively less inclusive dimensions of the data organization. When a data-name is used as a subscript, it may be used to refer to items in many different tables. These tables need not have elements of the same size. The data-name may also appear as the only subscript with one item and as one of two or three subscripts with another item. Also, it is permissible to mix literal and data-name subscripts, for example: CITY-POPULATION(4, NEWKEY, 42).

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8.1.1.1 Subscripting¶

Subscripting is the method of providing table references using subscripts. A subscript is an integer value specifying the occurrence number of a table element.

Format:

    ┌───────────────┐
    │ data-name     │
    │ condition-name│
    └───────────────┘
      (subscript-1 [,subscript-2 [, subscript-3 ]])

Subscripts can only be used when referring to an individual item within a table element.

Data-name must be the name of a table element and may be qualified.

The subscript can be represented by a literal or a data-name.

If a literal, a subscript must be an integer having a value 1. It must not be negative.

If a data-name, a subscript must be defined as elementary numeric integer.

Where more than one subscript is required, they are written in the order of successively less-inclusive tables. Each subscript must be separated from the next by either a space, or a comma followed by a space. (The comma is not required.)

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8.1.1.2 Indexing¶

Another method of referring to items in a table is indexing. An index is used to store table element occurrence numbers; the index contains a displacement value from the beginning of the table element (equivalent to an occurrence number).

Format:

/---------------------------------------------------------\
|                                                         |
|  { data-name   } ( ( { index-name-1  [ t } literal-2 ]  ) |
|  { condition-name }   { literal-1 }                     |
|                                                         |
|  [  { index-name-2  [ t } literal-4 ]  }                |
|     { literal-3 }                                       |
|                                                         |
|  [  { index-name-3  [ t } literal-6 ]  )                |
|     { literal-5 }                                       |
\---------------------------------------------------------/

The index-name is specified through the OCCURS clause. It must be initialized (i.e., must have a value assigned to it) before use.

In direct indexing, the index-name is in the form of a subscript. The value contained in the index is calculated as the occurrence number minus one, multiplied by the length of the individual table entry.

For example:

03 ELEMENT OCCURS 20 INDEXED BY INDX-1 PIC X(2).

The tenth occurrence of ELEMENT generates a value in INDX-1 of (10-1) * 2 = 18.

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TABLE HANDLING¶

With relative indexing, the index-name is followed by a space, followed by a + or -, followed by another space, followed by an unsigned literal. The literal (i.e., occurrence number) is converted to an index value before being added to or subtracted from the index-name index.

For example, if we have:

01 TABLE-3.
   02 ELEMENT-1 OCCURS 2 TIMES INDEXED BY INDX-1.
   03 ELEMENT-2 OCCURS 3 TIMES INDEXED BY INDX-2.
   04 ELEMENT-3 OCCURS 2 TIMES INDEXED BY INDX-3 PIC X(5).

then, each occurrence of ELEMENT-1 is 30 characters in length (325). Each occurrence of ELEMENT-2 is 10 characters in length (2*5) and each occurrence of ELEMENT-3 is 5 characters in length.

A reference using relative indexing such as

ELEMENT-3 (INDX-1 + 1, INDX-2 - 1, INDX-3 + 2)

would produce the computation for the displacement of:

(address of ELEMENT-3)
+ ((contents of INDX-1)+1-1)*30
+ ((contents of INDX-2)-1-1)*10
+ ((contents of INDX-3)+2-1)*5

8.2 TABLE HANDLING - DATA DIVISION¶

The clauses used for Table Handling are OCCURS and USAGE IS INDEX.

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8.2.1 The OCCURS Clause¶

This clause eliminates the need for separate entries for repeated data items and supplies information required for the applying subscripts and indexes.

Format 1 (Fixed Length Tables):¶

OCCURS integer-2 TIMES
{
( ASCENDING )
( DESCENDING )
KEY IS data-name-4 [, data-name-5]...
}
INDEXED BY index-name-1 [, index-name-2]...

In format 1, the value of integer-2 specifies the exact number of occurrences.

Format 2 (Variable Length Tables):¶

OCCURS integer-1 TO integer-2 TIMES DEPENDING ON data-name-3
{
( ASCENDING )
( DESCENDING )
KEY IS data-name-4 [, data-name-5]...
}
INDEXED BY index-name-1 [, index-name-2]...

This format specifies that the subject of this entry has a variable number of occurrences. The current value of the data item referenced by data-name-1 represents the maximum number of occurrences and the value of integer-1 the minimum.

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The value of the data item referenced by data-name-1 must fall within the range integer-1 through integer-2.

The ASCENDING/DESCENDING KEY option (both formats) specifies that the repeated data is arranged in ascending or descending order according to the values contained in data-name-2, data-name-3 etc. (The order is determined according to the rules for comparison of operands - see Comparison of Numeric and Nonnumeric operands under Conditional Statements in the Procedure Division description.)

The data-names are listed in their descending order of significance. Integer-1, when used, must be less than integer-2. All integers must be positive.

If the data-name, which is the subject of this entry, or an entry subordinate to it is to be referred to by indexing, then the INDEXED BY clause is required.

The OCCURS clause cannot be specified in a data description entry that:

a) has a level-number of 01, 77, or 88

b) described an item of variable size, i.e., if any subordinate item contains an OCCURS DEPENDING ON clause.

8.2.2 The USAGE Clause¶

The USAGE IS INDEX clause specifies that the data item has an index format.

Format


[USAGE IS] INDEX

The data item is an index data item and is treated as computational it will occupy 2 bytes in storage.

An index data item can be referenced explicitly only in a SEARCH or SET statement, a relation condition, the USING phrase of a Procedure Division header, or the USING phrase of a CALL statement.

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The USAGE clause can be written at any level, if written at group level it applies to every elementary item in the group. (The USAGE clause of a elementary item cannot contradict the USAGE clause of a group to which the item belongs.)

An index data item can be part of a group referred to in a MOVE or INPUT-OUTPUT statement, in which case no conversion will take place.

8.3 TABLE HANDLING - PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

In the Procedure Division, Table Handling makes use of the SEARCH and SET statements. Also, comparisons may be made between index-names and/or index data items as described under 'Relation Conditions' below.

Relation Conditions:¶

Comparison tests may be made between:

Two index-names. This is equivalent to comparing their occurrence numbers.
An index-name and a data item. The occurrence number corresponding to the value of the index-name is compared to the data item or literal.
An index data item and an index name or another index data item. The actual values are compared without conversion.
The results of any other comparison involving an index data item are undefined.

8.3.1 The SEARCH Statement¶

Data that has been arranged in the form of a table is very often searched. In COBOL, the SEARCH statement provides facilities, through its two options, for producing serial and non-serial searches. In using the SEARCH statement, the programmer may vary an associated index-name or data-name. This statement also provides facilities for executing imperative statements when certain conditions are true.

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Format 1:¶

SEARCH identifier-1 [
    VARYING {
        identifier-2
        index-name-1
    }
]

    ; AT END imperative statement-1 ]

    ; WHEN condition-1 {
        imperative-statement-2
        NEXT SENTENCE
    }

    ; WHEN condition-2 {
        imperative-statement-3
        NEXT SENTENCE
    } ...

Format 2:¶

SEARCH ALL identifier-1 ; AT END imperative statement-1 ]

    ; WHEN {
        data-name-1 {
            IS EQUAL TO identifier-3
            literal-1
            IS = arithmetic-expression
        }
        condition-name-1
    }

    AND {
        data-name-2 {
            IS EQUAL TO identifier-4
            literal-2
            IS = arithmetic-expression
        }
        condition-name-2
    } ...

    ; imperative-statement-2 .

    ; NEXT SENTENCE

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Note: The required relational character '=' is not underlined to avoid confusion with other symbols.

The SEARCH statement searches a table for an element that satisfies the specified condition, and adjusts the associated index to indicate that element.

In both formats, identifier-1 must not be subscripted or indexed, but its description in the Data Division must contain an OCCURS clause and an INDEXED BY clause.

Identifier-2, if present, must be described as USAGE IS INDEX or as a numeric elementary item without any positions to the right of the assumed decimal point.

Format 1:¶

The search operation begins at the current index setting. If, at this point, the value of the index-name associated with identifier-1 is not greater than the highest possible occurrence number, the following takes place:

a) The conditions in the WHEN option are evaluated in the order in which they are written, making use of the index settings wherever specified.

b) If none of the conditions are satisfied, the index-name for identifier-1 is incremented to correspond to the next table element. Then above process a) is repeated.

c) If one of the conditions is satisfied upon evaluation, the search terminates immediately and the imperative statement associated with that condition is executed. The index-name remains pointing to the table element that caused the condition.

d) If, however, the incremented index-name value is greater than the highest possible occurrence number (i.e., the end of the table has been reached), the search terminates. If the AT END phrase is specified, imperative-statement-1 is now executed. Otherwise, control passes to the next executable sentence.
At the beginning of the search operation, if the value of the index-name associated with identifier-1 is greater than the highest possible occurrence number, then the search terminates as explained above in step d).
When the VARYING phrase is not used, the index that is used for the search operation is the first (or only) index-name given in the INDEXED BY phrase of identifier-1.

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4) If the VARYING index-name-1 option appears, then one of the following applies:

a) When index-name-1 is the index for identifier-1, then this index is used for the search. If this is not the case (or the VARYING identifier-2 is present), the first - or only - index-name is used.

b) If index-name-1 is an index for another table element, then the first (or only) index-name for identifier-1 will be used for the search. The occurrence number represented by index-name is incremented by the same amount as the search index-name, and at the same time.

5) If the VARYING identifier-2 option appears and identifier-2 is an index data item, then this item is incremented by the same amount as the search index, and at the same time. If identifier-2 is not an index data item, then it is incremented by the value one (1) at the same time as the search index is incremented.

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A flowchart of a Format 1 type SEARCH operation containing two WHEN phrases follows:

Flowchart

Figure 8.1:

These operations are options included only when specified in the SEARCH statement.

** Each of these control transfers is to the next executable sentence unless the imperative-statement ends with a GO TO statement.

Format 2:¶

If the format 2, SEARCH ALL, is used, a non-serial search operation may take place. It is a more simple type of search than for format 1, commencing at the beginning of the table.

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The initial setting of the index-name for identifier-1 is ignored (i.e., need not be initialized with the SET statement).

The index is the same as that associated with the first index-name specified in the OCCURS clause.

The following rules apply:

If the WHEN option cannot be satisfied by any setting of the index within the permitted range, then control is passed to imperative-statement-1 of the AT END phrase if present, or to the next executable sentence if this phrase is not present. In either case, the final setting of the index is not predictable.
If the WHEN option can be satisfied, control passes to imperative-statement-2 and the index will indicate an occurrence that allows the conditions to be satisfied.

8.3.1.1 Notes on Multidimensional Tables¶

Identifier-1 can be a data item subordinate to a data item containing an OCCURS clause. That is, it can be part of a two or three-dimensional table. In this case, the data description entry must specify an INDEXED BY option for each dimension.

To search an entire two or three-dimensional table it is necessary to execute a SEARCH statement several times, since execution of this statement modifies the setting of the index-name associated with identifier-1 only (and, if present, index-name-1 or identifier-2). Prior to each execution, SET statements must be executed to reinitialize the associated index-names.

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Example:¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
SEARCH-EX.

Shows usage of simple table "LOOK-UP" via search verb.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
77 TABLE-LENGTH  COMP VALUE 16.
77 FIND-NAME     PIC X(20).

Set up the table elements, normally one would read data from a "reference" file and place into table for processing.

01 NAMES-TABLE.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "BRABANT        ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 310.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "SISALPIN       ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 822.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "ERASMUS        ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 481.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "ETOILE DU NORD ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 554.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "GOTTARDO       ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 381.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "ILE DE FRANCE  ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 544.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "IRIS           ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 666.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "LE CATALAN TALGO ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 870.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "LE CAPITOLE    ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 373.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "LE MISTRAL     ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 683.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "LEMANO         ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 595.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "LIGURE         ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 322.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "MEDIOLANUM     ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 889.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "OISEAU BLEU    ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 1039.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "REMBRANDT      ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 713.
   02 PIC X(20) VALUE "THEINGOLD      ".
   02 PIC 9(5) VALUE 1088.

Redefine the elements for access with the search verb. Note that the data-name with the OCCURS clause is used in search and not the redefines data-name (which may be 'FILLER').

01 FILLER REDEFINES NAMES-TABLE.
   02 TRAIN-TABLE OCCURS 16 TIMES INDEXED BY TABINDEX.
      03 NAME    PIC X(20).
      03 DISTANCE PIC 9(5).

PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

List out all the table entries.

PERFORM LIST-TABLE-ENTRY
    VARYING TABINDEX FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL 
    TABINDEX > TABLE-LENGTH.
A002.

Request a name to find.

DISPLAY "ENTER NAME TO FIND: ".
ACCEPT FIND-NAME.

Start at top of table(1).

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SET IABINDEX TO 1.¶

LOOK FOR REQUESTED NAME.¶

SEARCH TRAIN-TABLE AT END DISPLAY "NAME NOT FOUND",  
WHEN FIND-NAME = NAME(IABINDEX).  
    PERFORM LIST-TABLE-ENTRY.  

GO TO A002.

NOTE THE WAY THAT THE LIST ROUTINE IS USED BY EITHER THE
PERFORM OR THE SEARCH VERB.

LIST-TABLE-ENTRY.¶

DISPLAY "TRAIN: ", NAME(TABINDEX), " TRAVELS: ",  
DISTANCE(TABINDEX), " KM.".

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This program makes the same output whether we execute it on an ND-100 or an ND-500. The following shows execution on an NO-500 from SINTRAN III:

Ønd (cobol-exam)c-8-13¶

TRAIN	TRAVELS
BRABANT	00310 KM.
CISALPIN	00822 KM.
ERASMUS	00481 KM.
ETOILE DU NORD	00554 KM.
GOTTARDO	00381 KM.
ILE DE FRANCE	00544 KM.
IRIS	00666 KM.
LE CATALAN TALGO	00870 KM.
LE CAPITOLE	00373 KM.
LE MISTRAL	00683 KM.
LEMANO	00595 KM.
LIGURE	00322 KM.
MEDIOLANUM	00889 KM.
OISEAU BLEU	01039 KM.
REMBRANDT	00713 KM.

ENTER NAME TO FIND: IRIS
TRAIN: IRIS TRAVELS: 00666 KM.

ENTER NAME TO FIND: ETOILE
NAME NOT FOUND

ENTER NAME TO FIND: ETOILE DU NORD
TRAIN: ETOILE DU NORD TRAVELS: 00554 KM.

ENTER NAME TO FIND: LEMANO
TRAIN: LEMANO TRAVELS: 00595 KM.

ENTER NAME TO FIND:

8.3.2 The SET Statement¶

The SET statement establishes reference points for table handling operations by setting index-names associated with table elements.

Format 1:

SET	IO
{ identifier-1 [, identifier-2] ... }	{ identifier-3 }
{ index-name-1 [, index-name-2] ... }	{ index-name-3 }
	{ integer-1 }

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Format 2¶

SET index-name-4 [, index-name-5] ...

   ( UP BY   )   ( identifier-4 )
   ( DOWN BY )   ( integer-2    )

Identifier-1 and identifier-3 must name either index data items, or elementary items described as an integer.

Identifier-4 must be described as an elementary numeric integer.

Integer-1 and integer-2 may be signed. Integer-1 must be positive.

Index-names are related to a given table through the INDEXED BY option of the OCCURS clause which constitutes their definition.

Format 1 - TO Option¶

When this form of the SET statement is executed, the value of the sending field replaces the current value of the receiving field. If the receiving field specifies index-name-1, then, either:

a) If the sending field is an index data item, then the value of this item is placed in the index name without change.
b) Otherwise, the receiving field is converted to a displacement value corresponding to the occurrence number indicated by the sending field.

If the receiving field specifies an index data item, then this is set equal to the contents of the sending field (which must be an index-name or an index data item), and no conversion takes place.

If the receiving field specifies an integer data item, then it is set to an occurrence number that corresponds to the occurrence number associated with the sending field (which must be an index name).

The above processes are repeated for identifier-2, index-name-2, etc.

If index-name-3 is specified, the value of the index before execution of the SET statement must correspond to an occurrence number of an element in the associated table.

Any subscripting or indexing associated with identifier-1, etc., is evaluated immediately before the value of the respective data item is changed.

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Format 2 - UP/DOWN BY Option¶

When this form of the SET option is executed, the value of the receiving field, index-name-4, is incremented (UP BY) or decremented (DOWN BY) by a value corresponding to the value in the sending field. The process is repeated for index-name 5, etc.

Sending Item	Receiving Item
	Integer Data Item
Integer Literal	No
Integer Data Item	No
Index-name	Valid
Index Data Item	No

No conversion takes place.

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9 INTER-PROGRAM COMMUNICATION¶

Complex data processing problems are frequently solved by the use of separately compiled but logically coordinated programs, which, at execution time, form logical and physical subdivisions of a single run unit. This approach lends itself to dividing a large problem into smaller, more manageable segments which can be programmed and debugged independently. During execution, control is transferred from program to program by the use of CALL and EXIT PROGRAM statements.

9.1 BASIC CONCEPTS¶

In COBOL terminology, a program is either a source program or an object program depending on context; a source program is a syntactically correct set of COBOL statements; an object program is the set of instructions, constants, and other machine-oriented data resulting from the operation of a compiler on a source program; and a run unit is the total machine language necessary to solve a data processing problem. It includes one or more object programs as defined above, and it may include machine language from sources other than a COBOL compiler.

When the statement of a problem is subdivided into more than one program, the constituent programs must be able to communicate with each other. This communication may take two forms: transfer of control and reference to common data.

9.1.1 Transfer of Control¶

The CALL statement provides the means whereby control can be passed from one program to another within a run unit. A program that is activated by a CALL statement may itself contain CALL statements. However, results are unpredictable where circularity of control is initiated; i.e., where program A calls program B, then program B calls program A or another program that calls program A.

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When control is passed to a called program, execution proceeds in the normal way from procedure statement to procedure statement beginning with the first nondeclarative statement. If control reaches a STOP RUN statement, this signals the logical end of the run unit. If control reaches an EXIT PROGRAM statement, this signals the logical end of the called program only, and control then reverts to the point immediately following the CALL statement in the calling program. Stated briefly, the EXIT PROGRAM statement terminates only the program in which it occurs, and the STOP RUN statement terminates the entire run unit.

If the called program is not COBOL, then the termination of the run unit or the return to the calling program must be programmed in accordance with the language of the called program.

9.1.2 Reference to Common Data¶

Because of program interaction, it may be necessary for one or more programs to have access to the same data.

In a calling program, the common data items are described together with all other data items in the File, Working-Storage, or Linkage Sections. In the called program, common data items are described in the Linkage Section.

At object time, memory is allocated for the whole Data Division in the calling program but not for the Linkage Section of the called program. Communication between the called program and the common data items stored in the calling program is through USING clauses contained in both programs. The USING clause in the calling program is contained in the CALL statement and the operands are common data items described in its Data Division. The USING clause in the called program has operands which are data items appearing in its Linkage Section.

The sequence of appearance of the identifiers in both lists of operands is significant. They must match in both programs. While the called program is being executed, every reference to an operand whose identifier appears in the called program's USING clause is treated as if it were a reference to the corresponding operand in the USING clause of the active CALL statement.

(A calling program may itself be a called program, in this case, common data items can be described in the calling program's Linkage Section. Storage will not be allocated for these items in the calling program itself but rather in the program which calls the calling program.)

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An example of a called and a calling program is outlined below:

CALLING PROGRAM (PROG-A)	CALLED PROGRAM (PROG-B)
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.	LINKAGE SECTION.
01 A-LIST.	01 B-LIST.
02 HEADING PIC X(10).	05 HEADING PIC X(10).
02 YEAR PIC 9(2).	05 DATE PIC 9(4).
02 MONTH PIC 9(2).	05 CODE-ID PIC X(4).
02 CODE-NO PIC X(4).	.
.	.
.	.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.	PROCEDURE DIVISION USING B-LIST.
.	.
.	.
CALL PROG-B USING A-LIST.

Note that the names of the data items need not correspond and that parts of data items can be referred to separately (DATE in the called program is subdivided into YEAR and MONTH in the calling program).

9.1.3 Interprogram Communication - Data Division¶

In the Data Division of a called program, all file description entries may be assigned a value of an integral literal (using a VALUE OF FILE-ID IS clause) which is the same as that defined in the main program, refer to section 5.3.1.

Note: In the present version of ND COBOL, it is no longer necessary to include a VALUE OF FILE-ID IS clause. If you do include this clause, its contents are treated as comments only.

The programmer specifies in the Linkage Section those data items that the called program has in common with the calling program.

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Format:¶

LINKAGE SECTION.

  level-number     { data-name-1 }
                  { FILLER       }

  [REDEFINES Clause ]
  [BLANK WHEN ZERO Clause ]
  [JUSTIFIED Clause ]
  [OCCURS Clause ]
  [PICTURE Clause ]
  [SIGN Clause ]
  [SYNCHRONIZED Clause ]
  [USAGE Clause ]
  [IMPORT Clause ]
  [IMPORT [COMMON] Clause]

  [88 condition-name VALUE Clause ]

The Linkage Section in a program is meaningful if and only if the object program is to function under the control of a CALL statement, and the CALL statement in the calling program contains a USING phrase.

The IMPORT clause must specify the same data item as in the corresponding EXPORT clause (see section 5.4.2.13 for a description of the rules which apply to both clauses).

The IMPORT COMMON clause is used to specify a FORTRAN common block IMPORT.

The VALUE clause must not be specified in the Linkage Section except in condition-name entries (level 88).

The Linkage Section is used for describing data that is available through the calling program but is to be referred to in both the calling and the called program. No space is allocated in the program for data items referenced by data-names in the Linkage Section of that program. Procedure Division references to these data items are resolved at object time by equating the reference in the called program to the location used in the calling program.

Data items defined in the Linkage Section of the called program may be referenced within the Procedure Division of the called program only if they are specified as operands of the USING phrase of the Procedure Division header or are subordinate to such operands, and the object program is under the control of a CALL statement that specifies a USING phrase.

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The structure of the Linkage Section is the same as that previously described for the Working-Storage Section, beginning with a section header, and followed by data description entries for noncontiguous data items and/or record description entries.

Each Linkage Section record name and noncontiguous item name must be unique within the called program since it cannot be qualified.

Of those items defined in the Linkage Section, only data-name-1, data-name-2, ... in the USING phrase of the Procedure Division header, data items subordinate to these data-names, and condition names and/or index-names associated with such data-names and/or subordinate data items, may be referenced in the Procedure Division.

9.1.3.1 Data Item Description Entries¶

Items in the Linkage Section that bear no hierarchic relationship to one another need not be grouped into records and are classified and defined as noncontiguous elementary items. Each of these data items is defined in a separate data description entry which begins with the special level-number 77.

The following data clauses are required in each data description entry:

a) level-number 77
b) data-name
c) the PICTURE clause or the USAGE IS INDEX clause

Other data description clauses are optional and can be used to complete the description of the item if necessary.

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9.1.3.2 Record Description Entries¶

Data elements in the Linkage Section which bear a definite hierarchic relationship to one another must be grouped into 01-level records according to the rules for formation of record descriptions. Any clause which is used in an input or output record description can be used in a Linkage Section.

9.1.4 Inter-Program Communication - Procedure Division¶

In the Procedure Division, control is transferred between programs by means of the CALL statement.

Reference to common data is provided by the USING option which can appear in the CALL statement and in the called program's Procedure Division header.

Format of Procedure Division Header:¶

| PROCEDURE DIVISION [USING data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ...] . |

The USING phrase is present if and only if the object program is to function under the control of a CALL statement, and the CALL statement in the calling program contains a USING phrase.

For a description of the data-names, see the details of the USING option in the CALL statement. The USING option is common to several Inter-Program Communication elements.

Each of the operands in the USING phrase of the Procedure Division header must be defined as a data item in the Linkage Section of the program in which this header occurs, and it must have 01 or 77 level-number.

Within a called program, Linkage Section data items are processed according to their data descriptions given in the called program.

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9.1.4.1 The CALL Statement¶

The CALL statement causes control to be transferred from one object program to another within the run unit.

Format:

CALL literal-1
  [  
    USING 
    ( data-name-1 ) , ( data-name-2 )
    ( quoted-literal ) , ( quoted-literal ) ...
    ( integer-literal ) , ( integer-literal )
  ]

Literal-1 must be a non-numeric literal and conform to the rules for formation of a program name (see PROGRAM-ID paragraph in the Identification Division chapter).

Called programs may contain CALL statements.

CALL statement execution causes control to pass to the called subprogram. The first time a called program is entered its state is that of an original copy of the program. Each subsequent time a called program is entered, the state is as it was upon the last exit from that program.

Reinitialization of GO TO statements that have been altered etc., are the responsibility of the programmer.

This option makes data items in a calling program available to the called program.

The USING option is specified if, and only if, the called subprogram is to operate under control of a CALL statement and that CALL statement itself contains a USING option. That is, for each CALL USING statement in a calling program there must be a corresponding USING option specified in a called subprogram.

The data-name, or quoted-literal, or integer-literal, specified by the USING option indicate the data items available to a calling program that may also be referred to in the called program. The order of appearance of these data-names is critical. Corresponding data-names refer to a single set of data equally available to both programs. Their description must define an equal number of character positions but their correspondence is positional and not by name.

(ND-60.144.3 EN)

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of index names no such correspondence is established, and separate indices are referred to in the called and calling programs).

The integer-literal must be in the range -32768 to +32767 on both the ND-100 and the ND-500.

9.1.4.2 The EXIT PROGRAM Statement¶

The EXIT PROGRAM statement marks the logical end of a called program.

Format¶


EXIT PROGRAM.

The EXIT PROGRAM statement must appear in a sentence by itself.

The EXIT PROGRAM sentence must be the only sentence in the paragraph.

General Rule:¶

1) An execution of an EXIT PROGRAM statement in a called program causes control to be passed to the calling program. During execution, an EXIT PROGRAM statement in a program which is not called behaves as if it were an EXIT statement (see under Procedure Branching Statements in the Procedure Division description).

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Example:¶

1 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
2 PROGRAM-ID.
3 GENSEQ.
4 ************************************************************
5 *** CREATES SQ-FILES AND LISTS.                           ***
6 ************************************************************
7 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
8 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
9 FILE-CONTROL.
10 SELECT SQ-FILE ASSIGN "COB1:DATA",
11 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL,
12 ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.
13 DATA DIVISION.
14 FILE SECTION.
15 FD SQ-FILE.
16 01 M-REC.
17 02 PIC X(10).
18 02 SEQNUM PIC 9(5), BLANK WHEN ZERO.
19 02 PIC X(5).
20 02 PIC X(40).
21 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
22 01 RANDNO PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE ZERO.
23 01 MAXRAND PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.
24 01 NORECS PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
25 01 RECENT PIC 99, COMP, VALUE 0.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

27 INIT-01.
28 OPEN OUTPUT SQ-FILE.
29 DISPLAY "CREATE RECORDS?".
30 PERFORM GET-NORECS.
31 PERFORM CRE-SQ-FILE NORECS TIMES.
32 * BUILDS THE INPUT FILE.
33 CLOSE SQ-FILE.
34 DISPLAY "FILE SQ-FILE CREATED.", RECENT, " RECORDS.".
35 OPEN INPUT SQ-FILE.
36 LIST-FILE-0.
37 MOVE 0 TO RECENT.
38 LIST-FILE-1.
39 READ SQ-FILE AT END GO TO LIST-END.
40 ADD 1 TO RECENT.
41 DISPLAY "REC ", RECENT, ". SEQNUM = ", SEQNUM.
42 GO TO LIST-FILE-1.
43 LIST-END.
44 CLOSE SQ-FILE.
45 DISPLAY "JOB FINISH".
46 STOP RUN.
47 CRE-SQ-FILE.
48 CALL "RND" USING RANDNO, MAXRAND.
49 MOVE ALL "*" TO M-REC.
50 MOVE RANDNO TO SEQNUM.
51 ADD 1 TO RECENT.
52 DISPLAY "OUT REC = ", RECENT, " KEY = ", SEQNUM.
53 WRITE M-REC.
54 GET-NORECS.
55 ACCEPT NORECS.
56 IF NORECS NOT NUMERIC,
57 DISPLAY "*** NOT NUMERIC DATA ***",
58 GO TO GET-NORECS
59 END-IF.

60 END-IF.

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Example¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.
RND.

Generates Random Numbers for Use in Other Examples¶

The manual notes that this routine is not very efficient compared to random number generators in assembly language.
It can be compiled and linked into any ND COBOL program.

10 DATA DIVISION¶

Working-Storage Section¶

Line	Description
11	01 SEED PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 29533.
12	01 CONST PIC 9(10) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 34764391.
15	01 VAR PIC 9(8) PACKED-DECIMAL.
16	01 X PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
17	01 XMAX PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL, VALUE 1000.

Linkage Section¶

Line	Description
18	01 RANDNO PIC 9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.
20	01 MAXRAND PIC S9(4) PACKED-DECIMAL.

21 Procedure Division Using Randno, Maxrand¶

Maxrand-Switch¶

Line	Description
23	IF MAXRAND > 0 THEN PERFORM GENERATE-NUMBER
25	ELSE-IF MAXRAND = 0 THEN PERFORM RETURN-SEED
26	ELSE PERFORM SET-NEW-SEED
27	END-IF.

Generate-Number¶

Line	Description
29	MOVE RANDNO TO VAR.
30	COMPUTE VAR = (VAR * SEED) * CONST.
31	MOVE MAXRAND TO XMAX.
32	DIVIDE VAR BY XMAX GIVING VAR REMAINDER X.
33	MOVE X TO RANDNO.
34	EXIT PROGRAM.

Return-Seed¶

Line	Description
35	MOVE SEED TO RANDNO.
37	EXIT PROGRAM.

Set-New-Seed¶

Line	Description
38	MOVE RANDNO TO SEED.
39	EXIT PROGRAM.

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10 DEBUGGING¶

The Symbolic Debugger is an ND product that lets you test your ND-100 and ND-500 programs. Here are some of the things you can do with it. After each item, the Debugger command(s) you use are listed.

Stop execution of your program at a given line, label, routine, or program address.

Use BREAK or BREAK-ADDRESS.

Define multiple step points where your program will automatically stop.

Use LOG-LINES one or more times, followed by STEP, STEP, STEP, etc. Otherwise use LOG-CALLS and STEP. To see what has been logged, use DUMP-LINE.

Stop execution of your program when the value of a variable changes.

Use LOG-LINES or LOG-CALLS, followed by GUARD.

Inspect the values of variables during program execution.

Use DISPLAY or LOOK-AT-DATA.

Find out which lines in your program get executed and which do not.

Use STEP 0, which will list lines until a BREAK is reached.

Debug screen-oriented programs by using two terminals.

Use RESERVE-TERMINAL.

Change the value of COMPUTATIONAL variables in main programs.

Use SET.

All of these facilities, as well as others, are described in detail in the Symbolic Debugger User Guide, ND-60.144.

The Debugger has about 30 commands that are identical in the ND-100 and ND-500 versions. In addition, there are 3 commands that are only on the ND-100 Debugger, and 5 commands that are only on the ND-500 Debugger.

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10.1 Using the ND-100¶

Here is how you compile two files, MAIN:SYMB and SUB:SYMB, so that they can be debugged on the ND-100. In this section, and elsewhere in this chapter, the sign "↵" is used to indicate where you must press the Carriage Return key.

∂CREATE-FILE MAIN:BRF 0 ↵
∂CREATE-FILE SUB:BRF 0 ↵
∂COBOL-100 ↵
DEBUG-MODE ↵
COMPILE MAIN,TERMINAL.MAIN ↵
DEBUG-MODE ↵
COMPILE SUB,TERMINAL.SUB ↵
EXIT ↵

Note: Type DEBUG-MODE before every COMPILE line, because DEBUG is turned off automatically.

Load your :BRF files in the normal way. You may use NRL or the BRF-LINKER. If you use overlay, however, you must use the BRF-LINKER.

If your program is called MAIN:PROG, start the debugger like this:

∂DEBUGGER MAIN ↵

or like this:

∂DEBUGGER ↵
*PLACE MAIN ↵

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10.2 Using the ND-500¶

Here is how you compile two files, MAIN:SYMB and SUB:SYMB, so that they can be debugged on the ND-500. In this section, and elsewhere in this chapter, the sign '^_' is used to indicate where you must press the Carriage Return key.

ØCREATE-FILE MAIN:NRF Ø ^_
ØCREATE-FILE SUB:NRF Ø ^_
ØND COBOL-500 ^_
DEBUG-MODE ^_
COMPILE MAIN,TERMINAL,MAIN ^_
DEBUG-MODE ^_
COMPILE SUB,TERMINAL,SUB ^_
EXIT ^_

Note: Type DEBUG-MODE before every COMPILE line, because DEBUG is turned off automatically.

Load your :NRF files in the normal way in the LINKAGE-LOADER.

If you call your domain MAIN, start the debugger like this:

ØND DEBUGGER MAIN ^_

Page 276¶

10.3 Debugging Examples¶

In this section, we will show how to get information about the execution of the following little COBOL program:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID: DEBUG.
AUTHOR. IBO.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 F1 PIC 9(12) USAGE IS COMP VALUE IS ZERO.
01 F2 PIC 9(12) USAGE IS COMP VALUE IS ZERO.
01 S PIC 9(12) USAGE IS COMP VALUE IS ZERO.
01 T PIC X(12) VALUE IS SPACES.
01 ANSWER PIC X VALUE IS SPACE.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

READ-NUMBER-1.
    DISPLAY 'FIRST NUMBER: '
    ACCEPT F1.
    IF F1 IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN GO TO READ-NUMBER-1.

READ-NUMBER-2.
    DISPLAY 'SECOND NUMBER: '
    ACCEPT F2.
    IF F2 IS EQUAL TO 0 THEN GO TO READ-NUMBER-2.

MULTIPLICATE.
    MULTIPLY F1 BY F2 GIVING S.
    MOVE S TO T.
    INSPECT T REPLACING LEADING '0' BY ' '.
    DISPLAY 'MULTIPLICATION GIVES ', T.
    DISPLAY 'CONTINUE? (N TO STOP)'
    ACCEPT ANSWER.
    IF ANSWER IS NOT EQUAL TO 'N' THEN GO TO READ-NUMBER-1.

FINI.
    STOP RUN.

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DEBUGGING¶

Example 1¶

Here is an example of the Debugger being used on the little program above compiled and loaded as an ND-100 program. The letters A, B, C, etc., to the left refer to comments that appear at the bottom of each page.


A	@DEBUG TEST
	COBOL PROGRAM. DEBUG.3
	*BREAK 25 F1=5
B	*RUN
	FIRST NUMBER: 5
	SECOND NUMBER: 5
	CONDITIONAL BREAK AT DEBUG.25
	*DISPLAY F1
	F1=5
C	*SET F1=11
	*DISPLAY F2
	F2=5
	*FORMATS-LOOK-AT
	FORMATS (A,D,F,H,I,O OR COMBINATIONS): I
D	*LOOK-AT-PROGRAM
	PROGRAM ADDRESS:
	P 0000708: LDO I 135
	P 000071B: SKP DA UEQ A
E	*LOOK-AT-DATA ADDR(F1)
	D 000002B: 000000B 0
	D 0000038: 000013B 11
	D 000004B: 000000B 0
	D 000005B: 000005B 5
F	*ACTIVE-ROUTINES
	DEBUG.3

NOTES:¶

A) This is a conditional break. You will stop at line 25 if the value of the variable F1 equals 5.

B) The program will run until F1 equals 5 in line 25.

C) SET can be used to change the values of both numeric and string variables.

D) You can inspect the instructions that your program consists of.

E) This inspects the address at which F1 is stored. Evidently F1 is stored in 2 bytes.

F) This will list the hierarchy of calls. It is useful to know in program with many subroutines.

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DEBUGGING¶

PROGRAM AREA:

A¶

LOG-LINES
GUARD_F1
RUN
MULTIPLICATION GIVES | 55
CONTINUE? (N TO STOP) | Y
FIRST NUMBER: | 10

GUARD VIOLATION AT DEBUG.20
DISPLAY_F1
F1=10

B¶

RESET-BREAKS
RUN
SECOND NUMBER: | 9
MULTIPLICATION GIVES | 90
CONTINUE? (N TO STOP) | N

NOTES:¶

A) This removes all break and step points.

B) The program will stop when the value of F1 changes anywhere in the program.

The above program could have been debugged in the same way if it had been a ND-500 program. Only the output from the LOOK-AT commands would have appeared differently.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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DEBUGGING¶

Example 2¶

Here is another example using the same program. Note the use of multiple step points:

ƆND DEBUGGER TEST

ND-500 SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER.  
COBOL PROGRAM. DEBUG.3  

*MACRO

A NAME: X   
  BODY: DISPLAY F1;DISPLAY F2;STEP  
  *LOG-LINES READ-NUMBER-1  
  *LOG-LINES 23  

B *LOG-LINES 27  
  *STEP  

C DEBUG.18 *X  
  F1=0  
  F2=0  

  FIRST NUMBER: 5  
  DEBUG.23 *X  
  F1=5  
  F2=0  

  SECOND NUMBER: 20  
  DEBUG.28 *X  
  F1=5  
  F2=20  

  MULTIPLICATION GIVES 100  
  CONTINUE? (N TO STOP) N

NOTES:¶

A) The command X will perform the 3 commands listed after body.

B) 3 step points are defined. Each STEP command will bring you to the next step point. Each RUN command will bring you to the nearest breakpoint.

C) READ-NUMBER-1 starts at line 18.

The above program could have been debugged in the same way if it had been a ND-100 program. Only the output from the LOOK-AT commands would have appeared differently.

To learn more about how to use the Debugger, see the Symbolic Debugger User Guide, which is manual ND-60.144.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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I'm unable to extract text from blank or nearly blank pages. Please provide a page with content for OCR conversion.

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11 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

11.1 EXECUTING A SIMPLE PROGRAM¶

Here are some examples of how to compile, load and run a simple program on the ND-100 and ND-500 computers. The program also demonstrates some of the features of the ND COBOL.

To try out the example, you must first write the following program onto the file "X-001:symb", using one of the ND editors. And by the way, note a convenient feature when using PEO and NOTIS: if you write Z tab C on the first positions in the first line of the file, then the editor will set tabulator stops suitable for COBOL programs for you when initializing.

Z tab C
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. X-001.

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 NAME    PIC X(30).
01 I      COMP.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
1000. BLANK SCREEN.
     DISPLAY (10, 1) "Your name:"
     ACCEPT (10, 12) NAME WITH PROMPT.
     BLANK LINE 10.
     DISPLAY (1, 1) FRAME 18 * 75 WITH HEADING.
     DISPLAY (2, 28) "My name is:".
     DO FOR I FROM 4 TO 17
          DISPLAY (I, 3) NAME WITH BLINK
          DISPLAY (1, 42) NAME WITH INVERSE-VIDEO
     END-DO.
     DISPLAY (22, 10)
          "You have now used the ND COBOL System"
          WITH UNDERLINE.

STOP RUN.

Page 282¶

11.1.1 Running the Example on an ND-100 Computer¶

The following listing of a terminal session shows how to compile, load and execute the program on an ND-100. The underlined parts of the listing is what you have to type in when trying the example.

aCOBOL-H

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H

*COMPILE X-001,1,X-001

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H  TIME: 16.17.21  DATE: 85.02.19

SOURCE FILE: X-001  
OBJECT FILE: X-001  
MODES: 2-BANK  

       z TAB C  
       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.  
       PROGRAM-ID. X-001.  

       DATA DIVISION.  
       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.  
       01 NAME           PIC X(30).  
       01 I              COMP.  

       PROCEDURE DIVISION.  
       1000. BLANK SCREEN.  
       DISPLAY (10, 1) "Your name:".  
       ACCEPT (10, 12) NAME WITH PROMPT.  
       BLANK LINE 10.  
       DISPLAY ( 1, 1) FRAME 18 * 75 WITH HEADING.  
       DISPLAY ( 2, 28) "My   n a m e  i s".  
       DO FOR I FROM 4 TO 17  
          DISPLAY (I, 3) NAME WITH BLINK  
          DISPLAY (I, 42) NAME WITH INVERSE-VIDEO  
       END-DO.  
       DISPLAY (22, 10)  
       "You have now used the ND COBOL System"  
       WITH UNDERLINE.  
       STOP RUN.

END OF COMPILATION
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	25
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	2571

*EXIT    
@NAML  
RELOCATING LOADER LDR-1935I  
*PROG-FILE X-001  
*LOAD X-001  
FREE: 002023-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 000464-177777  
*LOAD COBOL-28  
FREE: 020173-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 006320-177777  
*EXIT  
@X-001

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.. and watch the screen.

If you know how to use mode-files (and if you don't, you should know that they are very handy when compiling and loading programs on ND computers), then try executing a :MODE-file with the following contents:

@COBOL-H
COMPILE X-001,1,"X-001"
EXIT

@NRL
PROG-FILE "X-001"
LOAD X-001
LOAD COBOL-2BANK
EXIT

Then, try executing X-001.

11.1.2 Running the Example on an ND-500 Computer¶

The following listing of a terminal session shows how to compile, load and execute the program on an ND-500. The underlined parts of the listing is what you have to type in when trying the example.

@ND

ND-500 MONITOR Version F00 84.11.27 / REV.-F01
NS00: COBOL-H

ND-500 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10177H

*COMPILE X-001,1,X-001

ND-500 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10177H TIME: 16.18.17 DATE: 85.02.19

SOURCE FILE: X-001
OBJECT FILE: X-001

 1 ?× tab C
 2       IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
 3       PROGRAM-ID.  X-001.
 4   
 5       DATA DIVISION.
 6       WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
 7       01 NAME       PIC X(30).
 8       01 I          COMP.
 9   

10       PROCEDURE DIVISION.
11       1000.  BLANK SCREEN.
12            DISPLAY (10, 1) "Your name:".
13            ACCEPT (10, 12) NAME WITH PROMPT.
14            BLANK LINE 10.
15            DISPLAY ( 1,  1) FRAME 18 * 75 WITH HEADING.
16            DISPLAY ( 2, 28) "My  name  i s".
17            GO FOR I FROM 4 TO 17
18                DISPLAY (I,  3) NAME WITH BLINK
19                DISPLAY (I, 42) NAME WITH INVERSE-VIDEO
20            END-DO.
21            DISPLAY (22, 10)

ND-60.144.3 EN

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22 "You have now used the ND COBOL System"
23 WITH UNDERLINE.
24 STOP RUN.

25

END OF COMPILATION¶

NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES	24
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME)	2571

*E XII¶

N500: LINK-LOAD¶

ND-Linkage-Loader - F	10. September 1983 Time: 00:07
N11 entered	19. February 1985 Time: 16:18

N11: SET-DOMAIN X-001
N11: LOAD X-001
- Program: ........G34 P
- Data: ...........1130 001
N11: LOAD COBOL-LIB
- COBOL-LIB-H85B101
N11: LOAD EXCEPT-LIB
- EXCEPTION-LIB-204(97B)
- Program: ........72605 P01
- Data: ...........23530 001
N11: EXIT

N500: X-001¶

Then, see what happens.

If you know how to use MODE-files (and if you don't, you should know that they are very handy when compiling and loading programs on ND computers), then try executing a :MODE-file with the following contents:

&ND
COBOL
COMPILE X-001,1,"X-001"
EXIT

LINK-LOAD
SET-DOMAIN "X-001"
LOAD X-001
LOAD COBOL-LIB
LOAD EXCEPTION-LIB
EXIT

Then, try executing X-001:

&ND
ND-500: X-001

etc.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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11.2 OVERLAY SYSTEMS¶

Sometimes a program cannot be run in the ND-100 because it is too large to fit into the one-bank address space of 64 pages, or the 64 pages for the program and 64 pages for data allowed when compiling in the two-bank mode. (The ND-500 computers do not have this limitation, thus the present section on overlays is not relevant to ND-500 installations.)

A common solution to this problem is to divide the program into reasonably small parts which can be run one at a time, and in such a way that one part (or subprogram) can use the space freed when another subprogram has finished. Thus, the program will only need space for those subprograms that have to be in memory at the same time.

The sets of different subprograms to be loaded one at a time are called overlays or links, and the process of loading an overlay to replace an existing set of subprograms is called overlaying these subprograms.

Building overlays with the BRF-Linker or the NRL is a convenient way of bypassing the problem of large programs not being able to fit into the address space because:

1) Programs built as overlay systems do not need source code modification.

2) The Symbolic Debugger is available for overlays.

An overlay structure cannot be made into a reentrant subsystem.

11.2.1 The Multilevel Overlay System¶

When using the overlay capability on the ND-100, you must understand how your program operates, and especially the relationship between the modules within it.

There are significant differences between the overlay systems built by the NRL and those of the BRF-Linker. If you build your system with the BRF-Linker, the :SYMB-files can be compiled, loaded and executed on an ND-500 computer without modification. If you build it with the NRL, you will have to modify the symbolic code before you can make it run on an ND-500. This is because the NRL makes necessary the inclusion of special subprogram calls in the code.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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You are advised to organize your overlay structure (described below) so as to retain in memory the links containing commonly used subprograms, and place the infrequently used subprograms in links which can overlay one another. For example, a special error recovery subprogram would only need to be brought into memory when the corresponding error occurred.

When you load an overlay system and want it to be available to other users, be sure to specify to the linker you are using not only the name of the program file, but also the name of the user area where it is to be found. Otherwise, the operating system may not find the overlay subprograms on the default user areas when the overlay system calls them, with errors as a result. And remember, the sum of the length of the user name and the length of the overlay program file name must not exceed 16 characters.

Each link should be a collection of functionally related modules and be as self-contained as possible, calling other links as infrequently as possible. In particular, references to links which would overlay other links should be kept to a minimum.

A tree structure, called an overlay structure, can be used to illustrate the internal dependencies of the overlay links. In a tree structure, each link has only one immediate ancestor, but it may have more than one immediate descendant. The root link contains the parts of the program which must always be in memory during execution. Since the root link receives control when the program starts, it does not have an ancestor. The remaining links branch away from the root link and are structured according to their interdependencies.

Links which do not have to be in memory at the same time are termed independent links, whereas links which must be in memory at the same time are termed dependent links. For example, two modules which do not refer to each other or pass data directly to each other, are independent links. When such links are no longer required in memory, they can be overlaid by other links that are brought in. On the other hand, a link must have all the links upon which it depends in memory at the same time and cannot therefore overlay them. Every link is dependent on its ancestor and, consequently, on the root link.

As an illustration, assume we have a program consisting of a main program ROOT and six subprograms SUBP1, SUBP2, SUBP3, SUBP4, SUBP5, and SUBP6. The subprograms are related as follows:

1) SUBP1 and SUBP6 are called directly from ROOT and are independent of each other.

2) SUBP2 and SUBP5 are called directly from SUBP1 and are independent of each other.

3) SUBP3 and SUBP4 are called directly from SUBP2 and are also independent of each other.

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The following tree structure illustrates the subprogram dependencies:

     ROOT
    /    \
SUBP1   SUBP6
  |       |
SUBP2   SUBP5
 /  \     |
SUBP3 SUBP4

ROOT is the root link
SUBP1 and SUBP6 are independent overlays (first level)
SUBP2 and SUBP5 are independent overlays (second level)
SUBP3 and SUBP4 are independent overlays (third level)

SUBP4 depends on SUBP1 and SUBP2, consequently, SUBP1 and SUBP2 must be in memory in order to execute SUBP4. The chain of links which a link depends on is referred to as the path of the link. The action of bringing a link into memory is termed path loading. The chain of links branching away from a link is known as the extended path of that link. In the previous example, the path of SUBP4 is ROOT, SUBP1, and SUBP2. There are three extended paths of SUBP1:

1) SUBP2, SUBP3 2) SUBP2, SUBP4 3) SUBP5

A link may communicate with other links that lie in its own path or one of its extended paths. The communication is through references to global symbols. A reference from the current link to a global symbol in another link in the path is called a backward reference, while a reference from the current link to a global symbol in another link on one of its extended paths is called a forward reference. Since all links on the path of the current link must be in memory, a backward reference does not cause any links to be brought into memory. With a forward reference, however, the link referred to may not be in memory. Then it must be fetched, possibly overlaying a link already there.

Page 288¶

11.2.2 Designing an Overlay Structure¶

The first step to be taken when designing an overlay structure is to draw a diagram showing the functional relationships between the modules within the program. The tree begins with the root link which contains the main program and remains in memory throughout execution. The remainder of the program is contained in the overlay links.

The user should remember several points when drawing his overlay structure:

1) References that will overlay existing links should be minimized.

2) Independent links cannot reference each other; communication is by way of a common link.

3) As a general rule, calls to subprograms on other links should be forward references, while returns from subprograms should be backward references.

4) If data is modified during execution, the modification is destroyed once the link is overlaid. Therefore, if data required by another link is modified, then the data must be returned to this other link before the link containing the changed data is overlaid.

5) When a link is to be overlaid, no addresses or references to it should remain.

6) Modules, subprograms or data areas used by several links should be explicitly loaded into a link that is common to all links using these modules or data areas. For example, a FORTRAN COMMON data area should be in a link in the path of all links referencing it. Moreover, COMMON should be positioned in such a way that it never gets reinitialized after the first call. In other programming languages using the distinction between local and global data, similar considerations must be made for the data which are global to several link paths.

7) The Symbolic Debugger should be used with some care on overlays. Debugger commands affecting program/data in an overlay should not be given until a breakpoint is reached on that particular overlay. Moreover, these commands are effective only while the overlay resides in memory. In other words, overlays are always brought fully initialized into memory.

Tree-structured overlay systems can be several levels deep. The amount of memory required for an overlay system is at least equivalent to the size of the "longest" path. This is not the minimum requirement, however, since special tables are needed when a program is divided into links.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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The root link (and the COMMON areas defined within it) reside in memory throughout the entire execution, while the overlays (and the COMMON areas defined within them) reside on a random read-only file. This file is specified with the PROGRAM-FILE command.

11.2.3 Commands for Overlay Loading with BRF-Linker¶

Here, the overlay linking commands in the BRF-linker are shown. For further details, see the manuals BRF-Linker User Manual (ND-60.196) or ND Relocating Loader (ND-60.066).

Overlay structures are loaded using the same BRF-Linker commands as for normal loading. However, we also need to specify that we are loading a new link in the overlay structure. This is done by the command:

Br1: OVERLAY <level>,<entry name 1>[,...,<entry name n>]

This command specifies that a new overlay link is to be generated. The parameter <level> is the overlay level, and <entry name 1> to <entry name n> give the names of the subprograms that may be called from the previous level. After this command has been given, the specified subprograms can be loaded from one or more BRF files. It is recommended that the overlay subprograms be kept on a separate BRF file compiled in library mode. In this way, the specified set of subprograms may be selected and put into the overlay independently of the compilation sequence.

The level number in an OVERLAY command must not be more than 1 higher than the level number in the previous OVERLAY command.

The special form:

Br1: OVERLAY 0,

is used to indicate the start of the root link. This should be the first command following the PROGRAM-FILE command.

In 2-bank programs, the special form:

Br1: OVERLAY -1,

will append the last overlaid data part to the previously appended one. This permits all data to be placed consecutively with no data overlay. Make sure that no previous data overlays share this area with the current data overlay.

Page 290¶

Programming Examples¶

To dump the root link, the COMMON area, and the last overlay link onto the file specified in the PROGRAM-FILE command, use either the EXIT or the RUN commands. If you use the RUN command, the execution of the overlay system will start immediately. Otherwise, the execution of the overlay system must be started by a separate command (RECOVER).

11.2.4 Example: Creating an Overlay System with the BRF-Linker¶

This simple example of an overlay system is built according to the overlay tree structure shown in section 11.2.1.

@CBL
ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H

*COMPILE OVERLAY-PROGRAM:S,TERM,OVERLAY-PROGRAM

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H    TIME: 09.03.10    DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-PROGRAM:S  
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-PROGRAM  
MODES: 2-BANK

\T TAB C  
* Previous line sets PED/NOTIS tabulators automatically

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.  
PROGRAM-ID. ROOT.  
AUTHOR. IBO.

DATA DIVISION.  
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.  
01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.

START-ROOT.  
MOVE 0 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.  
DISPLAY "MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.  
CALL "SUBP1" USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.  
DISPLAY "MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.  
CALL "SUBP6" USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.  
DISPLAY "MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.

END-ROOT.  
DISPLAY "END OF OVERLAY PROGRAM EXECUTION. HAVE A NICE DAY!".  
STOP RUN.

---- END OF COMPILATION -------
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: 0  
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: 0  
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: 23  
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): 3219

*COMPILE OVERLAY-SUBP1:S,TERM,OVERLAY-SUBP1

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H    TIME: 09.03.13    DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP1:S  
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP1  
MODES: 2-BANK

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID. SUBP1.
AUTHOR. IBO.

DATA DIVISION.¶

LINKAGE SECTION.¶

01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.¶

START-SUBP.
ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP1 : OVERLAY LEVEL " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
CALL "SUBP2" USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP1 : OVERLAY LEVEL " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
CALL "SUBP3" USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP1 : OVERLAY LEVEL " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.

END-SUBP.
DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP1.".
EXIT PROGRAM.

END OF COMPILATION


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES	23
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME)	2571

Page 292¶

COMPILE OVERLAY-SUBP2:S,TERM,OVERLAY-SUBP2¶

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 09.03.17
DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP2:S
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP2
MODES: 2-BANK

Program Details¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SUBP2.
AUTHOR. IBO.

Data Division¶

LINKAGE SECTION.
01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

Procedure Division Using Overlay-Level¶

START-SUBP.
ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP2 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
CALL "SUBP3" USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP2 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
CALL "SUBP4" USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP2 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
END-SUBP.
DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP2.".
EXIT PROGRAM.

Compilation Details¶

Errors Found	0
Warnings Given	0
Source Lines	23
Lines/Minute (CPU Time)	2490

COMPILE OVERLAY-SUBP6:S,TERM,OVERLAY-SUBP6¶

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 09.03.20
DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP6:S
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP6
MODES: 2-BANK

Program Details¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SUBP6.
AUTHOR. IBO.

Data Division¶

LINKAGE SECTION.
01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

Procedure Division Using Overlay-Level¶

START-SUBP.
ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
DISPLAY "SUBP6 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
END-SUBP.
DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP6.".
EXIT PROGRAM.

Compilation Details¶

Errors Found	0
Warnings Given	0
Source Lines	19
Lines/Minute (CPU Time)	2714

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ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H
TIME: 09.03.23
DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP3:S
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP3
MODES: 2-BANK

1 ? TAB C
2
3 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4 PROGRAM-ID. SUBP3.
5 AUTHOR. IBO.
6
7 DATA DIVISION.
8 LINKAGE SECTION.
9 01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.
10
11 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13 ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14 DISPLAY "SUBP3 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15 SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16
17 END-SUBP.
18 DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP3.".
19 EXIT PROGRAM.

--- END OF COMPILATION ---


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	3005

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*COMPILE OVERLAY-SUBP4:S,TERM,OVERLAY-SUBP4¶

NO-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 09.03.25
DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP4:S
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP4
MODES: 2-BANK

1 ½ TAB C

3 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4 PROGRAM-ID. SUBP4.
5 AUTHOR. IBO.

7 DATA DIVISION.
8 LINKAGE SECTION.
9 01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

11 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13 ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14 DISPLAY "SUBP4: OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15 SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.

17 END-SUBP.
18 DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP4.".
19 EXIT PROGRAM.

--- END OF COMPILATION -----------------¶


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	287

*COMPILE OVERLAY-SUBP5:S,TERM,OVERLAY-SUBP5¶

NO-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 09.03.28
DATE: 84.11.20

SOURCE FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP5:S
OBJECT FILE: OVERLAY-SUBP5
MODES: 2-BANK

1 ½ TAB C

3 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4 PROGRAM-ID. SUBP5.
5 AUTHOR. IBO.

7 DATA DIVISION.
8 LINKAGE SECTION.
9 01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

11 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13 ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14 DISPLAY "SUBP5 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15 SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.

17 END-SUBP.
18 DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP5.".
19 EXIT PROGRAM.

--- END OF COMPILATION -----------------¶


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	2685

*EXIT

ND-60.144.3 EN

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3BF-LINKER¶

Br:[ Linker - 10721A

Br:1 PROGRAM-FILE OVERLAY-PROGRAM¶

Br:1 OVERLAY 0

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-PROGRAM,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 000160-177777	D 000455-177777
FREE:	P 000355-177777	D 002644-177777

Br:1 OVERLAY 1,SUBP1¶

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-SUBP1,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 003056-177777	D 003300-177777	DEBUG 000004
FREE:	P 003056-177777	D 003300-177777	DEBUG 000004

Br:1 OVERLAY 2,SUBP2¶

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-SUBP2,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 003762-177777	D 003734+-177777	DEBUG 000010
FREE:	P 003762-177777	D 003734+-177777	DEBUG 000010

Br:1 OVERLAY 3,SUBP3¶

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-SUBP3,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 004101-177777	D 004370-177777	DEBUG 000014
FREE:	P 004101-177777	D 004370-177777	DEBUG 000014

Br:1 OVERLAY 3,SUBP4¶

OVERLAY COMPLETED, BLOCK NO: 2001 4006-4101/3734+-4370
SUBP3.......4011 P .........4101 P
.........4370 D

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-SUBP4,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 004101-177777	D 004370-177777	DEBUG 000024
FREE:	P 004101-177777	D 004370-177777	DEBUG 000024

Br:1 OVERLAY 2,SUBP5¶

OVERLAY COMPLETED, BLOCK NO: 2004 4006-4101/3734+-4370
SUBP4.......4011 P .........4101 P
.........4370 D

OVERLAY COMPLETED, BLOCK NO: 2007 3604-4006/3300-3734¶

SUBP2.......3607 P .........4006 P
.........3734 D

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-SUBP5,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 003677-177777	D 003734+-177777	DEBUG 000040
FREE:	P 003677-177777	D 003734+-177777	DEBUG 000040

Br:1 OVERLAY 1,SUBP6¶

OVERLAY COMPLETED, BLOCK NO: 2012 3604-3677/3300-3734
SUBP5.......3607 P .........3677 P
.........3734 D

OVERLAY COMPLETED, BLOCK NO: 2015 3402-3604/2644+-3300
SUBP1.......3405 P .........3604 P
.........3300 D

Br:1 LOAD OVERLAY-SUBP6,COBOL-2B¶

FREE:	P 003475-177777	D 003300-177777	DEBUG 000054
FREE:	P 003475-177777	D 003300-177777	DEBUG 000054

Br:1 EXIT¶

OVERLAY COMPLETED, BLOCK NO: 2020 3402-3475/2644+-3300
SUBP6.......3405 P .........3475 P
.........3300 D

Page 296¶

OVERLAY-PROGRAM¶

MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL 00000+

SUBPROGRAM	OVERLAY LEVEL
SUBP1	00001+
SUBP2	00002+
SUBP3	00003+

END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP3.

SUBPROGRAM	OVERLAY LEVEL
SUBP2	00002+
SUBP4	00003+

END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP3.

SUBPROGRAM	OVERLAY LEVEL
SUBP2	00002+
SUBP5	00002+

END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP5.

SUBPROGRAM	OVERLAY LEVEL
SUBP1	00001+

END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP1.

MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL 00000+

SUBPROGRAM	OVERLAY LEVEL
SUBP6	00001+

END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP6.

MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL 00000+

END OF OVERLAY PROGRAM EXECUTION. HAVE A NICE DAY!

Page 297¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

11.2.5 Subprograms and Commands for Building an Overlay System with the NRL¶

When building an overlay system to be loaded with the NRL, the following system included subprograms must be called:

CALL "OVLINIT".
CALL "OVERLAY" USING "(<sub-name>" [, <parameter>] ...

where <sub-name> is the program-id of the subprogram to be overlaid and [<parameter>] ... denotes the possible parameters to be submitted to that subprogram.

Note: The <sub-name> must be precisely seven characters long. If the program-id of the program to be overlaid is too short, blanks must be filled in to make it long enough.

CALL "OVLINIT" is used in the root node to initiate the node for linking to the overlays.

Use CALL "OVERLAY" in the source code where you want to read in and execute an overlaid subprogram. This call is completely analogous to the subprogram calls used in non-overlaid systems, except that the overlay has to be read into your logical memory before you can transfer control to it.

The subprogram "OVRECAL" can be used as an alternative to "OVERLAY". OVERLAY forces the overlaid subprogram to be read in. OVRECAL does not read the overlaid program if it has been read before, but has not been overlaid by another program.

The commands given to the NRL during loading are explained in the following example.

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 298¶

11.2.6 Example: Creating an Overlay System with the NRL¶

This simple example of an overlay system is built according to the overlay tree structure shown in section 11.2.1.

Program Code¶

@COBOL-H

NO-100 COBOL COMPILER = NO-10176H

*COMPILE OVER-NRL-PROG:S.TERM.OVER-NRL-PROGRAM

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER = NO-10176H    TIME: 15.47.03  DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-PROG:S  
OBJECT FILE: -OVER-NRL-PROGRAM  
MODES: 2-BANK

1 /? TAB C
2 * Previous line instructs PED to set COBOL tabulators.
3 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4 PROGRAM-ID. ROOT.
5 AUTHOR. IBO.
6
7 DATA DIVISION.
8 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
9 01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.
10
11 PROCEDURE DIVISION.
12
13 START-ROOT.
14 ****************************************************************
15 * Note the following lines. When using NRL to load overlay sys-
16 * tems, special subprograms must be used to handle the overlay
17 * calls. This makes code conversion necessary when the program
18 * system is transferred to an ND-500 or loaded with the BFF-Lin-
19 * ker.
20 ****************************************************************
21 CALL "OVLINIT".
22 * ........... "OVLINIT" initializes the overlay system.
23 MOVE 0 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
24 DISPLAY "MAIN-PROGRAM; OVERLAY LEVEL = ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
25 ****************************************************************
26 * Beware of the following trap: The number of characters inside
27 * the ' (quote) signs in the parameter transmitting the name
28 * of the overlaid subprogram must be exactly 7, like this one:
29 *  ========
30 *     'SUBP1 '
31 *     '1234567-
32 ****************************************************************
33 CALL "OVERLAY" USING "SUBP1 " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
34 * .......... This is the proper call to the
35 * .......... overlaid subprogram when
36 * .......... loading with the NRL.
37 DISPLAY "MAIN-PROGRAM; OVERLAY LEVEL = ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
38 CALL "OVERLAY" USING "SUBP5 " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
39 * .......... Another overlay call.
40 DISPLAY "MAIN-PROGRAM; OVERLAY LEVEL = ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
41 ****************************************************************
42 * The call to "OVERLAY" with the subprogram name as a parameter
43 * is also used for further overlay calls in the following
44 * subprograms.
45 ****************************************************************
46
47 END-ROOT.

NO-60.144.3 EN

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48 DISPLAY "END OF OVERLAY PROGRAM EXECUTION. HAVE A NICE DAY!". 49 STOP RUN.

--- END OF COMPILATION ----------
| Description | Count | |----------------------------|-------| | NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND | 0 | | NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN | 0 | | NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES | 49 | | LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME) | 2571 |

*COMPILE OVER-NRL-SUBP1:S,TERM,OVER-NRL-SUBP1¶

NO-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 15.47.07 DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP1:S
OBJECT FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP1
MODES: 2-BANK

1  7 TAB C
2
3  IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4  PROGRAM-ID. SUBP1.
5  AUTHOR. IBO.

6  DATA DIVISION.
7  LINKAGE SECTION.
8  01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

10 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13     ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14     DISPLAY "SUBP1 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15     CALL "OVERLAY" USING "SUBP2 " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16     DISPLAY "SUBP1 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
17     CALL "OVERLAY" USING "SUBP3 " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
18     DISPLAY "SUBP1 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
19     SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
21 END-SUBP.
22     DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP1.".
23     EXIT PROGRAM.

--- END OF COMPILATION ----------
| Description | Count | |----------------------------|-------| | NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND | 0 | | NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN | 0 | | NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES | 23 | | LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME) | 2571 |

*COMPILE OVER-NRL-SUBP2:S,TERM,OVER-NRL-SUBP2¶

NO-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 15.47.10 DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP2:S
OBJECT FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP2
MODES: 2-BANK

1  7 TAB C
2
3  IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4  PROGRAM-ID. SUBP2.
5  AUTHOR. IBO.

6  DATA DIVISION.
7  LINKAGE SECTION.
8  01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.

10 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13     ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14     DISPLAY "SUBP2 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15     CALL "OVERLAY" USING "SUBP3 " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16     DISPLAY "SUBP2 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
17     CALL "OVERLAY" USING "SUBP4 " OVERLAY-LEVEL.
18     DISPLAY "SUBP2 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
19     SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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21  END-SUBP.
22  DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP2.".
23  EXIT PROGRAM.

END OF COMPILATION¶


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	23
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	2604

COMPILE OVER-NRL-SUBP6:S,TERM,OVER-NRL-SUBP6¶

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H
TIME: 15.47.13
DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP6:S
OBJECT FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP6
MODES: 2-BANK

1 / TAB C
2
3 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4 PROGRAM-ID. SUBP6.
5 AUTHOR. IBO.
6
7 DATA DIVISION.
8 LINKAGE SECTION.
9 01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.
10
11 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13 ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14 DISPLAY "SUBP6 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15 SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16
17 END-SUBP.
18 DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP6.".
19 EXIT PROGRAM.

END OF COMPILATION¶


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	3163

COMPILE OVER-NRL-SUBP3:S,TERM,OVER-NRL-SUBP3¶

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10176H
TIME: 15.47.15
DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP3:S
OBJECT FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP3
MODES: 2-BANK

1 / TAB C
2
3 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4 PROGRAM-ID. SUBP3.
5 AUTHOR. IBO.
6
7 DATA DIVISION.
8 LINKAGE SECTION.
9 01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.
10
11 PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12 START-SUBP.
13 ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14 DISPLAY "SUBP3 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15 SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16
17 END-SUBP.
18 DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP3.".
19 EXIT PROGRAM.

END OF COMPILATION¶


NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0

ND-60.144.3 EN

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PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: 19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): 2690

COMPILE OVER-NRL-SUBP4;S,TERM,OVER-NRL-SUBP4¶

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 15.47.18
DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP4;S
OBJECT FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP4
MODES: 2-BANK

1  % TAB C
2
3   IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4   PROGRAM-ID. SUBP4.
5   AUTHOR. IBO.
6
7   DATA DIVISION.
8   LINKAGE SECTION.
9   01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.
10
11  PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12  START-SUBP.
13      ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14      DISPLAY "SUBP4 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15      SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16
17  END-SUBP.
18      DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP4.".
19      EXIT PROGRAM.

END OF COMPILATION
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: 0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: 0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: 19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): 2361

COMPILE OVER-NRL-SUBP5;S,TERM,OVER-NRL-SUBP5¶

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - NO-10176H
TIME: 15.47.20
DATE: 85.02.01

SOURCE FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP5;S
OBJECT FILE: OVER-NRL-SUBP5
MODES: 2-BANK

1  % TAB C
2
3   IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
4   PROGRAM-ID. SUBP5.
5   AUTHOR. IBO.
6
7   DATA DIVISION.
8   LINKAGE SECTION.
9   01 OVERLAY-LEVEL COMP.
10
11  PROCEDURE DIVISION USING OVERLAY-LEVEL.
12  START-SUBP.
13      ADD 1 TO OVERLAY-LEVEL.
14      DISPLAY "SUBP5 : OVERLAY LEVEL ", OVERLAY-LEVEL.
15      SUBTRACT 1 FROM OVERLAY-LEVEL.
16
17  END-SUBP.
18      DISPLAY "END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP5.".
19      EXIT PROGRAM.

END OF COMPILATION
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: 0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: 0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: 19
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): 3007

EXII¶

ACC The SET-MODE commands given to the NRL on the following

ND-60.144.3 EN

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PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

2CC command lines are necessary with all COBOL programs which
2CC are not compiled with the *1-BANK-MODE option on.

ANL¶

RELOCATING LOADER LDR-1935I
PROG-FILE OVER-NRL-PROGRAM
*SET-MODE DATA

OVERLAY-GENERATION 7¶

*SET-MODE PROG

*LOAD OVER-NRL-PROGRAM COBOL-2B¶

AREA	FREE DATA AREA
002742-177777	003475-177777

*OVERLAY-ENTRY (11) SUBP1¶

*LOAD OVER-NRL-SUPP1 COBOL-2B

OVERLAY 1 LEVEL 1 COMPLETED	AREA
003475-003704	002742-003411
SUBP1-P 003500

*OVERLAY-ENTRY (2) SUBP2¶

*LOAD OVER-NRL-SUPP2 COBOL-2B

OVERLAY 2 LEVEL 2 COMPLETED	AREA
003705-004114	003412-004061
SUBP2-P 003710

*OVERLAY-ENTRY (3) SUBP3¶

*LOAD OVER-NRL-SUPP3 COBOL-2B

OVERLAY 3 LEVEL 3 COMPLETED	AREA
004115-004207	004062-004515
SUPP3-P 004120

*OVERLAY-ENTRY (3) SUBP4¶

*LOAD OVER-NRL-SUPP4 COBOL-2B

OVERLAY 4 LEVEL 3 COMPLETED	AREA
004115-004207	004062-004515
SUPP4-P 004120

*OVERLAY-ENTRY (2) SUBP5¶

*LOAD OVER-NRL-SUPP5 COBOL-2B

OVERLAY 5 LEVEL 2 COMPLETED	AREA
003705-003777	003412-004045
SUPP5-P 003710

*OVERLAY-ENTRY (11) SUPP6¶

*LOAD OVER-NRL-SUPP6 COBOL-2B

OVERLAY 6 LEVEL 1 COMPLETED	AREA
003475-003567	002742-003375
SUPP6-P 003500

*EXIT¶

*OVER-NRL-PROGRAM

MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL 00000+¶

SUPP1: OVERLAY LEVEL 00001+
SUBP2: OVERLAY LEVEL 0002+
SUBP3: OVERLAY LEVEL 00003+
END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP3.
SUBP2: OVERLAY LEVEL 0002+
SUBP4: OVERLAY LEVEL 00003+
END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP4.
SUBP2: OVERLAY LEVEL 0002+
END OF EXECUTION OF SUBP2.
SUPP1: OVERLAY LEVEL 0001+
SUBP5: OVERLAY LEVEL 0002+
END OF EXECUTION OF SUPP5.
SUPP1: OVERLAY LEVEL 0001+
END OF EXECUTION OF SUPP1.
MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL 00000+
SUPP6: OVERLAY LEVEL 0001+
END OF EXECUTION OF SUPP6.

MAIN-PROGRAM: OVERLAY LEVEL 00000+
END OF OVERLAY PROGRAM EXECUTION. HAVE A NICE DAY!

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 303¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

11.3 BUILDING A NON-OVERLAY FILE-HANDLING PROGRAM SYSTEM¶

The purpose of this section is to show how program systems other than overlay systems are built in ND COBOL. Points to remember when building this and similar program systems are included as comments in the symbolic source code listings and as annotations to the terminal sessions which are printed together with the sessions. The program system has the following call structure:

+-------+    +-------+
| ERROR |<-->| CHANGE|
+-------+    +-------+
   ^           ^
   |           |
   v           v
+-------+    +-------+
| STAMP |    |  MAIN |
+-------+    +-------+

MAIN is the main program and will eventually be the name of the loaded program system. It consists of paragraphs for listing errors (logged by the ERROR subprogram) and for calling the subprogram CHANGE which edits the indexed file where the time and date of the most recent activity is kept, in addition to the entry and exit paragraphs.

Each time one of these paragraphs are performed, the STAMP subprogram is called from the paragraph in question, and writes the time and date the paragraph was executed on the appropriate record in the indexed file ISAM-EX. If an error condition or exception occurs during the use of the indexed file in the STAMP or CHANGE subprograms, the ERROR subprogram is called from the DECLARATIVES sections of those programs. ERROR then identifies the error/exception from the variables passed to it, and writes the error number together with an explanatory text, and time and date of occurrence, on the sequential file ERROR-LOG-DATA. It is this error list that can be viewed by users executing the MAIN program.

ND–60.144.3 EN

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PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES¶

In the examples below, the finished program systems are built in the simplest possible ways. The "system supervision" programs MAIN and CHANGE are used to monitor the functioning of the system, while STAMP and ERROR could be loaded together with other systems to record the activities in these systems. Then the programmer might choose to open the ISAM-EX file in the MULTI-USER MODE, and to make the other systems reentrant or public in other ways, while use of the MAIN program system would be limited. If that is the case, more advanced loading procedures would be required. Please consult the relevant loader manuals for details.

This is what the program looks like when it is executed. See if you can find out what goes on from the description above!

MAIN¶

STAMP called with key = ENTRY

USE CAPITALS AS RESPONSES IN THIS PROGRAM.
-------------------------------------------
(List errors), (Change keys), (Exit) ? C
Calling CHANGE subprogram to see and change ISAM-EX.
( Change), (Delete), (New), (List), else exit: L

Key CHANGE message:	CHANGING the ISAM-EX file	DATE: 850228 TIME: 16033324
Key ENTRY message:	Entering the program system	DATE: 850228 TIME: 16033554
Key EXIT message:	Exit from the program system	DATE: 850228 TIME: 16033634
Key FORTRAN message:	A FORTRAN program called	DATE: NEW TIME: NEW
Key LI-ERR message:	Last time errors were listed	DATE: 850228 TIME: 16035684

Leaving CHANGE subprogram

STAMP called with key = CHANGE
(List errors), (Change keys), (Exit) ? L

94 Error flag set	STAMP day:850228 time:15532706
97 File access violation	STAMP day:850228 time:15532774
94 Error flags set	CHANGE day:850228 time:15533522
97 File access violation	CHANGE day:850228 time:15533998
94 Error flag set	CHANGE day:850228 time:15534382
97 File access violation	STAMP day:850228 time:15535792
97 File access violation	CHANGE day:850228 time:15538142
94 Error flags set	STAMP day:850228 time:15535382
97 File access violation	CHANGE day:850228 time:15541526
99 SINTIN error	CHANGE day:850228 time:15542004
97 File access violation	CHANGE day:850228 time:15542714
98 Wrong file description	CHANGE day:850228 time:15551130
99 SINTIN file error	CHANGE day:850228 time:15551490
97 File access violation	STAMP day:850228 time:15551522
97 File access violation	STAMP day:850228 time:15551546
98 Wrong file description	STAMP day:850228 time:15551574
99 SINTIN file error	STAMP day:850228 time:15551684
97 File access violation	STAMP day:850228 time:15551954
97 File access violation	STAMP day:850228 time:15551978
98 Wrong file description	STAMP day:850228 time:15551996
STAMP called with key = LI-ERR	STAMP day:850228 time:15552018

STAMP called with key = EXIT
JOB DONE - EXIT TO OPERATING SYSTEM.
-----------------------------

ND-60.144.3 EN

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11.3.1 Sample Programs - Source Listings¶

Here is the source code for the programs in the system.

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. MAIN-PROGRAM.
AUTHOR. IBO.

This is the main program in a system consisting of this program and several subprograms which is constructed for demonstration purposes.

The programs illustrate how to call subprograms from other COBOL programs, how to handle file errors in the DECLARATIVES section, and how files should be specified in relationship to where they are used.

Note that all files to be used in a subprogram must be closed upon entry of that subprogram. The subprogram must close all its files before returning control to the calling program.

An indexed and a sequential file are used, but since the indexed file is not used in the MAIN program, it is not defined here, whereas the sequential error-logging file is defined below, since current errors can be listed by the MAIN program.

The file "ERROR-LOG:DATA" must also exist before it is used.

For the indexed file, the prime record keys must be unique, and "ISAM-EX:DATA" must exist and be empty, while "ISAM-EX:ISAM" must not exist or be empty before the first run. The first time the program is executed, there are no keys in the indexed file; they must be entered by the user. During this process, plenty errors will be logged on the error file to show how the system works. The keys which MUST be present in the indexed file if no errors shall occur are:

ENTRY ( program system is started. )
EXIT ( program system is stopped. )
CHANGE ( the ISAM file is edited. )
LST-ERR ( the current errors are listed. )

These keys can be put on the ISAM-EX file by repeated use of the "C[hange]" command in this program and the "N[ew]" command in the CHANGE subprogram.

Other keys may be added cover other uses of the system, like when the subprograms that stamp the ISAM-EX file are loaded into other program systems.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
    SELECT ERROR-FILE ASSIGN "ERROR-LOG:DATA"
        ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL
        ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.

DATA DIVISION.
FILE SECTION.
FD ERROR-FILE.
01 ERROR-REC.

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DATA STRUCTURE¶

02 E-STATUS PIC XX.
02 E-TEXT.
   03 E-TYPE PIC X(40).
   03 E-NUMBER PIC X(3).
   03 E-PROGRAM PIC X(6).
02 E-DATE PIC X(6).
02 E-TIME PIC X(8).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION¶

01 ANSWER PIC X.
01 TRANSMIT-KEY PIC X(6).
01 ISAM-STATUS PIC XX.
01 TRANSMIT-STATUS PIC XX.

PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

Introduction¶

These procedures monitor the activities of the users and make extensive notes of their activities.

STAMP-ON-ENTRY¶

Moves "ENTRY" to TRANSMIT-KEY
Calls STAMP-ISAM using ISAM-STATUS and TRANSMIT-KEY

DISPLAY "USE CAPITALS AS RESPONSES IN THIS PROGRAM."
DISPLAY "----------------------------------------"

CHOICE¶

DISPLAY "(L)ist errors, (C)hange keys, E(xit) ? "
ACCEPT ANSWER.
IF ANSWER = "E" THEN PERFORM FINI
ELSE-IF ANSWER = "L" THEN PERFORM LIST-ERRORS
ELSE-IF ANSWER = "C" THEN PERFORM CHANGE
ELSE GO TO CHOICE
END-IF.

CHANGE¶

Calls CHANGE subprogram to see and change ISAM-EX.
Calls CHANGE-ISAM using TRANSMIT-KEY
Moves "CHANGE" to TRANSMIT-KEY
Calls STAMP-ISAM using ISAM-STATUS and TRANSMIT-KEY
Goes to CHOICE

LIST-ERRORS¶

OPEN INPUT ERROR-FILE.
DO PERFORM READ-ERROR-REC
END-DO.

READ-ERROR-REC¶

READ ERROR-FILE AT END PERFORM END-ERROR-LIST.
DISPLAY E-STATUS,
   " ", E-TYPE,
   " ", E-NUMBER,
   " ", E-PROGRAM,
   " day:", E-DATE,
   " time:", E-TIME.

END-ERROR-LIST¶

Closes ERROR-FILE
Moves "L-ERR" to TRANSMIT-KEY
Calls STAMP-ISAM using ISAM-STATUS and TRANSMIT-KEY
Performs CHOICE

FINI¶

Moves "EXIT" to TRANSMIT-KEY
Calls STAMP-ISAM using ISAM-STATUS and TRANSMIT-KEY

DISPLAY "JOB DONE - EXIT TO OPERATING SYSTEM."
STOP RUN.

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID. STAMP-ISAM.
AUTHOR. IBO.

****************************************************************
* This is a subprogram to be called from the MAIN program,      *
* and from programs in other languages than COBOL.              *
* See comments to the MAIN for an explanation of the            *
* details concerning definitions of common files.               *
*                                                              *
* Note that the VALUE OF FILE-ID clause in the FILE SECTION of  *
* the DATA DIVISION is no longer needed. Also note that in this *
* version of the program, all special ND COBOL screen handling  *
* facilities have been removed. That is, there are no position  *
* clauses to the ACCEPT and DISPLAY sentences in this program,  *
* and the BLANK SCREEN sentence is not used at all. This is done*
* to get the same kind of screen handling as the calling programs,*
* and to avoid having the COBOL subprogram disable the ESCAPE key,*
* as it does when these special sentences are first used.       *
*                                                              *
* See comments to the COBOL main program for an explanation of  *
* details concerning definitions of common files.               *
****************************************************************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.¶

FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT ISAM-FILE ASSIGN TO "ISAM-EX:DATA",
              ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED,
              ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC,
              RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY,
              FILE STATUS IS ISAM-STATUS.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

FD ISAM-FILE.
01 ISAM-RECORD.
    02 ISAM-KEY PIC X(6).
    02 ISAM-TEXT.
       03 ISAM-MESSAGE PIC X(30).
       03 ISAM-DATE PIC X(6).
       03 ISAM-TIME PIC X(8).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 ISAM-STATUS PIC XX.
01 ERROR-NUMBER COMP.

****************************************************************
* Note that the area ISAM-STATUS is for storing file-status    *
* after operations on files. It might be tempting to place this*
* in the LINKAGE SECTION for easy transmission to the calling  *
* program; however, this is not allowed.                       *
****************************************************************

LINKAGE SECTION.¶

01 TRANSMIT-STATUS PIC XX.
01 TRANSMIT-KEY PIC X(6).

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING TRANSMIT-STATUS, TRANSMIT-KEY.¶

DECLARATIVES.¶

S1 SECTION.

USE AFTER ERROR PROCEDURE ON ISAM-FILE.

ISAM-ERROR.

IF ISAM-STATUS = "99" THEN
    CALL "ISER" USING ERROR-NUMBER
    CALL "CBERMSG" USING ERROR-NUMBER
END-IF.
MOVE "STAMP" TO TRANSMIT-KEY.
CALL "ERROR-ISAM" USING ISAM-STATUS, ERROR-NUMBER,
                   TRANSMIT-KEY.
END DECLARATIVES.

SUBP-ACTIONS SECTION.¶

----------------------------------------------------------------

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OPEN-FILE.¶

OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.

Note that files must be opened and closed in each subprogram *
where they are used, even if these operations are also *
performed in the calling program. *

WRITE-STAMP.¶

MOVE TRANSMIT-KEY TO ISAM-KEY.
DISPLAY " called with key = ", ISAM-KEY.
READ ISAM-FILE KEY IS ISAM-KEY
INVALID KEY
PERFORM INVALID-KEY.
ACCEPT ISAM-DATE FROM DATE.
ACCEPT ISAM-TIME FROM TIME.
REWRITE ISAM-RECORD.
PERFORM EXIT-PARAGRAPH.

INVALID-KEY.¶

DISPLAY " TRIED TO STAMP A NONEXISTENT KEY!".

EXIT-PARAGRAPH.¶

MOVE ISAM-STATUS TO TRANSMIT-STATUS.
CLOSE ISAM-FILE.
EXIT PROGRAM.

All shared files must be closed before exit from subprogram. *

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID. CHANGE-ISAM.
AUTHOR. IBO.

***********
This is a subprogram to be called from the MAIN program.
See comments to that program for an explanation of the
details concerning definitions of common files.
************

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.

SELECT ISAM-FILE ASSIGN TO "ISAM-EX-DATA",
ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED,
ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC,
RECORD KEY IS ISAM-KEY,
FILE STATUS IS ISAM-STATUS.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.
FD ISAM-FILE.
01 ISAM-RECORD.
02 ISAM-KEY PIC X(16).
02 ISAM-TEXT.
03 ISAM-MESSAGE PIC X(30).
03 ISAM-DATE PIC X(6).
03 ISAM-TIME PIC X(8).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 ANSWER PIC X.
01 ISAM-STATUS PIC XX.
01 CHANGE-KEY PIC X(6).
01 TRANSMIT-CALLING PIC X(16).
01 ERROR-NUMBER COMP.

***********
Note that ERROR-NUMBER will be used for transmission of
SINTRAN error numbers according to the initial DECLARATIVES
of the PROCEDURE DIVISION and related procedures.
************

LINKAGE SECTION.¶

01 TRANSMIT-STATUS PIC XX.

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING TRANSMIT-STATUS.¶

***********
The following paragraph shows how error-messages pertaining to
the file used throughout this program can be recorded and
displayed. It is entered each time an error in the use of
the file is detected.

If the file status bytes (ISAM-STATUS in this program) are set
to '99', then the error is a SINTRAN error. Such errors will
cause an exit from the program, with an error message to the
display from SINTRAN if the program does not contain a
DECLARATIVES section.

It may be desirable that the program can handle these and
other errors itself, without any exit to the operating system.
Here, all errors are recorded on a sequential file called
ERROR-LOG. In the case of SINTRAN errors, the SINTRAN error
number is recovered through using the ISERR subprogram.
Subsequently, the system monitor call MONMSG is called by the
subprogram CBERMSG to get the error-message displayed.

All monitor calls which can be called as subprograms from
COBOL have names consisting of the names found in the SINTRAN
Reference Manual, prefixed with the letters CB.

Note that the actions taken by these routines (including
CBERMSG) are not ruled by the COBOL screen handling verbs;
therefore they will disturb the screen picture these verbs
generate.
************

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DECLARATIVES¶

S1 SECTION.¶

USE AFTER ERROR PROCEDURE ON ISAM-FILE.

ISAM-ERROR.¶

IF ISAM-STATUS = "99" THEN
CALL "ISERR" USING ERROR-NUMBER
CALL "CBERMSG" USING ERROR-NUMBER
END-IF.
MOVE "CHANGE" TO TRANSMIT-CALLING.
CALL "ERROR-ISAM" USING ISAM-STATUS, ERROR-NUMBER, TRANSMIT-CALLING.

END DECLARATIVES.¶

Note that if a DECLARATIVES SECTION is used, the program must be subdivided into sections.

MAIN-ACTIONS SECTION.¶

OPEN-FILE.¶

OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.
MOVE SPACES TO ISAM-STATUS.

CHOICE.¶

DISPLAY "(C)hange), (D)elete), (N)ew), (L)ist), else exit: "
ACCEPT ANSWER.
IF ANSWER = "C" THEN PERFORM CHANGE-REC
ELSE-IF ANSWER = "D" THEN PERFORM DELETE-REC
ELSE-IF ANSWER = "N" THEN PERFORM NEW-REC
ELSE-IF ANSWER = "L" THEN PERFORM LIST
ELSE PERFORM EXIT-PARAGRAPH.

The following paragraph lists the contents of the ISAM-FX file.
Note how the primary key, ISAM-KEY, is initialized.

Previous versions of ND-COBOL permitted statements such as "START ISAM-FILE."; however, this non-standard format is now removed.

LIST.¶

MOVE SPACES TO ISAM-KEY.
START ISAM-FILE KEY > ISAM-KEY.

READ ISAM-FILE NEXT AT END GO TO CHOICE.
DISPLAY "Key ", ISAM-KEY,
"message: ", ISAM-MESSAGE,
"DATE: ", ISAM-DATE,
"TIME: ", ISAM-TIME.

END-DO.

CHANGE-REC.¶

DISPLAY "KEY? " ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
READ ISAM-FILE KEY IS ISAM-KEY
INVALID KEY
PERFORM INVALIO-KEY.
DISPLAY "Current key is -> ", ISAM-KEY.
DISPLAY "Current message is -> ", ISAM-MESSAGE.
DISPLAY "Stamped at: ", ISAM-DATE, "-", ISAM-TIME.
DISPLAY "New message -> " ACCEPT ISAM-MESSAGE.
REWRITE ISAM-RECORD.
GO TO CHOICE.

DELETE-REC.¶

DISPLAY "KEY? " ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
READ ISAM-FILE KEY IS ISAM-KEY
INVALID KEY
PERFORM INVALIO-KEY.
DISPLAY "Current record is -> ", ISAM-KEY, "", ISAM-MESSAGE, "", ISAM-DATE, "", ISAM-TIME.
DISPLAY "DELETE OK? (Y/N) " ACCEPT ANSWER.
IF ANSWER = "Y" THEN DELETE ISAM-FILE
ELSE DISPLAY "Record not deleted.".

NEW-REC.¶

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DISPLAY "KEY? " ACCEPT ISAM-KEY.
READ ISAM-FILE KEY IS ISAM-KEY.
IF ISAM-STATUS = "00" THEN PERFORM RECORD-EXISTED.
PERFORM ENTER-KEY.
GO TO CHOICE.

RECORD-EXISTED.
DISPLAY "This key exists already!".
GO TO CHOICE.

ENTER-KEY.
DISPLAY "Message? -> " ACCEPT ISAM-MESSAGE.
MOVE "NEW" TO ISAM-DATE, ISAM-TIME.
DISPLAY "New record is -> ", ISAM-KEY, ", ",
  ISAM-MESSAGE, ", ", ISAM-DATE, ", ", ISAM-TIME.
WRITE ISAM-RECORD.

INVALID-KEY.
DISPLAY "Did not find the key you asked for.".
GO TO CHOICE.

EXIT-PARAGRAPH.
MOVE ISAM-STATUS TO TRANSMIT-STATUS.
CLOSE ISAM-FILE.
DISPLAY "Leaving CHANGE subprogram".
EXIT PROGRAM.

Notes:

All shared files must be closed before exit from subprogram.

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IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID. ERROR-ISAM.
AUTHOR. IOD.

Logs ISAM file errors.

ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.¶

INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT ERROR-FILE ASSIGN "ERROR-LOG:DATA"
ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL
ACCESS IS SEQUENTIAL.

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.
FD ERROR-FILE.
01 ERROR-REC.
02 E-STATUS PIC XX.
02 E-TEXT.
03 E-TYPE PIC X(40).
03 E-NUMBER PIC X(3).
03 E-PROGRAM PIC X(6).
02 E-DATE PIC X(6).
02 E-TIME PIC X(8).

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 ANSWER PIC X.

LINKAGE SECTION.¶

01 ISAM-STATUS PIC XX.
01 ERROR-CODE COMP.
01 ERROR-SOURCE PIC X(6).

PROCEDURE DIVISION USING ISAM-STATUS, ERROR-CODE, ERROR-SOURCE.¶

The ERROR-FILE is opened in append mode with the EXTEND
option, so that each new record is written after the end of
the file.

INITIATION.¶

OPEN EXTEND ERROR-FILE.

COMPOSE-REC.¶

MOVE ISAM-STATUS TO E-STATUS.
IF ERROR-CODE NOT EQUAL ZERO THEN
MOVE ERROR-CODE TO E-NUMBER.
MOVE ERROR-SOURCE TO E-PROGRAM.
ACCEPT E-DATE FROM DATE.
ACCEPT E-TIME FROM TIME.
IF ISAM-STATUS = '99' THEN MOVE
'ISAM file error' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '98' THEN MOVE
'Wrong file description' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '97' THEN MOVE
'File access violation' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '95' THEN MOVE
'File not initialised or opened' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '94' THEN MOVE
'Error flag set' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '78' THEN MOVE
'Record modified by another program' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '68' THEN MOVE
'Record locked by another program' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '23' THEN MOVE
'Record not in ISAM-EX' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '22' THEN MOVE
'Duplicate not allowed' TO E-TYPE
ELSE-IF ISAM-STATUS = '21' THEN MOVE
'Wrong sequence of words' TO E-TYPE
ELSE MOVE
'Unknown error type on file ISAM-EX' TO E-TYPE.

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WRITE-REC.  
    DISPLAY 'ERROR is called by the DECLARATIVES SECTION of ',  
            E-PROGRAM.  
    DISPLAY E-STATUS, ' ', E-TYPE, '/', E-NUMBER,  
            '/', E-PROGRAM, 'DAY ', E-DATE, ' TIME ', E-TIME.  
    WRITE ERROR-REC.  
    CLOSE ERROR-FILE.  

FINI.  
    EXIT PROGRAM.

11.3.2 Compiling and Loading the Program System on an ND-100¶

The following example shows how the previous programs can be compiled and loaded on an ND-100. Here, the program listings are sent to the LINE-PRINTER. They could of course go to any other printing device available, to the terminal (just write TERMINAL instead of LINE-PRINTER), or to a file. If using a file, type the name of the file you want to keep the listing on (here, you can use MAIN:LIST or anything else) - within quotes if the file does not exist already (thus: "MAIN:LIST").

Also note that here, the files MAIN:BRF, SUBP:BRF, CHANGE:BRF and ERROR:BRF exist before the compiling session starts. If they did not exist, you would have to create them by typing their names in quotes (”). When creating relocatable code files like this, the compiler knows that their extension shall be :BRF, and you can skip typing the extensions.

@COBOL

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10177H

*COMPILE MAIN,LINE-PRINTER,MAIN

--- END OF COMPILATION -------  
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:       0  
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:     0  
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:     132  

*COMPILE SUBP,LINE-PRINTER,SUBP

--- END OF COMPILATION -------  
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:       0  
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:     0  
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:     102

*COMPILE CHANGE,LINE-PRINTER,CHANGE

--- END OF COMPILATION -------  
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:       0  
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:     0  
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:     180

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*COMPILE ERROR, LINE-PRINTER_ERROR¶

END OF COMPILATION¶

NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: 0	NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: 0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: 88

*EXIT¶

The following lines show how these programs are linked together to form an executable program system. The sequence the programs are loaded in is arbitrary, as long as you remember to load the COBOL library last.

There are two COBOL libraries, each containing subprograms that your programs will need to communicate with terminals, files and so on. If you compile your programs in the 1-BANK mode (see appendix 6) then you must specify COBOL-1BANK as your library. Otherwise the programs are compiled in 2-BANK mode, and you must specify COBOL-2BANK as your library.

Also note that here, the file MAIN:PROG exists before the loading session starts. If this hadn’t been the case, you would have to create it by typing its name within quotes (“). When creating executable code files with quotes, the BRF-Linker knows that their extension shall be :PROG, so you can save some finger energy by leaving that out.

To get a precise description of how the BRF-Linker works, see the BRF-Linker User Manual, ND-60.196.01.

BRF-LINKER¶

BRF Linker - 10721A

Br1:	PROG-FILE MAIN
	LOAD MAIN
FREE:	P 000552-177777
Br1:	LOAD SUBP-1SAM
FREE:	P 001162-177777
Br1:	LOAD CHANGE-1SAM
FREE:	P 002474-177777
Br1:	LOAD ERROR-1SAM
FREE:	P 003735-177777
Br1:	LOAD COBOL-2B
FREE:	P 054721-177777
Br1:	EXIT

Optionally, COBOL programs can be loaded on the ND-100 with the NRL (NO Relocating Loader). A loading session with the NRL is almost exactly the same as with the BRF-linker, as long as you are not building an overlay system. Therefore, the above remarks concerning the BRF-Linker also hold for the NRL.

ND-60.144.3 FN

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The following session builds the same program as the previous one.

ONRL 
RELOCATING LOADER LDR-19351
*PROG-FILE MAIN 
*LOAD MAIN 
FREE: 000552-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 002721-177777 
*LOAD SUBP-1SAM 
FREE: 001162-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 003511-177777 
*LOAD CHANGE-1SAM 
FREE: 002742-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 004517-177777 
*LOAD ERROR-1SAM 
FREE: 003375-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 007527-177777 
*LOAD COBOL-2B 
FREE: 054721-177777 .... FREE DATA AREA: 043106-177777 
*EXIT

11.3.3 Compiling and Loading the Program System on an ND-500¶

The following example shows how the previous programs can be compiled and loaded on an ND-500. Here, the program listings are sent to the LINE-PRINTER. They could of course go to any other printing device available, to the terminal (just write TERMINAL instead of LINE-PRINTER) or to a file. If using a file, type the name of the file you want to keep the listing on (here, you can use MAIN:LIST or anything else), in quotes if it does not exist already (thus: "MAIN:LIST").

Also note that here, the files MAIN:NRF, SUBP:NRF, CHANGE:NRF and ERROR:NRF exist before the compiling session starts. If this hadn’t been the case, you would have to create them by typing their names in quotes (thus: "MAIN"). When creating relocatable code files like this, the compiler knows that their extension shall be :NRF, so you do not have to type the extensions.

Note that the name of the compiler is prefixed with ND-500 in this example. ND-500 is the name of the program in the ND-100 which provides the operating environment for and monitors the activities of the ND-500 part of the computer system. It is possible to do most of the work on the ND-500 computer in this environment - for details, see the manual ND-500 Loader/Monitor, NO-60.136.

@ND-500 COBOL

ND-500 COBOL COMPILER - ND-10177H 

*COMPILE MAIN,LINE-PRINTER,MAIN

--- END OF COMPILATION ---------
NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: 0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: 0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: 132
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): 5947
-------------------------------
*COMPILE SUBP,LINE-PRINTER,SUBP

--- END OF COMPILATION ----------

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NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND:	0
NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN:	0
NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES:	102
LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME):	8500

*COMPILE CHANGE,LINE-PRINTER,CHANGE

--- END OF COMPILATION --- NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: | 0 --- | --- NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: | 0 NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: | 180 LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): | 5400

*COMPILE ERROR,LINE-PRINTER,ERROR

--- END OF COMPILATION --- NUMBER OF ERRORS FOUND: | 0 --- | --- NUMBER OF WARNINGS GIVEN: | 0 NUMBER OF SOURCE LINES: | 88 LINES/MINUTE (CPU TIME): | 4400

*EXII

When loading the program system on the ND-500, the appropriate loader is the Linkage-Loader. For some introductory remarks on ND-500 programs and points to remember, see p. 13 in this manual. For a full explanation, see the manual 'ND-500 Loader/Monitor', ND-60.136. The following loading session shows the simplest possible way of loading our program system.

Note the inclusion of the EXCEPT-LIB. This library file contains routines which a COBOL program will require if it uses indexed or relative files.

ND-500 LINKAGE-LOADER¶

ND-Linkage-Loader - F	10. September 1983 Time: 00:07
Nil entered:	28. February 1985 Time: 18: 0

Nil: SET-DOMAIN MAIN
Nil: OPEN-SEGMENT MAIN,,,
Nil: LOAD MAIN
- Program: | ....1167 P01 | Data: | .........6150 D01
Nil: LOAD SUPP
- Program: | ....2147 P01 | Data: | .........11264 D01
Nil: LOAD CHANGE-ISAM
- Program: | ....10134 P01 | Data: | .........21610 D01
Nil: LOAD ERROR-ISAM
- Program: | ....11511 P01 | Data: | .........30174 D01
Nil: LOAD COBOL-LIB
- COBOL-LIB-HB501001
- COBOL-LIB-HB501001
- Program: | ....230646 P01 | Data: | .........145144 D01
Nil: LOAD EXCEPT-LIB
- EXCEPTION-LIB-204157B
- EXCEPTION-LIB-204157B
- Program: | ....252054 P01 | Data: | .........171556 D01
Nil: EXIT

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11.3.4 Calling COBOL Subprograms from FORTRAN on the ND-100¶

In the following example, the subprograms STAMP and ERROR (described in the previous sections of this chapter) are loaded together with a FORTRAN main program. The main program does nothing more than to call STAMP to leave a mark on the indexed file saying which program called and when it called. The STAMP program will log all errors and exceptional conditions on the ERROR-LOG file by calling the ERROR subprogram from its DECLARATIVES section.

@FORTRAN-100
ND-100/NORD-10 ANSI 77 FORTRAN COMPILER - 203053D
FTN: SEPARATE
FTN: COMPILE FORTRAN-PROGRAM,1,FORTRAN-PROGRAM

ND-100/NORD-10 ANSI 77 FORTRAN COMPILER - 2030530   13:59  4 MAR 1985
SOURCE FILE: FORTRAN-PROGRAM:SYMB

1*       % TAB F
2* C The line above sets PED tabulator stops to suit FORTRAN.
3*       PROGRAM FOROUT
4* C******************************************************************************
5*       C
6* C       CALLING COBOL FROM FORTRAN ON AN ND-100
7*       C       ==================================
8*       C
9* C This FORTRAN code shows how a COBOL program may be called from a
10* C FORTRAN program. The COBOL subprogram is part of another program sys-
11* C tem used as an example elsewhere in this manual. It stamps a record
12* C in an ISAM file according to the ISAMKY which is passed to it, and
13* C writes an error message on an error log if something is wrong with
14* C the file system or else. The keys must be entered into the ISAM file
15* C before this program makes use of it, otherwise the ISAM file cannot
16* C be stamped.
17*       C
18* C Note the way the characters "FORTRA" are passed to the COBOL program
19* C - they cannot be passed as a CHARACTER substring.
20*       C
21* C The next three lines define the variables that will be passed to
22* C the COBOL subprogram.
23* C******************************************************************************
24*       INTEGER ISAMST
25*       INTEGER ISAMKY
26*       DIMENSION ISAMKY(3)
27*       WRITE (1,100)
28* C******************************************************************************
29* C Now, the variables ISAMST and ISAMKY must have values assigned to
30* C them - note how the ASCII characters are passed to the ISAMKY array.
31* C Since the ND-100 has 16 bit word length, each word can hold two bytes.
32* C And these have to be assigned as follows.
33* C******************************************************************************
34*       ISAMST = "00"
35*       ISAMKY(1) = "FO"
36*       ISAMKY(2) = "RT"
37*       ISAMKY(3) = "RA"
38* C******************************************************************************
39* C The COBOL subprogram is then called.
40* C******************************************************************************

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41*    CALL STAMP(ISAMST,ISAMKY)
42*    WRITE (1,200) ISAMST
43* 100 FORMAT (//// FORTRAN main program here ... ////)
44* 200 FORMAT (//// Returns from COBOL with ISAM-STATUS ',/1X,A2//)
45*    END

CPU TIME USED: 2.6 SECONDS. 45 LINES COMPILED.
NO MESSAGES
PROGRAM SIZE=64 DATA SIZE=106 COMMON SIZE=0
FTN: EXIT

DBRF-LINKER¶

Brf: Linker	107213
Br1:	PROG-FILE FORTRAN-PROG
Br1:	LOAD FORTRAN-PROGRAM
Free:	0 P00010-177777
Br1:	LOAD SUPG
Free:	0 P00510-177777
Br1:	LOAD ERROR
Free:	0 P01511-177777
Br1:	LOAD COBOL-28
Free:	0 P04527-177777
Br1:	LOAD FORTRAN-2B
Free:	0 P06704-177777
Br1:	LIST-ENTRIES-UNDEFINED
Br1:	EXIT

11.3.5 Calling COBOL Subprograms from FORTRAN on the ND-500¶

In the following example, the subprograms STAMP and ERROR are loaded together with a FORTRAN main program. The main program does nothing more than to call STAMP to leave a mark on the indexed file saying which program called and when it called. The STAMP program will log all errors and exceptional conditions on the ERROR-LOG file by calling the ERROR subprogram from its DECLARATIVES section.

2ND-500 FORTRAN-500¶

NO-500 ANSI 77 FORTRAN COMPILER - 203054H

FTN:

FTN: COMPILE FORTRAN-ND-PROG,1,FORTRAN-ND-PROG

ND-500 ANSI 77 FORTRAN COMPILER - 203054H 14:00 4 MAR 1985

SOURCE FILE: FORTRAN-ND-PROG:SYM8

1* Z/ TAB F
2* C font:1;
3* PROGRAM FOROUT
4* *******************************************************************************
5* C *                                                                               *
6* C * CALLING COBOL FROM FORTRAN ON AN ND-500                                         *
7* C * ===============================                                                *
8* C *                                                                               *
9* C ********************************************************************************

10* C This FORTRAN code shows how a COBOL program may be called from a 
11* C FORTRAN program. The COBOL subprogram is similar to another program 
12* C system used as an example elsewhere in this manual. It stamps a rec-

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C ord in an ISAM file according to the ISAMKEY which is passed to it,
C and writes an error message on an error log if something is wrong with
C the file system or else. The keys must be entered into the ISAM file
C before this program makes use of it, otherwise the ISAM file cannot
C be stamped.

In the corresponding COBOL subprograms, all special screen handling
C facilities have been removed - i.e. all position clauses have been
C removed from the DISPLAY and ACCEPT sentences, and all BLANK SCREEN
C sentences have been removed. This has been done for two reasons:
C - to avoid having the ESCAPE key disabled (this is done automa-
C tically once the special COBOL screen handling facilities are
C used
C - to make the screen handling of the COBOL subprograms consistent
C with that of the FORTRAN program

Note the way the characters "FORTRA" are passed to the COBOL program
C by using an integer array called ISAMKY - they cannot be passed
C as a CHARACTER substring.

The next three lines define the variables that will be passed to
C the COBOL subprogram.

************¶

INTEGER ISAMST
INTEGER ISAMKY
DIMENSION ISAMKY(2)

************¶

Now, the variables ISAMST and ISAMKY must have values assigned to
C them - note how the ASCII characters are passed to the ISAMKY array.
C
Since the ND-500 can store four bytes in each word, the first four
C bytes must be stored in the first word of the integers which hold the
C text to be passed, and the next two bytes must be held in the next
C word.

************¶

    ISAMST = "00"
    ISAMKY(1) = "FORT"
    ISAMKY(2) = "RA"

************¶

The COBOL subprogram is then called.

************¶

     WRITE (1,100)
     CALL STAMP(ISAMST,ISAMKY)
     WRITE (1,200) ISAMST
100  FORMAT(/// FORTRAN main program here ... ///)
200  FORMAT(//// Returns from COBOL with ISAM-STATUS ',/1X,A2///)
     END

CPU TIME USED: 0.5 SECONDS. 59 LINES COMPILED.
NO MESSAGES
PROGRAM SIZE=113 DATA SIZE=248 COMMON SIZE=0
FTN: EXII

QND-500 LINKAGE-LOADER¶

Name	Details
ND-Linkage: loader = F	10. September 1983 Time: 00:07
Nil entered:	4. March 1985 Time: 14:1
Nl1: SET-DOMAIN FORTRAN-ND-PROG
Nl1: OPEN-SEGMENT FORTRAN-ND-PROG L
Nl1: LOAD-SEGMENT FORTRAN-ND-PROG L	Program: ......165 P Data:...........374 D01
Nl1: LOAD-SUB	Program: ......1145 P Data:..........3510 D01
Nl1: LOAD-ERROR	Program: ......2605 P01 Data:........12364 D01
Nl1: LOAD COBOL-LIB	C001-LIB-H850101
C001-LIB-H850101	Progam: ......11051 P01 Data:.......106750 D01
Nl1: LOAD-FORTRAN-LIB	FORTRAN-LIB-203101H
FORTRAN-LIB-203101H	FORTRAN-LIB-203101H
FORTRAN-LIB-203101H	Program: ......162346 P01 Data:.......135560 D01

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N11: LOAD EXCEP-LIB
EXCEPTION-LIB-2041578
EXCEPTION-LIB-2041578
EXCEPTION-LIB-2041578

Program	Data
200273 P01	162402 D01

N11: CLOSE
N11: EXIT

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APPENDIX 1¶

COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

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This appendix contains the complete syntax of ND COBOL. It is intended to display complete and syntactically correct formats used throughout this manual.

1.1. NOTATION USED IN FORMATS¶

1.1.1. Definition of a General Format¶

A general format is the specific arrangement of the elements of a clause or a statement. (1) A clause or a statement consists of elements as defined below. Throughout this manual, a format is shown adjacent to information defining the clause or statement. When more than one specific arrangement is permitted, the General Format is separated into numbered formats. Clauses must be written in the sequence given in the General Format. (Clauses that are optional must, if they are used, appear in the sequence shown.) In certain cases, stated explicitly in the rules associated with a given format, clauses may appear in sequences other than shown. Applications, requirements or restrictions are shown as rules.

1.1.1.1. Elements¶

Elements which make up a clause or a statement consist of uppercase words, lowercase words, level-numbers, brackets, braces, connectives, and special characters.

1.1.1.2. Words¶

All underlined uppercase words are called key words and are required when the functions of which they are a part are used. Uppercase words which are not underlined are optional to the user and need not be written in the source program. Uppercase words, whether underlined or not, must be spelled correctly.

Lowercase words, in a General Format, are generic terms used to represent COBOL words, literals, PICTURE character-strings, or a complete syntactical entry that must be supplied by the user. Where generic terms are repeated in a General Format, a number or letter appendage to the term serves to identify that term for explanation or discussion.

(1) These definitions are identical to those of the CODASYL COBOL committee.

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1.1.1.3. Level-Numbers¶

When specific level-numbers appear in Data Description entry formats, those specific level-numbers are required when such entries are used in a COBOL program. In this document, the form 01, 02...09 is used to indicate level-numbers 1 through 9.

1.1.1.4. Brackets, Braces and Choice Indicators¶

When brackets, [ ], enclose a portion of a General Format, one of the options contained within the brackets may be explicitly specified or that portion of the General Format may be omitted.

When braces, { }, enclose a portion of a General Format, one of the options contained within the braces must either be explicitly specified or implicitly selected. If one and only one of the options contains only reserved words which are not key words, that option is the default option and is implicitly selected unless one of the options is explicitly specified.

When choice indicators, [[ ]], enclose a portion of the General Format, one or more of the unique options contained within the choice indicators must be specified, but a single option may be specified only once.

Options are indicated in a General Format or a portion of a General Format by vertically stacking alternative possibilities, by a series of brackets, braces or choice indicators or by a combination of both. An option is selected by specifying one of the possibilities, from a stack of alternative possibilities, or by specifying a unique combination of possibilities from a series of brackets, braces or choice indicators.

1.1.1.5. The Ellipsis¶

In text, other than the General Formats, the ellipsis indicates that one or more words have been omitted. This is allowed only if comprehension is not impaired. This is the conventional meaning of the ellipsis, and this use becomes apparent in context.

In a General Format, the ellipsis represents optional repetition of a portion of a format which is determined as follows:

Given '...' (the ellipsis) in a format, scanning right to left, determine the ']' (right bracket) or '}' (right brace) delimiter immediately to the left of the '...'; continue scanning right to left and determine the logically matching '[' (left bracket) or '{' (left brace) delimiter; the '...' applies to the portion of the format between the determined pair of delimiters.

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1.1.1.6. Format Punctuation¶

The separator '.' (period), when used in formats, has the status of a required word.

1.1.1.7. Use of Special Characters in Formats¶

Special characters, when appearing in formats, although not underlined, are required when such portions of the formats are used.

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Identification Division¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR IDENTIFICATION DIVISION¶

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION¶

PROGRAM-ID. program-name.

[ AUTHOR. [comment-entry] ... ]

[ INSTALLATION. [comment-entry] ... ]

[ DATE-WRITTEN. [comment-entry] ... ]

[ DATE-COMPILED. [comment-entry] ... ]

[ SECURITY. [comment-entry] ... ]

[ REMARKS. [comment-entry] ... ]

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Environment Division¶

General Format for Environment Division¶

Environment Division¶

Configuration Section¶

SOURCE-COMPUTER. computer-name [ WITH DEBUGGING MODE ].

OBJECT-COMPUTER. computer-name
[ SEGMENT-LIMIT IS segment-number ].

Special-Names¶

[
[ CURRENCY SIGN IS literal ]
[ DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA ].
]

Input-Output Section¶

File-Control¶

{file-control-entry} ...

I-O-Control¶

[
SAME AREA FOR file-name-1 {, file-name-2} ...
] ...

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Environment Division¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR FILE CONTROL ENTRY¶

FORMAT 1:¶

SELECT [OPTIONAL] file-name¶

ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1¶

[ 
  : RESERVE integer-1 
  [ AREA ] 
  [ AREAS ] 
]

[ : ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL ]

[ : ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL ]

[ : FILE STATUS IS data-name-1 ] .

FORMAT 2:¶

SELECT [OPTIONAL] file-name¶

ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1¶

[ 
  : RESERVE integer-1 
  [ AREA ] 
  [ AREAS ] 
]

: ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED

[ 
  : ACCESS MODE IS 
  ( SEQUENTIAL ) 
  { RANDOM }
  ( DYNAMIC )
]

: RECORD KEY IS data-name-1

[ : ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS 
  data-name-2 [WITH DUPLICATES] ] ...

[ : FILE STATUS IS data-name-3 ] .

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Environment Division

GENERAL FORMAT FOR FILE CONTROL ENTRY¶

FORMAT 3:¶

SELECT [OPTIONAL] file-name
ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1
- RESERVE integer-1
- [AREA]
- [AREAS]

ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE

ACCESS MODE IS
- {SEQUENTIAL [., RELATIVE KEY IS data-name-1]}
- {RANDOM}
- {DYNAMIC}
- {., RELATIVE KEY IS data-name-1}

[FILE STATUS IS data-name-2]

FORMAT 4:¶

SELECT file-name ASSIGN TO assignment-name-1 .

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Data Division¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR DATA DIVISION¶

DATA DIVISION.¶

FILE SECTION.¶

FD file-name
  ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
  │ BLOCK CONTAINS [integer-1 TO] integer-2│
  │                 (RECORDS              )│
  │                 (CHARACTERS           )│
  └────────────────────────────────────────┘
  ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ 
  │ RECORD CONTAINS [integer-3 TO] integer-4 CHARACTERS │
  ⎜ [DEPENDENT ON identifier]  │
  └────────────────────────────────────────┘
  ┌────────────────────────────┐
  │ RECORD IS    (   )STANDARD │
  │ LABEL IS     (   ) OMITTED │
  └────────────────────────────┘
  ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
  │ VALUE OF FILE-ID IS integer          │
  └──────────────────────────────────────┘
  ┌──────────────────────────────────────┐
  │ RECORDING MODE IS   (   ) E          │ 
  │                     (   ) TEXT-FILE  │
  │                     (   ) I          │
  │                     (   ) Y          │
  └──────────────────────────────────────┘
  ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
  │ RECORD IS   (   ) data-name-3 [, data-name-4]... │
  │ RECORDS ARE (   )                                │
  └────────────────────────────────────────┘

[record-description-entry]...

SD file-name
  ┌────────────────────────────────────────┐
  │ RECORD CONTAINS [integer-1 TO] integer-2 CHARACTERS │
  ⎜ [DEPENDENT ON identifier]  │
  └────────────────────────────────────────┘

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Data Division¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR DATA DIVISION¶

[                                                {
  : RECORDING MODE IS                        {   
[                                                { 

[                                                {   
  : DATA                                     {   
[  { RECORD IS                               {  ]   
   { RECORDS ARE                             {  ] 

  {record-description-entry} ...  ]  ...  ] 

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Data Division¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR DATA DIVISION¶

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION¶

77-level-description-entry
record-description-entry

LINKAGE SECTION¶

77-level-description-entry
record-description-entry

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Data Division¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR DATA DESCRIPTION ENTRY¶

FORMAT 1¶

level-number
    (
      data-name-1
      FILLER
    )
    [
      REDEFINES data-name-2
    ]
    [
      PICTURE
      PIC
      IS character-string
    ]
    [
      USAGE IS
        COMPUTATIONAL
        COMP
        COMPUTATIONAL-1
        COMP-1
        COMPUTATIONAL-2
        COMP-2
        COMPUTATIONAL-3
        COMP-3
        DISPLAY
        INDEX
        PACKED-DECIMAL
    ]
    [
      SIGN IS
        LEADING
        TRAILING
      SEPARATE CHARACTER
    ]
    [
      OCCURS
        integer-1 TO integer-2 TIMES DEPENDING ON data-name-3
        integer-2 TIMES
    ]
    [
      ASCENDING
      DESCENDING
      KEY IS data-name-4 [, data-name-5]...
    ]
    [
      INDEXED BY index-name-1 [, index-name-2] ...
    ]

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Data Division

GENERAL FORMAT FOR DATA DESCRIPTION ENTRY¶

[ SYNCHRONIZED ] [ LEFT ]
  { SYNC       } { RIGHT }

[ JUSTIFIED   ]
  { JUST      } RIGHT

[ BLANK WHEN ZERO ]

[ VALUE IS literal ]

[ IMPORT [ COMMON ] ]

[ EXPORT ]

FORMAT 2:¶

88 condition-name; { VALUE IS  } literal-1 { THROUGH } literal-2
                   { VALUES ARE }          { THRU   }

                   . literal-3 { THROUGH } literal-4 ... 
                             { THRU    }

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General Format for Procedure Division¶

Format 1:¶

PROCEDURE DIVISION [ USING data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ... ] .

DECLARATIVES.
{section-name SECTION [segment-number] . 
  [ USE sentence ]
  [ paragraph-name. [sentence] ...] ...}
END DECLARATIVES.
{section-name SECTION [segment-number] .
  [ paragraph-name. [sentence] ...] ...}

Format 2:¶

PROCEDURE DIVISION [ USING data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ... ] .

{paragraph-name. [sentence] ...} ...

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

ACCEPT identifier [FROM mnemonic-name]

ACCEPT identifier FROM

DATE	DAY
TIME	CPU-TIME

ACCEPT ((((identifier [[±] integer]) (identifier [[±] integer])))
(((integer) ((integer))))
identifier [WITH {
- BEEP
- SPACE-FILL
- LENGTH-CHECK
- AUTO-SKIP
- PROMPT
- BLANK-WHEN-ZERO
- MUSIC
- UPDATE
- JUSTIFIED-RIGHT
- INVISIBLE
- INVERSE-VIDEO
- BLINK
- UNDERLINE
- UPPER-CASE
- LOW-INTENSITY
- NORMAL
- HELP Label
- RE-DISPLAY Label
- CANCEL Label
- F1-F8 Label
- UP Label
- DOWN Label
- HOME Label
- EXIT Label
- LEFT Label
- RIGHT Label
- CONTROL Label
} ]

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

ACCEPT-ERROR

ACCEPT-RETURN

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COBOL Verb Format¶

General Format for Verbs¶

ADD¶

( identifier-1 ) ( identifier-2 ) ...
( literal-1 ) ( literal-2 ) TO identifier-m [ROUNDED]
[ identifier-n [ROUNDED] ] ...

[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

ADD¶

( identifier-1 ) ( identifier-2 ) [ identifier-3 ] ...
( literal-1 ) ( literal-2 ) , literal-3
GIVING identifier-m [ROUNDED] [ identifier-n [ROUNDED] ] ...
[ ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

ALTER¶

ALTER procedure-name-1 TO [PROCEED TO] procedure-name-2

[ , procedure-name-3 TO [PROCEED TO] procedure-name-4 ] ...

BLANK SCREEN¶

BLANK 
  [ LINE ] n1 [ TO n2 ] [ COLUMN n3 TO n4 ]
  [ LINES ]

CALL¶

CALL literal-1 USING 
( data-name-1 ) , data-name-2 ...
( quoted-literal ) , quoted-literal
( integer ) , integer

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

CLOSE file-name-1 [WITH LOCK] [file-name-2 [WITH LOCK]] ...

[ 
  [ 
    REEL  
    UNIT 
  ] 
  [ 
    WITH NO REWIND 
  ] 
]

**CLOSE** file-name-3 
  WITH 
  { 
    NO REWIND 
    LOCK 
  } 
[ 
  [ 
    REEL  
    UNIT 
  ] 
  [ 
    WITH NO REWIND 
  ] 
]

file-name-4 
  WITH 
  { 
    NO REWIND 
    LOCK 
  }
[ 
  [ 
    REEL  
    UNIT 
  ] 
  [ 
    WITH NO REWIND 
  ] 
]

COMPUTE identifier-1 [ROUNDED] [, identifier-2 [ROUNDED]] ...
= arithmetic-expression
[ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]

CONTINUE

COPY file-name

DELETE file-name RECORD [INVALID KEY imperative-statement]

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

DISPLAY

( identifier-1   ) [  . identifier-2    ]  . . . [  UPON mnemonic-name  ]  
( literal-1      ) [ . literal-2        ]

[WITH NO ADVANCING]

DISPLAY

( identifier-1 [{  integer-1  }] ) ( identifier-2 [{  integer-3  }] )
( integer-2                     ) ( integer-4                     )

( identifier-3 ) [ . identifier-4 ] . . . [  WITH  [ BEEP            ] 
( literal-1    ) [ . literal-2    ]        [ SPACE-FILL      ] 
                                            [ INVERSE-VIDEO   ] 
                                            [ BLINK           ] 
                                            [ UNDERLINE       ] 
                                            [ LOW-INTENSITY   ] 
                                            [ NORMAL          ] 
                                            [ AUTO-ERASE      ] 
                                            [ PROMPT          ] 
                                            [ BLANK-WHEN-ZERO ] ]

DISPLAY

( identifier-1 [{  integer-1  }] ) ( identifier-2 [{  integer-3  }] )
( integer-2                     ) ( integer-4                     )

( identifier-3 ) ( identifier-4 )
( literal-1    ) ( literal-2    ) FRAME

[ WITH [ SPACE-FILL ] [ HEADING ] [ REMARKS ] [ AUTO-ERASE ] ]

DISPLAY

( identifier-1 [{  integer-1  }] ) ( identifier-2 [{  integer-3  }] )
( integer-2                     ) ( integer-4                     )

( FULL-BAR   ) ( identifier-3 ) ( identifier-4 )
( SPARSE-BAR ) ( literal-1    ) ( literal-2    )

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GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

DIVIDE¶

{ identifier-1 }
{            } INTO identifier-2 [ ROUNDED ]
{ literal-1  }

[ . identifier-3 [ ROUNDED ] ]

[ : ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

DIVIDE¶

{ identifier-1 } { INTO } { identifier-2 }
{              } {     } {              }
{ literal-1    } { BY  } { literal-2    }

GIVING identifier-3 [ ROUNDED ] [ . identifier-4 [ ROUNDED ] ] ...

[ : ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

DIVIDE¶

{ identifier-1 } { INTO } { identifier-2 }
{              } {     } {              }
{ literal-1    } { BY  } { literal-2    }

GIVING identifier-3 [ ROUNDED ]

REMAINDER identifier-4

[ : ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

DO¶

DO sentence [ WHILE condition sentence ] ... END-DO

DO FOR¶

DO FOR identifier-1 FROM 
                      { identifier-2 [ {+} integer-2 ] }
                      {                            }
                      { integer-3                   }

                      [ UP   ]
                      [      ] { identifier-5 [ {+} integer-5 ] }
                      [ DOWN ] [ BY integer-4 ] TO {           }
                                                   {  integer-6  }

                      sentence

                      [ WHILE condition sentence ] ... END-DO

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General Format for Verbs¶

EXHIBIT NAMED¶

{ identifier }
{ literal    }

EXIT [PROGRAM]¶

EXIT-DO¶

EXIT-ALL-DO¶

GO TO¶

{procedure-name-1}

GO TO procedure-name-1¶

[. procedure-name-2] ... [. procedure-name-n]

DEPENDING ON identifier¶

IF condition
{ statement-1 }	{ statement-2 }
{ NEXT SENTENCE }	{ NEXT SENTENCE }
ELSE
{ statement-3 }	{ statement-2 }
{ NEXT SENTENCE }	{ NEXT SENTENCE }
ELSE
{ statement-5 }	{ statement-6 }
{ NEXT SENTENCE }	{ NEXT SENTENCE }
ELSE-IF condition-2 THEN	{ statement-7 }
{ NEXT SENTENCE } ...	{ NEXT SENTENCE }
ELSE	{ statement-7 }
{ NEXT SENTENCE }	END-IF

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

INSPECT identifier-1

[TALLYING  
  ( identifier-2 FOR )  
  ( ALL      identifier-3 )  
  ( LEADING  literal-1   )  
  ( CHARACTERS        )
  ( BEFORE  identifier-4 )
  ( AFTER   INITIAL     )
  ( literal-2          ) ... 
]

[REPLACING  
  (CHARACTERS BY       )
  ( identifier-6       )
  ( literal-4          )

  ( BEFORE  identifier-7 )
  ( AFTER   INITIAL     )
  ( literal-5           )

  ( ALL               )
  ( LEADING    identifier-5 identifier-6 )
  ( FIRST     literal-3 BY literal-4  )

  ( BEFORE  identifier-7 )
  ( AFTER   INITIAL     )
  ( literal-5           ) ...
]

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

MERGE file-name-1 ON
{ ASCENDING }
{ DESCENDING } KEY data-name-1
[ . data-name-2 ] ...

[
{ ASCENDING }
{ DESCENDING } ON
{ KEY data-name-3 [, data-name-4] ...}
]
USING file-name-2, file-name-3
[
{ THROUGH }
{ THRU }
OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS section-name-3 [section-name-4]
]
GIVING file-name-4

MOVE
{ identifier-1 }
{ TO identifier-2 [, identifier-3] ... }

MOVE
{ CORRESPONDING }
{ CORR } identifier-1 TO identifier-2

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

MULTIPLY
{identifier-1}

BY identifier-2 [ROUNDED]
[. identifier-3 [ROUNDED] ]...

[ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

MULTIPLY
{identifier-1} {identifier-2}
{literal-1} {literal-2}

BY

GIVING identifier-3 [ROUNDED]

[. identifier-4 [ROUNDED] ]...

[ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement ]

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COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

OPEN  
   INPUT  file-name-1 [WITH NO REWIND]  
   [. file-name-2 [WITH NO REWIND] ] ...  
   OUTPUT file-name-3 [WITH NO REWIND]  
   [. file-name-4 [WITH NO REWIND] ] ...  
   I-O    file-name-5 [, file-name-6] ...  
   EXTEND file-name-7 [, file-name-6] ...

Tables¶


OPEN	INPUT	MULTI-USER-MODE
	OUTPUT { file-name WITH	IMMEDIATE-WRITE
	I-O {	MANUAL-UNLOCK


INPUT		MULTI-USER-MODE
OUTPUT	file-name WITH	IMMEDIATE-WRITE
I-O		MANUAL-UNLOCK

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GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

PERFORM range¶

identifier-1	TIMES
integer

PERFORM range UNTIL condition-1¶

PERFORM range VARYING¶

identifier-5	identifier-6
index-name-3	FROM
	index-name-4
	literal-3

BY¶

identifier-7	UNTIL condition-1
literal-4

AFTER¶

identifier-8	identifier-9
index-name-5	FROM
	index-name-6
	literal-5

identifier-10	UNTIL condition-2
literal-6

AFTER¶

identifier-11	identifier-12
index-name-8	FROM
	index-name-8
	literal-6

identifier-13	UNTIL condition-3
literal-7

where range is the construct:

procedure-name-1	THROUGH	procedure-name-2
THRU

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COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

READ file-name
[
    [
        NEXT
        PREVIOUS
    ]
    RECORD
    [
        INTO identifier
    ]
]
[
    WITH LOCK
]
[
    . AT END imperative statement
]

READ file-name RECORD
[
    INTO identifier
]
[
    WITH LOCK
]
[
    . KEY IS data-name
]
[
    . INVALID KEY imperative-statement
]

READ file-name RECORD
[
    INTO identifier
]
[
    WITH LOCK
]
[
    . INVALID KEY imperative-statement
]

RELEASE record-name
[
    FROM identifier
]

ND–60.144.3 EN

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GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

RESET SCREEN¶

RETURN file-name RECORD [ INTO identifier ]¶

[: AT END imperative statement ]

REWRITE record-name [ FROM identifier ]¶

[: INVALID KEY imperative-statement ]

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

SEARCH¶

SEARCH identifier-1  
   [ VARYING         
     (identifier-2 | index-name-1) ]  
   [ AT END imperative statement-1 ]  
   : WHEN condition-1  
     (imperative-statement-2 | NEXT SENTENCE)   
   [ : WHEN condition-2  
     (imperative-statement-3 | NEXT SENTENCE) ]

SEARCH ALL¶

SEARCH ALL identifier-1  
   [ AT END imperative statement-1 ]  
   (data-name-1  
     : WHEN condition-name-1  
       (IS EQUAL TO | IS =)  
       (identifier-3 | literal-1 | arithmetic-expression) )  
   AND  
   (data-name-2  
     : WHEN condition-name-2  
       (IS EQUAL TO | IS =)  
       (identifier-4 | literal-2 | arithmetic-expression) )  
   (imperative-statement-2 | NEXT SENTENCE)

SET¶

SET  
   (identifier-1 [, identifier-2] ... | index-name-1 [, index-name-2] ...)  
   TO  
   (identifier-3 | index-name-3 | integer-1)  

SET index-name-4 [, index-name-5] ...  
   (UP BY | DOWN BY)  
   (identifier-4 | integer-2)

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COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

SORT¶

file-name-1 ON  
   ( ASCENDING )
   ( DESCENDING )
   KEY data-name-1 [, data-name-2] ...
[  
   ( ASCENDING )
   ( DESCENDING )
   ON KEY data-name-3 [, data-name-4] ...
]

INPUT PROCEDURE IS section-name-1  
   [ ( THROUGH ) ]
   [ ( THRU ) section-name-2 ]
USING file-name-2

OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS section-name-3  
   [ ( THROUGH ) ]
   [ ( THRU ) section-name-4 ]
GIVING file-name-2

START¶

file-name KEY
   (
     IS EQUAL TO
     IS =
     IS GREATER THAN
     IS >
     IS NOT LESS THAN
     IS NOT <
     IS LESS THAN  
     IS <
     IS NOT GREATER THAN
     IS NOT >
   ) data-name

[. INVALID KEY imperative-statement]

RUN 
STOP
.literal

ND-60.144.3 EN

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COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

STRING¶

(identifier-1	identifier-2	identifier-3)
literal-1	literal-2	literal-3)

... DELIMITED BY

SIZE

(identifier-4	identifier-5
literal-4	literal-5

DELIMITED BY¶

(identifier-6
literal-6

SIZE

INTO identifier-7 [WITH POINTER identifier-8]

[; ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement]

SUBTRACT¶

(identifier-1	identifier-2
literal-1	literal-2

...

FROM identifier-m [ROUNDED] [ identifier-n [ROUNDED] ]

[; ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]

SUBTRACT¶

(identifier-1	identifier-2	identifier-m)
literal-1	literal-2	literal-m)

... FROM

GIVING identifier-n [ROUNDED] [ identifier-o [ROUNDED] ] ...

[; ON SIZE ERROR imperative-statement]

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

UNLOCK¶

file-name

UNSTRING¶

identifier-1 [ DELIMITED BY [ALL] 
  (identifier-2)
  (literal-1)

  [ (identifier-3) ] 
  OR [ALL] 
  (literal-2)
]

INTO¶

identifier-4 [. DELIMITER IN identifier-5
  [. COUNT IN identifier-6]
  [. identifier-7 [. DELIMITER IN identifier-8
    [. COUNT IN identifier-9]
  ]]

  [WITH POINTER identifier-10]
  [TALLYING IN identifier-11]
  [. ON OVERFLOW imperative-statement]
]

USE AFTER STANDARD¶

(EXCEPTION) 
(PROCEDURE) ON 
(ERROR)

file-name-1		[ , filename-2 ] ...
INPUT		OUTPUT
I-O		EXTEND

NO-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

COBOL Verb Format¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR VERBS¶

WRITE record-name FROM identifier-1


BEFORE	ADVANCING	AFTER
{	{
identifier-3	integer
}	}	LINE / LINES
		PAGE

WRITE record-name FROM identifier-1 WITH LOCK

[ INVALID KEY imperative-statement ]

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPOSITE LANGUAGE SKELETON¶

Condition Formats¶

GENERAL FORMAT FOR CONDITIONS¶

RELATION CONDITION:¶

	IS [NOT] GREATER THAN
identifier-1	IS [NOT] LESS THAN	identifier-2
literal-1	IS [NOT] EQUAL TO	literal-2
arithmetic-expression-1	IS [NOT] >	arithmetic-expression-2
index-name-1	IS [NOT] <	index-name-2
	IS [NOT] =

CLASS CONDITION:¶

	NUMERIC
identifier IS [NOT]
	ALPHABETIC

SIGN CONDITION:¶

	POSITIVE
arithmetic-expression IS [NOT]	NEGATIVE
	ZERO

CONDITION-NAME CONDITION:¶

condition-name

NEGATED SIMPLE CONDITION:¶

NOT simple condition

COMBINED CONDITION:¶


condition (	AND
	OR
condition )

ABBREVIATED COMBINED RELATION CONDITION:¶


relation-condition (	AND
	OR
[NOT] [relational-operator] object	...

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 356¶

Miscellaneous Formats¶

QUALIFICATION:¶

( data-name-1   )  { OF }
( condition-name)  { IN } data-name-2 ...

paragraph-name { OF }
               { IN } section-name

file-name

SUBSCRIPTING:¶

( data-name    )
( condition-name ) ( subscript-1 [ , subscript-2 [ , subscript-3 ] ] )

INDEXING:¶

( data-name    ) ( ( index-name-1 { + } literal-2 ) )
( condition-name ) ( literal-1 )

[ ( index-name-2 { + } literal-4 ) ]
  ( literal-3 )

[ ( index-name-3 { + } literal-6 ) ] ]
  ( literal-5 )

Page 357¶

MISCELLANEOUS FORMATS¶

IDENTIFIER: FORMAT 1¶

     data-name-1  ┌──────┐
                  │  OF  │  data-name-2  ...
                  │  IN  │
                  └──────┘

                  ⎧
                  ⎪ subscript-1  [ , subscript-2 [ , subscript-3 ] ]
                  ⎩

IDENTIFIER: FORMAT 2¶

     data-name-1  ┌──────┐
                  │  OF  │  data-name-2  ...
                  │  IN  │
                  └──────┘

                  ⎧                                          ⎫
                  ⎪                            ┌──────────┐  ⎪
                  ⎪  ⎧ index-name-1  ⎧ [ ± ]  │ literal-2 │  ⎫
                  ⎪  ⎪                ⎩       └──────────┘  ⎪
                  ⎨  ⎪ literal-1                              ⎪
                  ⎪  ⎪                                        ⎪
                  ⎪  ⎨ index-name-2  ⎧ [ ± ]  │ literal-4 │  ⎬
                  ⎪  ⎪                ⎩       └──────────┘  ⎪
                  ⎪  ⎪ literal-3                              ⎪
                  ⎪  ⎪                                        ⎪
                  ⎩  ⎨ index-name-3  ⎧ [ ± ]  │ literal-6 │  ⎬
                     ⎪               ⎩       └──────────┘  ⎪
                     ⎩ literal-5                           ⎭

Page 358¶

I'm sorry, I cannot extract any text from this page as it appears to be blank.

Page 359¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Appendix 2¶

ASCII Character Set¶

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

ASCII Character Set¶

Byte Position Table¶

CHAR	Left	Right	Dec	CHAR	Left	Right	Dec
NUL	000000	000000	0	0	030000	000060	48
SOH	000400	000001	1	1	030400	000061	49
STX	001000	000002	2	2	031000	000062	50
ETX	001400	000003	3	3	031400	000063	51
EOT	002000	000004	4	4	032000	000064	52
ENQ	002400	000005	5	5	032400	000065	53
ACK	003000	000006	6	6	033000	000066	54
BEL	003400	000007	7	7	033400	000067	55
BS	004000	000010	8	8	034000	000070	56
HT	004400	000011	9	9	034400	000071	57
LF	005000	000012	10	:	035000	000072	58
VT	005400	000013	11	;	035400	000073	59
FF	006000	000014	12	<	036000	000074	60
CR	006400	000015	13	=	036400	000075	61
SO	007000	000016	14	>	037000	000076	62
SI	007400	000017	15	?	037400	000077	63
DLE	010000	000020	16	@	040000	001000	64
DC1	010400	000021	17	A	040400	001001	65
DC2	011000	000022	18	B	041000	001002	66
DC3	011400	000023	19	C	041400	001003	67
DC4	012000	000024	20	D	042000	001004	68
NAK	012400	000025	21	E	042400	001005	69
SYN	013000	000026	22	F	043000	001006	70
ETB	013400	000027	23	G	043400	001007	71
CAN	014000	000030	24	H	044000	001010	72
EM	014400	000031	25	I	044400	001011	73
SUB	015000	000032	26	J	045000	001012	74
ESC	015400	000033	27	K	045400	001013	75
FS	016000	000034	28	L	046000	001014	76
GS	016400	000035	29	M	046400	001015	77
RS	017000	000036	30	N	047000	001016	78
US	017400	000037	31	O	047400	001017	79
SPACE	020000	000040	32	P	050000	001020	80
!	020400	000041	33	Q	050400	001021	81
"	021000	000042	34	R	051000	001022	82
#	021400	000043	35	S	051400	001023	83
$	022000	000044	36	T	052000	001024	84
%	022400	000045	37	U	052400	001025	85
&	023000	000046	38	V	053000	001026	86
'	023400	000047	39	W	053400	001027	87
(	024000	000050	40	X	054000	001030	88
)	024400	000051	41	Y	054400	001031	89
*	025000	000052	42	Z	055000	001032	90
+	025400	000053	43	[	055400	001033	91
,	026000	000054	44	\	056000	001034	92
-	026400	000055	45	]	056400	001035	93
.	027000	000056	46	^	057000	001036	94
/	027400	000057	47

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

ASCII CHARACTER SET¶

CHAR	Byte Position		CHAR	Byte Position
	Left	Right	Dec		Left
—	057400	000137	95	o	067400
	060000	000140	96	p	070000
a	060400	000141	97	q	074000
b	061000	000142	98	r	071000
c	061400	000143	99	s	071400
d	062000	000144	100	t	072000
e	062400	000145	101	u	072400
f	063000	000146	102	v	073000
g	063400	000147	103	w	073400
h	064000	000150	104	x	074000
i	064400	000151	105	y	074400
j	065000	000152	106	z	075000
k	065400	000153	107		075400
l	066000	000154	108		076000
m	066400	000155	109		076400
n	067000	000156	110		077000
				DEL	077400

Page 363¶

Appendix 3¶

Runtime Messages¶

Page 364¶

Chapter 12¶

Starting Segments¶

When using segmented programs, it is important to know: - How to specify the size of program space available. - How to structure or segment the program to make it fit the program space available. - How to choose which parts of the program are to remain in memory at the same time.

Use of Overlay¶

For detailed information about the overlay and how to use it, refer to Part 1, Modularization in ND's "Segmented Programming."

Table 12.2 Significant Overlay Directives
Overlay Line No.
1
2
3

Each program segment has its own data area. The data area consists of: 1. Data items declared in the segment. 2. Data items declared in the main program but referenced in the segment. 3. Data items initialized in the overlay.

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

RUNTIME MESSAGES¶

Reason	Explanation
6008B I-O - ERR nnn where nnn is a standard SINTRAN III File System Error Code	An error in an I-O operation has arisen without the possibility of user reaction due to omission of any of the following applicable to the file in question: - AT END clause - INVALID KEY clause - USE AFTER STANDARD ERROR (Declarative) If any relevant element above is available, the runtime library routines allow that element to process the data, and THIS ERROR DOES NOT ARISE.
6018B INDEX FILE ERROR nn where nn is a status returned from ISAM	An error has arisen in using the Indexed or relative file system, without the possibility of user reaction due to omission of any of the following clauses or to other index file errors: - AT END clause - INVALID KEY clause - USE AFTER STANDARD ERROR (Declarative) If any relevant element above is available, the runtime library routines allow that element to process the data, and THIS ERROR DOES NOT ARISE.
6028B FILE NOT OPEN	Non-addressable data due to an attempt to use data in a file that is not open.
6038B FILE NOT OPEN IN CORRECT MODE	Attempt to use data in a file which is not open in the correct mode.
6048B IMPROPER RECORD LENGTH	Incoming record size incorrect when using the REWRITE statement.
6058B ILLEGAL USE OF REWRITE	Sequence error when using REWRITE. Previous I-O statement not a READ.

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RUNTIME MESSAGES¶

Reason	Explanation
606B OPEN MODE I-O CANNOT BE USED FOR MAGNETIC TAPE	Magnetic tape files cannot be opened for I-O.
607B SORT ERROR	Issued by the SORT system.
610B SORT ERROR - FILE TOO BIG	Issued by the SORT system.
611B SORT ERROR - TOTAL KEY TOO LONG	Issued by the SORT system.
612B SORT ERROR IN RECORD SIZE	Issued by the SORT system.
613B COMPILER/LIBRARY INCOMPATIBILITY	Different versions of the compiler and runtime library cannot be used simultaneously.

ND-60.146.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Appendix 4¶

Reserved Word List¶

| ND-60.144.3 EN | Page 353 |

Page 368¶

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

RESERVED WORD LIST¶

ACCEPT	CPU-TIME	HELP
ACCEPT-ERROR	CURRENCY	HIGH-VALUE
ACCEPT-RETURN	DATA	HIGH-VALUES
ACCESS	DATE	HOME
ADD	DATE-COMPILED	I-O
ADVANCING	DATE-WRITTEN	I-O-CONTROL
AFTER	DAY	ID
ALL	DEBUGGING	IDENTIFICATION
ALPHABETIC	DECIMAL-POINT	IF
ALTER	DECLARATIVES	IMMEDIATE-WRITE
ALTERNATE	DELETE	IMPORT
AND	DELIMITED	IN
ARE	DELIMITER	INDEX
AREA	DEPENDING	INDEXED
AREAS	DESCENDING	INITIAL
ASCENDING	DISPLAY	INPUT
ASSIGN	DIVIDE	INPUT-OUTPUT
AT	DIVISION	INSPECT
AUTHOR	DO	INSTALLATION
AUTO-ERASE	DOWN	INTO
AUTO-SKIP	DUPLICATES	INVALID
BEEP	DYNAMIC	INVERSE-VIDEO
BEFORE	ELSE	INVISIBLE
BLANK	ELSE-IF	IS
BLANK-WHEN-ZERO	END	JUST
BLINK	END-DO	JUSTIFIED
BLOCK	END-IF	JUSTIFIED-RIGHT
BOX	ENVIRONMENT	KEY
BY	EQUAL	LABEL
CALL	ERASE	LEADING
CANCEL	ERROR	LEFT
CHARACTER	EXCEPTION	LENGTH-CHECK
CHARACTERS	EXHIBIT	LESS
CLOSE	EXIT	LINE
COLUMN	EXIT-ALL-DO	LINES
COMMA	EXIT-DO	LINKAGE
COMMON	EXPORT	LISTEN
COMP	EXTEND	LOCK
COMP-1	F1-F8	LOW-INTENSITY
COMP-2	F0	LOW-VALUE
COMP-3	FILE	LOW-VALUES
COMPUTATIONAL	FILE-CONTROL	MANUAL-UNLOCK
COMPUTATIONAL-1	FILE-ID	MERGE
COMPUTATIONAL-2	FILLER	MODE
COMPUTATIONAL-3	FIRST	MONITOR-CALL
COMPUTE	FOR	MOVE
CONFIGURATION	FRAME	MULTI-USER-MODE
CONTAINS	FROM	MULTIPLY
CONTINUE	FULL-BAR	MUST
CONTROL	GIVING	NAMED
COPY	GO	NEGATIVE
CORR	GO BACK	NEXT
CORRESPONDING	GREATER	NO
COUNT	HEADING	NORMAL

Page 370¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

RESERVED WORD LIST¶


NOT	SD	WHEN
NUMERIC	SEARCH	WHILE
OBJECT-COMPUTER	SECTION	WITH
OCCURS	SECURITY	WORKING-STORAGE
OF	SELECT	WRITE
OFF	SENTENCE	ZERO
OMITTED	SEPARATE	ZEROES
ON	SEQUENTIAL	ZEROS
OPEN	SET
OPTIONAL	SIGN
OR	SIZE
ORGANIZATION	SORT
OUTPUT	SOURCE-COMPUTER
OVERFLOW	SPACE
PACKED-DECIMAL	SPACE-FILL
PAGE	SPACES
PERFORM	SPARSE-MARK
PIC	SPECIAL-NAMES
PICTURE	STANDARD
POINTER	START
POSITIVE	STATUS
PREVIOUS	STOP
PROCEDURE	STRING
PROCEED	SUBTRACT
PROGRAM	SYNC
PROGRAM-ID	SYNC-2
PROMPT	SYNCHRONIZED
QUOTE	SYNCHRONIZED-2
QUOTES	TALLYING
RANDOM	TEXT-FILE
RE-DISPLAY	THAN
READ	THEN
RECORD	THROUGH
RECORDING	THRU
RECORDS	TIME
REDEFINES	TIMEOUT
REEL	TIMES
RELATIVE	TO
RELEASE	TRAILING
REMAINDER	UNDERLINE
REMARKS	UNIT
REMOVAL	UNLOCK
RENAMES	UNSTRING
REPLACING	UNTIL
REPORT	UP
RESERVE	UPDATE
RESET	UPON
RETURN	UPPER-CASE
REWIND	USAGE
REWRITE	USE
RIGHT	USER-DEFINED-SIZE
ROUNDED	USING
RUN	VALUE
SAME	VALUES
SCREEN	VARYING

Page 371¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

RESERVED WORD LIST¶


DATE	ADD	ALTER	AND
ANY	APPL	APPLY	AT
AUTHORS	BEEP	BEGIN	BINARY
BY	COUNT	CSV /	CURRENCY
DATA	DATE	DECIMAL	DO
EDIT	ELSE	ESCAPE	EXIT
FETCH	FILE	FINAL	FIX()
FROM	HINTS	IDENTIFY	IMPORT
INTO	LIST	LOCK	MOD
NOTE	NUMBER	NAMES	NUMERIC
OPEN	ORDER	PARMS	PRINT
RANGE	RECORDS	REPLACE	RESTART
SAVE	SHARE	SORT	START
SUPPRESS	TABLES	TAG	TEMP
UPDATE	WHERE	WITH	YEAR

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Appendix 5¶

Cross Reference Example¶

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

CROSS REFERENCE EXAMPLE¶

To obtain a cross reference listing with a compilation the command

XREF file-name

must be issued at compile-time where 'file-name' is the name of a work file.

ND-100 COBOL COMPILER¶

TIME: 13.08.32
DATE: 85.02.19

SOURCE FILE: X
OBJECT FILE: X
MODES:	2-BANK

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

PROGRAM-ID.
CROSS-REFERENCE-EXAMPLE.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

01 PERSON.¶

Line	Description
7	03 NAME PIC X(30) VALUE "NO:«X DATA A/S".
8	03 ADDRESS PIC X(30) VALUE "OSLO, NORWAY".
9	03 TELEPHONE PIC S9(11) VALUE 023090330.
10	03 INCOME PIC S9(9)V99 COMP-3.
11	03 COUNTRY PIC S9(2) COMP VALUE 1.
12	88 NORWAY VALUE 1.
13	88 SWEDEN VALUE 2.
14	88 DENMARK VALUE 3.
15	88 ENGLAND VALUE 4.
16	88 GERMANY VALUE 5.
17	88 SWITZERLAND VALUE 6.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

TEST SECTION.¶

Line	Description
20	0000.
22	IF NORWAY PERFORM 1000.
23	IF SWEDEN PERFORM 2000.
24	IF DENMARK PERFORM 3000.
25	IF ENGLAND PERFORM 4000.
26	IF GERMANY PERFORM 5000.
27	IF SWITZERLAND PERFORM 6000.
28	STOP RUN.
29	1000. DISPLAY NAME "IS NORWEGIAN".
31	2000. DISPLAY NAME "IS SWEDISH".
33	3000. DISPLAY NAME "IS DANISH".
35	4000. DISPLAY NAME "IS ENGLISH".
37	5000. DISPLAY NAME "IS GERMAN".
39	6000. DISPLAY NAME "IS SWISS".

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

CROSS REFERENCE EXAMPLE¶

NORD COBOL CROSS REFERENCE LIST¶

PROGRAM-ID: CROSS-REFERENCE-EXAMPLE¶

Section	Reference Numbers
0000...(PARAGRAPH)	21
1000...(PARAGRAPH)	22 29
2000...(PARAGRAPH)	23 31
3000...(PARAGRAPH)	24 33
4000...(PARAGRAPH)	25 35
5000...(PARAGRAPH)	26 37
6000...(PARAGRAPH)	27 39
ADDRESS...(X 30)	8
COUNTRY...(COMP 2)	11
DENMARK...(88 2)	14 24
ENGLAND...(88 2)	15 25
GERMANY...(88 2)	16 26
INCOME...(COMP-3 6)	10
NAME...(X 30)	7 30 32 34 36 38 40
NORWAY...(88 2)	12 22
PERSON...(X 80)	6
SWEDEN...(88 2)	13 23
SWITZERLAND...(88 2)	17 27
TELEPHONE...(NUM 11)	9
TEST...(SECTION)	20

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Appendix 6¶

Compiler Commands¶

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPILER COMMANDS¶

COMPILER COMMANDS: ND-100¶

HELP
Lists available commands.

EXIT
Exit to SINTRAN III.

COMPILE
<source-file><list-file><object-file>
Defines I/O files for the COBOL compiler.

XREF-LIST
<work-file>
A cross reference list will be output onto the list file, not the work-file. The parameter <work-file> provides a working file for XREF. Default file type is :XREF. Example: See Appendix 5.

DEBUG-MODE
Debug information will be generated and the Symbolic Debugger can be used. See Symbolic Debugger User Guide, ND-60.158.

LIBRARY-MODE
The object file will be a library file.

ND100-EXTENDED-MODE
Turns ON the use of the commercial instruction set (COM) in the compiler.

If the computer has a commercial instruction set, this command increases the speed of execution.

Note: on ND-10 the commercial instruction set must be installed in order to run COBOL programs.

1-BANK-MODE
If this command is not present, the default is 2-bank mode. Normally the code and data are separated, but the use of this command ensures that they are together. The runtime library COBOL-1BANK must be loaded.

TPS-MODE
The compilation will take place under the TPS system.

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPILER COMMANDS¶

LOAD¶

file-name [,file-name]...

To complete the executable program, libraries or other object files may be added by using the above command, where file name is the name of an object file or library.

The default type of the file loaded will be :BRF on the ND-100.

LOAD commands will be ignored if they are placed in the source file, or if no PROG-FILE command has been given.

Any error messages which appear while the LOAD command is being executed can be found in the ND Relocating Loader manual (ND-60.066).

Page 381¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

COMPILER COMMANDS¶

COMPILER COMMANDS: ND-500¶

HELP¶

Lists available commands.

EXIT¶

Exit to SINTRAN III.

COMPILE¶

<source-file><list-file><object-file>

Defines I/O files for the COBOL compiler. The default type for the source-file is :SYMB or :COB. For list-file it is :SYMB, and for the object-file it is :NRF.

XREF-LIST¶

<work-file>

A cross reference list will be output to the list file, not on the work-file. The parameter <work-file> provides a working file for XREF. Default file type is :XREF.

DEBUG-MODE¶

Debug information will be generated and the Symbolic Debugger can be used. See Symbolic Debugger User Guide, ND-60.158.

LIBRARY-MODE¶

The object file will be a library file.

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Appendix 7¶

Indexed/Relative I-O Status Summary¶

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INDEXED/RELATIVE I-O STATUS SUMMARY¶

The following table summarizes what values the I-O status may have after one of the Indexed/Relative I-O verbs has been used:

STATUS	VERB
	R
	C
Code	O
Pic-	P
ture	E
XX	N
Meaning
"00"	OK
"10"	End of file
"21"	Wrong sequence of words
"22"	Duplicates not allowed
"23"	Record not found
"24"	No more space on file
"68"	Record locked by another program
"78"	Record modified by another program
"90"	Multiuser Supervisor not started
"93"	Too many keys
"94"	Error flag set
"95"	File not initialized or opened
"97"	File access violation
"98"	Wrong file description
"99"	SINTRAN III file system error

x = Verbs where this I-O status may occur
x1 = May occur only on read with lock
x2 = Check the COBOL system variable C870
x3 = File already closed

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Page	Manual Identification
372	ND-60.144.3 EN

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Appendix 8¶

COBOL System Variables¶

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COBOL System Variables¶

ND COBOL will allow application programs to access a set of COBOL system variables for inspection and/or modification. These variables must be IMPORTED in the LINKAGE SECTION.

Name	Contents	Modification allowed
CB50	Field Termination Character (See ACCEPT statement)	No
CB60	Number of significant characters in an entered or edited ACCEPT field.	No
CB70	Maximum number of keys in an indexed sequential file (initial value = 6)	Yes

The system variable CB50 is of special interest when making programs with screen handling statements, such as DISPLAY and ACCEPT. It holds information on which of the keys , !, 1, *, +, \, HELP, CANCEL etc. the user pressed when in a field. CB50 must be imported as a COMP-1 variable in the LINKAGE SECTION of the application program.

The following table shows possible values of CB50:

Keys pressed	CB50 value
F1	1
F1 shifted	9

F8	8
F8 shifted	16
HOME	41
RIGHT	42
LEFT	43
UP	44
DOWN	45
CR	51
AUTO-SKIP	52
EXIT	61
L	61
CANCEL	62
HELP	63
TIMEOUT	64

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Example¶

LINKAGE SECTION¶

01 CB50    COMP IMPORT.
01 CB60    COMP IMPORT.
01 CB70    COMP IMPORT.

PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

* Allow up to 12 keys in an indexed sequential file
* (this must be done before the first open of an
* indexed sequential file):

MOVE 12 TO CB70.

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Appendix 9¶

Handling Sintran Errors¶

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HANDLING SINTRAN ERRORS¶

The system subroutine "CBERMSG" and "ISERR" make SINTRAN error numbers and texts available. Thus, SINTRAN error detection facilities can guide the program flow, without having them cause the program to abort or disturb the screen picture.

The DECLARATIVES part of the procedure division is the appropriate place for use of these subroutines. Consider this example:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.¶

WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.¶

01 * ERROR-NUMBER COMP.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.¶

DECLARATIVES.¶

FILE-ERROR SECTION.¶

USE AFTER ERROR-PROCEDURE ON ISAM-FILE.

ISAM-ERROR. IF ISAM-STATUS = "99" THEN
CALL "ISERR" USING ERROR-NUMBER
CALL "CBERMSG" USING ERROR-NUMBER
END-IF.
CALL "ERROR-ISAM" USING ERROR-NUMBER.

END DECLARATIVES.

MAIN SECTION.¶

OPEN I-O ISAM-FILE.

CLOSE ISAM-FILE.

STOP RUN.

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HANDLING SINTRAN ERRORS¶

If anything goes wrong during opening and closing of the ISAM-FILE, the ISAM-ERROR paragraph is performed. If it is a SINTRAN-error, the ISAM-STATUS will become equal to 99. Then the subroutine ISERR (which is a standard library routine) with ERROR-NUMBER as a parameter will return with the SINTRAN error number in ERROR-NUMBER. The user may either leave it at that, or use the subroutine CBERMSG (which is also a standard library routine) to display the appropriate SINTRAN error message.

Note: If CBERMSG is used, it will disturb any screen picture developed before it was called.

Also note that these routines may be changed in future implementations of NO-COBOL.

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Appendix 10¶

Executing Sintran Commands¶

ND-60.144.3 EN

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EXECUTING SINTRAN COMMANDS¶

The system subroutine "CBCOMND" executes ordinary SINTRAN commands. It is used as follows:

CALL "CBCOMND" USING "<SINTRAN command> ' ".

Here, note how the parameter is passed. Since the SINTRAN commands may involve the creation of new files, it is mandatory to end the SINTRAN command string with a single quote ', before the finishing double-quote, ". For example:

CALL "CBCOMND" USING "LIST-FILES :BRF,"BRF:LIST"'".

Also note that this routine may be changed in future implementations of ND-COBOL.

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Appendix 11¶

Size of Temporary Fields¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual

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SIZE OF TEMPORARY FIELDS¶

Execution by the compiler of certain arithmetic statements or operations can generate intermediate results which will be stored in temporary fields.

Intermediate results can be obtained when:

A COMPUTE statement assigns the value of an arithmetic expression to more than one data item.
ADD or SUBTRACT statements are encountered which have multiple operands immediately following the verb.
IF or PERFORM statements containing arithmetic expressions are executed.

Using the COMPUTE statement as an example, the size of temporary fields can be ascertained as follows.

Each numeric item within the arithmetic expression is examined. A temporary field is formed which can contain the maximum number of digit positions before the decimal point in any examined item, linked together with the maximum number of digit positions of any examined item following a decimal point.

Example: If we have:

COMPUTE X = A * B

where A is declared as PIC S9(5)V99999
and B is declared as PIC S9(7)V9999

Then the temporary field will have a size of:

S9(7)V999999

If the total number of positions after the figures have been linked together is greater than 18, the number of digit positions will be truncated from the right.

COMPUTATIONAL DATA ITEMS¶

The size of a field for a COMPUTATIONAL item is a single word with four or less integer positions before the decimal point, and a double word with five or more such positions.

However, for the purposes of calculating the sizes of temporary fields, a COMPUTATIONAL item occupying a single word and not having a picture definition, is treated as if it had five places before the decimal point, and a double word item as if it had ten. COMPUTATIONAL items are integers and have no places after the decimal point.

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SIZE OF TEMPORARY FIELDS¶

A COMPUTATIONAL item with a picture definition will have a temporary field formed, containing the maximum number of digit positions, plus a sign position.

For example, an item declared as:

PIC S9(2) COMPUTATIONAL

with a value of 11, will have a temporary field of 3 positions.

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Appendix 12¶

Glossary

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Format¶

Function¶

The FORMAT function is used to convert data from one format to another.

Syntax¶

FORMAT (source, mask)

Parameters¶

Parameter	Description
source	The data to be converted.
mask	The format mask to apply.

Usage¶

The FORMAT function can be used for date, time, and numeric conversions. It applies a specified mask to convert the data into the desired format.

Example¶

FORMAT ('2023-10-05', 'MM/DD/YYYY') // Returns '10/05/2023'

Remarks¶

The FORMAT function is versatile and supports various data types.
Ensure that the mask provided is compatible with the source data.

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GLOSSARY¶

Abbreviated Combined Relation Condition¶

The combined condition that results from the explicit omission of a common subject or a common subject and a common relational operator in a consecutive sequence of relation conditions.

Access Mode¶

The manner in which records are to be operated upon within a file.

Actual Decimal Point¶

The physical representation, using either of the decimal point characters period (.) or comma (,), of the decimal point position in a data item.

Alphabetic Character¶

A character that belongs to the following set of characters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z and the space.

Alphanumeric Character¶

Any character in the computer's character set.

Alternate Record Key¶

A key, other than the prime key, whose contents identify a record within an indexed file.

Arithmetic Expression¶

An arithmetic expression can be:

an identifier or a numeric elementary item
a numeric literal
such identifiers and literals separated by arithmetic operators
two arithmetic expressions separated by an arithmetic operator
an arithmetic operation enclosed in a parenthesis.

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Arithmetic Operator¶

A single character, or a fixed two character combination, that belongs to the following set:

Character	Meaning
+	addition
-	subtraction
*	multiplication
/	division
**	exponentiation

Ascending Key¶

A key upon whose values data is ordered, starting with the lowest value of key up to the highest value of key in accordance with the rules for comparing data items.

Assumed Decimal Point¶

A decimal point which does not involve the existence of an actual character in a data item. The assumed decimal point has logical meaning but no physical representation.

At End Condition¶

A condition caused:

During the execution of a READ statement for a sequentially accessed file.
During the execution of a RETURN statement, when no next logical record exists for the associated sort file or merge file.
During the execution of a SEARCH statement, when the search operation terminates without satisfying the condition specified in any of the associated WHEN phrases.

Block¶

A physical unit of data that is normally composed of one or more logical records. For mass storage files, a block may contain a portion of a logical record. The size of the block has no direct relationship to the size of the file within which the block has not direct relationship to the size of the file with which the block is contained or the size of the logical record(s) that are either continued within the block or that overlap the block. The term is synonymous with physical record.

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Glossary¶

Called Program¶

A program which is the object of a CALL statement combined at object time with the calling program to produce a run unit.

Calling Program¶

A program which executes a CALL to another program.

Character¶

The basic, indivisible unit of the language.

Character Position¶

A character position is the amount of physical storage required to store a single standard data format described as USAGE IS DISPLAY.

Characterstring¶

A sequence of contiguous characters which form a COBOL word, a literal, a PICTURE characterstring, or a comment entry.

Class Condition¶

The proposition, for which a truth value can be determined, that the content of an item is wholly alphabetic or is wholly numeric.

Clause¶

A clause is an ordered set of consecutive COBOL characterstrings whose purpose is to specify an attribute of an entry.

COBOL Word¶

See Word.

Collating Sequence¶

The sequence in which the characters that are acceptable to a computer are ordered for the purpose of sorting, merging or comparing.

Column¶

A character position within a print line. The columns are numbered from 1, by 1, starting at the leftmost character position of the print line and extending to the rightmost position of the print line.

Combined Condition¶

A condition that is the result of connecting two or more conditions with the 'AND' or the 'OR' logical operators.

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GLOSSARY¶

Comment Line¶

A source program line represented by an asterisk in the indicator area of the line and any characters from the computer's character set in area A and area B of that line. The comment line serves only for documentation in a program. A special form of comment line represented by a stroke (/) in the indicator area of the line and any characters from the computer's character set in area A and B of that line causes page ejection prior to printing the comment.

Compile Time¶

The time at which a COBOL source program is translated, by a COBOL compiler, to a COBOL object program.

Compiler Directing Statement¶

A statement, beginning with a compiler directing verb, that causes the compiler to take a specific action during compilation.

Complex Condition¶

A condition in which two or more logical operators act upon one or more conditions. (See Negated Simple Condition, Combined Condition and Negated Combined Condition.)

Computername¶

A systemname that identifies the computer upon which the program is to be compiled or run.

Condition¶

A status of a program at execution time for which a truth value can be determined. Where the term 'condition' (condition-1, condition-2, ...) appears in these language specifications or in reference to 'condition' (condition-1, condition-2, ...) of a general format, we have a conditional expression condition. It consists of either a simple condition optionally parenthesized, or a combined condition consisting of the syntactically correct combination of simple conditions, logical operators, and parentheses, for which a truth value can be determined.

Condition Name¶

A user defined word assigned to a specific value, set of values, or range of values, within the complete set of values that a conditional variable may possess.

Conditionname Condition¶

The proposition, for which a truth value can be determined, that the value of a conditional variable is a member of the set of values attributed to a conditionname associated with the conditional variable.

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GLOSSARY¶

Conditional Expression¶

A simple condition or a complex condition specified in an IF, PERFORM or SEARCH statement. (See Simple Condition and Complex Condition.)

Conditional Statement¶

A conditional statement specifies that the truth value of a condition is to be determined and that the subsequent action of the object program is dependent of this truth value.

Conditional Variable¶

A data item of which one or more values has a condition name assigned to it.

Configuration Section¶

A section of the Environment Division that describes overall specifications of source and object computers.

Connective¶

A reserved word that is used to:

Associate a dataname, paragraphname, conditionname or textname with its qualifier.
Link two or more operands within a series.
Form conditions (logical connectives)(see Logical Operator).

Contiguous Items¶

Items that are described by consecutive entries in the Data Division and bear a definite hierarchic relation to each other.

Currency Sign¶

The character '$' of the COBOL character set.

Currency Symbol¶

The character defined by the CURRENCY SIGN clause in the SPECIAL NAMES paragraph. If no CURRENCY SIGN clause is present in a COBOL source program, the currency symbol is identical to the currency sign.

Current Record¶

The record which is available in the record area associated with the file.

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Glossary¶

Current Record Pointer¶

A conceptual entity that is used in the selection of the next record.

Data Clause¶

A clause that appears in a data description entry in the Data Division and provides information describing a particular attribute of a data item.

Data Description Entry¶

An entry in the Data Division that is composed of a level number followed by a data name, if required, and then followed by a set of data clauses, as required.

Data Item¶

A character or a set of contiguous characters (excluding in either case literals) defined as a unit of data by the COBOL program.

Dataname¶

A user defined word that names a data item described in a data description entry in the Data Division. When used in general formats, 'dataname' represents a word which can neither be subscripted or indexed, nor qualified unless specifically permitted by the rules of the format.

Debugging Line¶

A debugging line is any line with 'D' in column 7. It is only compiled when the compiler has been directed to provide output for use with the Symbolic Debugger.

Declaratives¶

A set of one or more special purpose sections, written at the beginning of the Procedure Division, the first of which is preceded by the key word DECLARATIVES and the last of which is followed by the key words END DECLARATIVES. A declarative is composed of a section header, followed by a USE compiler directing sentence, followed by a set of zero, one or more associated paragraphs.

Declarative Sentence¶

A compiler directing sentence consisting of a single USE statement terminated by the separator period (.).

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GLOSSARY¶

Delimiter¶

A character or a sequence of contiguous characters that identify the end of a string of characters and separates that string of characters from the following string of characters. A delimiter is not part of the string of characters that it delimits.

Descending Key¶

A key, upon whose values data is ordered, starting with the highest value of key down to the lowest value of key, according to the rules for comparing data items.

Digit Position¶

A digit position is the amount of physical storage required to store a single digit. This amount may vary, depending on the usage of the physical storage defined by the implementor.

Division¶

A set of zero, one or more sections of paragraphs, called the division body, that are formed and combined according to a specific set of rules. There are four (4) divisions in a COBOL program: Identification, Environment, Data and Procedure.

Division Header¶

A combination of words followed by a period and a space that indicates the beginning of a division. The division headers are:

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
DATA DIVISION
PROCEDURE DIVISION [USE sentence]

Dynamic Access¶

An access mode in which specific logic records can be obtained from or placed into a mass storage file in a nonsequential manner (see Random Access) and obtained from a file in a sequential manner (see Sequential Access) during the scope of the same OPEN statement.

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Editing Character¶

A single character or a fixed two character combination belonging to the following set:

Character	Meaning
B	space
0	zero
+	plus
-	minus
CR	credit
DB	debit
Z	zero suppress
*	check protect
$	currency sign
,	comma (decimal point)
.	period (decimal point)
/	stroke (virgule, slash)

Elementary Item¶

A data item that is not described as further logically subdivided.

End of Procedure Division¶

The physical position in a COBOL source program after which no further procedures appear.

Entry¶

Any descriptive set of consecutive clauses terminated by a period and written in the Identification Division, Environment Division or Data Division of a COBOL source program.

Environment Clause¶

A clause that appears as a part of an Environment Division entry.

Execution Time¶

See Object Time.

Extend Mode¶

The state of a sequential file after execution of an OPEN statement, with the EXTEND phrase specified for that file, and before the execution of a CLOSE statement for that file.

Figurative Constant¶

A compiler generated value referenced through the use of certain reserved words.

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GLOSSARY¶

File¶

A collection of records.

FILE-CONTROL¶

The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which the data files for a given source program are declared.

File Description Entry¶

An entry in the File Section of the Data Division that is composed of the level indicator FD, followed by a file name, and then followed by a set of file clauses as required.

File Name¶

A user defined word that names a file described in a file description entry or a SORT/MERGE file description entry within the File Section of the Data Division.

File Organization¶

The permanent logical file structure established when a file is created.

File Section¶

The section of the Data Division that contains file description entries and SORT/MERGE file description entries together with their associated record descriptions.

Format¶

A specific arrangement of a set of data.

Group Item¶

A named contiguous set of elementary items or group items.

High Order End¶

The leftmost character of a string of characters.

I-O-Control¶

The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which object program requirements for specific input-output techniques, rerun points, sharing of the same areas of several data files and multiple file storage on a single input-output device are specified.

I-O Mode¶

The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement, with the I-O phrase specified for that file, and before the execution of a CLOSE statement for that file.

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GLOSSARY

Identifier¶

A data name, followed as required by the syntactically correct combinations of qualifiers, subscripts and indices necessary to make unique reference to a data item.

Imperative Statement¶

A statement that begins with an imperative verb and specifies an unconditional action to be taken. An imperative statement may consist of a sequence of imperative verbs.

Index¶

A computer storage position or register, the content of which represents the identification of a particular element in the table.

Index Data Item¶

A data item in which the value associated with an index name can be stored in a form specified by the implementor.

Index Name¶

A user defined word that names an index associated with a specific table.

Indexed Data Name¶

An identifier that is composed of a data name, followed by one or more index names enclosed in parentheses.

Indexed File¶

A file with indexed organization.

Indexed Organization¶

The permanent logical file structure in which each record is identified by a value of one or more keys within that record.

Input File¶

A file that is opened in the input mode.

Input Mode¶

The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement, with the INPUT phrase specified for that file, and before the execution of a CLOSE statement for that file.

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GLOSSARY¶

Input-Output File¶

A file that is opened in the I-O mode.

Input-Output Section¶

The section of the Environment Division that names the files and the external media required by an object program and which provides information required for transmission and handling of data during the execution of the object program.

Input Procedure¶

A set of statements that is executed each time a record is released to the sort file.

Integer¶

A numeric literal or a numeric data item that does not include any character positions to the right of the assumed decimal point. Where the term integer appears in general formats, integer can not be a numeric data item, neither can it be signed, nor can it be zero unless this is explicitly allowed by the rules of that format.

Invalid Key Condition¶

A condition, at object time, caused when a specific value of the key associated with an indexed or relative file is determined to be invalid.

Key¶

A data item which identifies the location of a record, or a set of data items which serve to identify the ordering of data.

Key Word¶

A Reserved Word whose presence is required when the format in which the word appears is used in a source program.

Level Indicator¶

Two alphabetic characters that identify a specific type of file or a position in the hierarchy.

Level Number¶

A user defined word which either indicates the position of a data item in the hierarchical structure of a logical record or the special properties of a data description entry. A level number is expressed as a single- or double-digit number. Level numbers in the range 1 through 49 indicate the position of a data item in the hierarchical structure of a logical record. Level numbers in the range 1 to 9 may be written either as a single digit or as a zero followed by a significant digit. Level numbers 77 and 88 identify special properties of a data description entry.

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GLOSSARY¶

Library Name¶

A user defined word that names a COBOL library that is to be used by the compiler for a given source program compilation.

Library Text¶

A sequence of character strings and/or separators in a COBOL library.

Linkage Section¶

The section in the Data Division of the called program that describes data items available from the calling program. These data items may be referred to by both the calling and called program.

Literal¶

A character string whose value is implied by the ordered set of characters comprising the string.

Logical Operator¶

One of the reserved words AND, OR or NOT. In the formation of a condition, either one of or both AND and OR can be used as logical connectives. NOT can be used for logical negation.

Logical Record¶

The most inclusive data item. The level number for a record is 01.

Low Order End¶

The rightmost character of a string of characters.

Mass Storage¶

A storage medium on which data may be organized and maintained in both a sequential and a nonsequential manner.

Mass Storage Control System (MSCS)¶

An input-output control system that directs, or controls, the processing of mass storage files.

Mass Storage File¶

A collection of records that is assigned to a mass storage medium.

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GLOSSARY¶

Merge File¶

A collection of records to be merged by a MERGE statement. The merge file is created and can be used only by the merge function.

Mnemonic Name¶

A user defined word that is associated in the Environment Division with a specified implementor name.

MSCS¶

See Mass Storage Control System.

Negated Combined Condition¶

The 'NOT' logical operator immediately followed by a parenthesized combined condition.

Negated Simple Condition¶

The 'NOT' logical operator immediately followed by a simple condition.

Next Executable Statement¶

The next statement to which control will be transferred after execution of the current statement is complete.

Next Record¶

The record which logically follows the current record of a file.

Noncontiguous Items¶

Elementary data items, in the Working-Storage and Linkage sections, which bear no hierarchic relation to other data items.

Nonnumeric Item¶

A data item whose description permits its contents to be composed of any combination of characters taken from the computer's character set. Certain categories of nonnumeric items may be formed from more restricted character sets.

Nonnumeric Literal¶

A character string within quotation marks. The string of characters may include any character in the computer's character set. To represent a single quotation mark character within a nonnumeric literal, two contiguous quotation marks must be used.

Numeric Character¶

A character that belongs to the following set of digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

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Numeric Item¶

A data item whose description restricts its contents to a value represented by characters chosen from the digits '0' to '9'. If signed, the item may also contain a '+', '-', or any other representation of an operational sign.

Numeric Literal¶

A literal composed of one or more numeric characters that also may contain either a decimal ., an algebraic sign, or both. The decimal point must not be the rightmost character. The algebraic sign, if present, must be the leftmost character.

Object Computer¶

The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which the computer environment, where the object program is executed, is described.

Object Program¶

A set or group of executable machine language instructions and other material designed to interact with data to provide problem solutions. In this context, an object program is generally the machine language result of the operation of a COBOL compiler on a source program. Where there is no danger of ambiguity, the word 'program' alone may be used instead of the phrase 'object program'.

Object Time¶

The time at which an object program is executed.

Open Mode¶

The state of a file after execution of an OPEN statement for that file, and before the execution of a CLOSE statement for that file. The particular open mode is specified in the OPEN statement as either INPUT, OUTPUT, I-O or EXTEND.

Operand¶

Whereas the general definition of operand is 'that component which is operated upon', for the purpose of this publication, any lower case word (or words) that appears in a statement or entry format may be considered to be an operand and, as such, an implied reference to the data indicated by the operand.

Operational Sign¶

An algebraic sign, associated with a numeric data item or a numeric literal, to indicate whether its value is positive or negative.

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GLOSSARY¶

Option¶

A phrase in which a choice can be made between alternate wordings.

Optional Word¶

A reserved word that is included in a specific format only to improve the readability of the language, and whose presence is optional to the user when the format in which the word appears is used in a source program.

Output File¶

A file that is opened in either the output mode or extend mode.

Paragraph Header¶

A reserved word, followed by a period and a space that indicates the beginning of a paragraph in the Identification and Environment Divisions.

Paragraph Name¶

A user defined word that identifies and begins a paragraph in the procedure division.

Phrase¶

A phrase is an ordered set of one or more consecutive COBOL character strings that form a portion of a COBOL procedural statement or of a COBOL clause.

Physical Record¶

See Block.

Prime Record Key¶

A key whose contents uniquely identify a record within an indexed file.

Procedure¶

A paragraph or a group of logically successive paragraphs or a section or a group of logically consecutive sections, within the Procedure Division.

Procedure Name¶

A user defined word used to name a paragraph or section in the Procedure Division. It consists of a paragraph name (which may be qualified), or a section name.

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Program Name¶

A user-defined word that identifies a COBOL source program.

Punctuation Character¶

A character that belongs to the following set:

Character	Meaning
,	comma
;	semicolon
.	period
"	quotation mark (double)
'	quotation mark (single) or apostrophe
(	left parenthesis
)	right parenthesis
space	space
=	equal sign

Qualified Dataname¶

An identifier composed of a dataname, followed by one or more sets of either of the connectives OF and IN, followed by a dataname qualifier.

Qualifier¶

1) A dataname used in a reference together with another data name at a lower level in the same hierarchy.

2) A section name used in a reference together with a paragraph name specified in that section.

3) A library name used in a reference together with a text name associated with that library.

Random Access¶

An access mode in which the program specified value of a key data item identifies the logical record that is obtained from, deleted from or placed into a relative or indexed file.

Record¶

See Logical Record.

Record Area¶

A storage area allocated to the purpose of processing the record described in a record description entry in the file section.

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GLOSSARY¶

Record Description¶

See Record Description Entry.

Record Description Entry¶

The total set of data description entries associated with a particular record.

Record Key¶

A key, either the prime record key or an alternate record key, whose contents identify a record within an indexed file.

Record Name¶

A user defined word that names a record described in a record description entry in the Data Division.

Reference Format¶

A format that provides a standard method for describing COBOL source programs.

Relation¶

See Relational Operator.

Relation Character¶

A character belonging to the following set:

Character	Meaning
>	greater than
<	less than
=	equal to

Relation Condition¶

The proposition, for which a truth value can be determined, that the value of an arithmetic expression or data item has a specific relationship to the value of another arithmetic expression or data item (see Relational Operator).

Relational Operator¶

A reserved word, a relation character, a group of consecutive reserved words or a group of consecutive reserved words and relation characters used in the construction of a relation condition. The permissible operators and their meanings are.

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GLOSSARY¶

Relational Operator:¶

Relational Operator	Meaning
IS [NOT] GREATER THAN / IS [NOT] >	Greater than or not greater than
IS [NOT] LESS THAN / IS [NOT] <	Less than or not less than
IS [NOT] EQUAL TO / IS [NOT] =	Equal to or not equal to

Relative File¶

A key whose contents identify a logical record in a relative file.

Relative Organization¶

The permanent logical file structure in which each record is uniquely identified by an integer value greater than zero, which specifies the record's logical ordinal position in the file.

Reserved Word¶

A COBOL word specified in the list of words which may be used in COBOL source programs, but cannot appear in the programs as user-defined words or system names.

Routine Name¶

A user defined word that identifies a procedure written in a language other than COBOL.

Run Unit¶

A set of one or more object programs which function, at object time, as a unit to provide problem solutions.

Section¶

A set of zero, one, or more paragraphs or entries called a section body, the first of which is preceded by a section header. Each section consists of the section header and the related section body.

Section Header¶

A combination of words followed by a period and a space that indicates the beginning of a section in the Environment, Data and Procedure Division.

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GLOSSARY¶

In the Environment and Data Divisions, a section header is composed of reserved words followed by a period and a space. The permissible section headers are:

In the Environment Division: - CONFIGURATION SECTION - INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION

In the Data Division: - FILE SECTION - WORKING-STORAGE SECTION - LINKAGE SECTION

In the Procedure Division, a section header is composed of a section name, followed by the reserved word SECTION, followed by a period and a space.

Section Name¶

A user defined word which names a section in the Procedure Division.

Sentence¶

A sequence of one or more statements, the last of which is terminated by a period followed by a space.

Separator¶

A Punctuation Character used to delimit character strings.

Sequential Access¶

An access mode in which logical records are obtained from or placed into a file in a consecutive predecessor to successor logical record sequence determined by the order of records in the file.

Sequential File¶

A file with sequential organization.

Sequential Organization¶

The permanent logical file structure in which a record is identified by a predecessor successor relationship established when the record is placed into the file.

Sign Condition¶

The proposition, for which one of the following truth values can be determined: that the algebraic value of a data item or an arithmetic expression is either less than, greater than, or equal to zero.

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GLOSSARY¶

Simple Condition¶

Any single condition chosen from the set:

relation condition
class condition
conditionname condition
switch status condition
sign condition
(simple condition)

Sort File¶

A collection of records to be sorted by a SORT statement. The sort file is created and can be used by the sort function only.

Sort/Merge File Description Entry¶

An entry in the File Section of the Data Division that is composed of the level indicator SD, followed by a file name, and then followed by a set of file clauses as required.

SOURCE-COMPUTER¶

The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which the computer environment where the source program is compiled, is described.

Source Program¶

Although it is recognized that a source program may be represented by other forms and symbols, in this document it always refers to a syntactically correct set of COBOL statements beginning with an Identification Division and ending with the end of a Procedure Division. In contexts where there is no danger of ambiguity, the word "program" alone may be used in place of the phrase "source program".

Special Character¶

A character that belongs to the following set:

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GLOSSARY¶

Character	Meaning
+	plus sign
-	minus sign
*	asterisk
/	stroke (virgule, slash)
=	equal sign
$	currency sign
,	comma (decimal point)
;	semicolon
.	period (decimal point)
"	quotation mark (double)
'	quotation mark (single)
(	left parenthesis
)	right parenthesis
>	greater than symbol
<	less than symbol

Special Character Word¶

A reserved word which is an arithmetic operator or a relation character.

SPECIAL-NAMES¶

The name of an Environment Division paragraph in which implementor names are related to user specified mnemonic names.

Special Registers¶

Compiler generated storage areas whose primary use is to store information in conjunction with the use of specific COBOL features.

Statement¶

A syntactically valid combination of words and symbols, beginning with a verb, and written in the Procedure Division.

Subprogram¶

See Called Program.

Subscript¶

An integer whose value identifies a particular element in a table.

Subscripted Data Name¶

An identifier that is composed of a data name followed by one or more subscripts enclosed in parentheses.

Page 426¶

System Name¶

A COBOL word which is used to communicate with the operating environment.

Table¶

A set of logically consecutive items of data that are defined in the Data Division by means of the OCCURS clause.

Table Element¶

A data item that belongs to the set of repeated items comprising a table.

Truth Value¶

The representation of the result of the evaluation of a condition in terms of one of two values: true or false

Unary Operator¶

A plus (+) or a minus (-) sign, which precedes a variable or a left parenthesis in an arithmetic expression and which has the effect of multiplying the expression by +1 or -1, respectively.

User Defined Word¶

A COBOL word that must be supplied by the user to satisfy the format of a clause or statement.

Variable¶

A data item whose value may be changed by the execution of the object program. A variable used in an arithmetic expression must be a numeric elementary item.

Verb¶

A word that expresses an action to be taken by a COBOL compiler or object program.

Word¶

A character string of not more than 30 characters which forms a user defined word, a system name or a reserved word.

Working-Storage Section¶

The section of the Data Division that describes Working-Storage data items, composed either of non-contiguous items or of Working-Storage records or of both.

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GLOSSARY¶

77 Level Description Entry¶

A data description entry that describes a non-contiguous data item with the level number 77.

Page 428¶

Index¶

( )¶

.................................................. 95.

*¶

comment line ....................................... 28.
compiler prompt .................................... 6.
exponentiation ..................................... 95.
multiplication ..................................... 95.
NRL prompt ......................................... 10.
addition ........................................... 95.
subtraction ........................................ 95.
and V .............................................. 74.

/¶

comment line ....................................... 28.
division ............................................ 95.

01 level in LINKAGE SECTION¶

.................................................. 254.

77¶

data level ......................................... 59.
description rule for level 77 ...................... 66.
level in LINKAGE SECTION ........................... 253.

77/01 item¶

.................................................. 6.

77 level description entry definition¶

.................................................. 413.

88¶

data level ......................................... 60.
description rule for level 88 ...................... 67.

:BRF ND-100 relocatable files¶

.................................................. 7.

:NRL NO-500 relocatable files¶

.................................................. 7.

:SYMB symbolic file type¶

.................................................. 7.

abbreviated combined relation condition definition¶

.................................................. 391.

abbreviation¶

NOT interpretation ................................. 112.
relation condition .................................. 108, 112.

ACCEPT¶

AUTO-SKIP option ................................... 124.
BEEP ................................................ 124.
BLANK-WHEN-ZERO option .............................. 125.
BLINK option ........................................ 125.
CONTROL option ...................................... 125.
CPU-TIME ............................................ 123.
DATE ................................................ 123.
DAY ................................................. 123.
devices for ......................................... 123.
DOWN option ......................................... 125.
EXIT option .......................................... 125.
field specification .................................. 124.
format statement ..................................... 121.
from screen .......................................... 122.
from VDU ............................................. 122.
HOME option .......................................... 125.
INVERSE-VIDEO option ................................. 125.
LEFT option .......................................... 125.
LENGTH-CHECK option .................................. 124.
LOW-INTENSITY option .................................. 125.
MUST option .......................................... 125.

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Topic	Page
NORMAL option	125.
PROMPT option	124.
RIGHT option	125.
SPACE-FILL option	124.
statement	120.
statement format	121.
terminal	123.
TIME	123.
to COMPUTATIONAL	124.
to get system information	122.
to PACKED-DECIMAL	124.
UNDERLINE option	125.
UPDATE option	124.
UP option	125.
ACCEPT-ERROR statement	120, 127.
ACCEPT-RETURN statement	120, 127.
access
ESTIMATE-INDEX-FILE-SIZE function INDEXED SEQUENTIAL METHOD	179.
indexed file organization and sequential	42.
mode, random file	42.
mode, sequential file	42.
modes, dynamic files	42.
mode definition	391.
mode default file	46.
mode implied file	46.
mode relative files and sequential	48.
relative record file	42.
sequence in record	47.
sequential access on indexed file	117.
actual decimal point definition	391.
ADD statement	96, 99.
addition	95.
+	95.
addresses, entry points during loading	11.
ADVANCING phrase	129.
AFTER	148.
in INSPECT	146.
program structuring with PERFORM and variable	207.
algebraic signs	63.
alignment
on computer word boundaries	82.
rule standard	62.
ALL	147, 148.
literal	23.
alphabetic
character definition	391.
data in PICTURE	72.
test	108.
alphanumeric
character definition	391.
data in PICTURE	72.

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Topic	Page
edited data in PICTURE	72
ALTER statement	201
ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause	38, 47, 195
AND logical operator	109
ANSI Standard compared with ND COBOL	3

Area¶

Description	Page
A of program line	27
B of program line	27
common memory	48
common storage	48
continuation	27
receiving area in MOVE statement	150

Arithmetic¶

Description	Page
binary arithmetic operator	94
data conversion	96
definition of arithmetic expressions	93
expressions, legal	95
expression definition	391
expression evaluation rule	94
expression with parentheses	95
legal symbol combinations	95
maximum operand size	96
multiple result in statement	96
operators	93
operator definition	392
statements	96
unary arithmetic operator	94
undefined results in arithmetic statements	96

ASCENDING¶

Description	Page
DESCENDING keys in sorting and merging	219
key definition	392

ASSIGN Clause¶

Description	Page
Definition	47

Assumed Decimal¶

Description	Page
Definition	392

Asterisk * Compiler Prompt¶

Description	Page
Definition	6

At End Condition Definition¶

Description	Page
Definition	392

AT END¶

Description	Page
condition	167
condition rule	177
phrase	176

AUTO-ERASE¶

Description	Page
DISPLAY option	130
in frames, DISPLAY option	131

AUTO-SKIP ACCEPT Option¶

Description	Page
Definition	124

Backward Reference in Overlay Systems¶

Description	Page
Definition	273

Bar Graphs on Screen for Histograms¶

Description	Page
Definition	132

BEEP¶

Description	Page
ACCEPT option	124
DISPLAY option	130

BEFORE¶

Description	Page
Definition	148
in INSPECT	146

Binary¶

Description	Page
arithmetic operator	94

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Index¶

Topic	Page
relocatable format	7
BLANK
COLUMN on screen	128
LINE	128
statement	120, 128
BLANK-WHEN-ZERO
ACCEPT option	125
DISPLAY option	130
BLANK WHEN ZERO clause in DATA DIVISION	67
BLINK
ACCEPT option	125
DISPLAY option	130
block definition and relationship to records	49
blocks IMPORTing from FORTRAN COMMON	252
block definition	392
branching statements in procedures	201
BRF	5
BRF-Linker	11
command EXIT	13
command LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED	12
command LOAD	12
command PROGRAM-FILE	12
loader and overlays	271
PROGRAM-FILE command	12
prompt Brl:	12
Brl: BRF-Linker prompt	12
BY option in UNSTRING	158
CALL
PROCEDURE DIVISION subprogram calls	254
statement	249, 254, 255
USING correspondence	255
called program definition	393
called program
LINKAGE SECTION	251
USING clause	250
calling program definition	393
card source file punched	7
character
COBOL	10
currency	35
definition	393
positions in record and RELEASE	57
positions in record and REWRITE	57
positions in record and WRITE	57
position definition	393
character-string	19
CHARACTERS	147, 148
phrase in INSPECT	146
characterstring definition	393
checking I-O error in DECLARATIVES	193
class
condition definition	393

Page 432¶

Index¶

NUMERIC or ALPHABETIC condition ................. 107.
test for PICTURE ................................ 107.
classes table data ............................... 62.

clause¶

ALTERNATE RECORD KEY	38, 47.
ASSIGN	47.
DEBUGGING MODE	33.
DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA	35.
definition	18, 393.
FILE STATUS	47.
JUSTIFIED	24.
ORDER SELECT	45.
ORGANIZATION	47.
RECORD KEY	38, 47.
RESERVE	47.
SEGMENT-LIMIT	34.

CLOSE¶

statement .................................. 168.
statement rule .............................. 168, 169.

COBOL¶

ANSI Standard and ND COBOL .................. 3.
character ................................... 18.
data unit on files .......................... 161.
divisions ................................... 17.
file format and ND editors .................. 197.
level ....................................... 3.
program ..................................... 17.
program format ............................... 27.
RECORD definition ........................... 161.
SORT/MERGE .................................. 213.
system variables ............................ 375.
word ........................................ 20.
word definition .............................. 393.

coding¶

layout ...................................... 29.
sheets ...................................... 29.

collating sequence definition¶

............................................ 393.

COLUMN¶

BLANKing of a column ........................ 128.
definition .................................. 393.

combined¶

condition definition ........................ 393.
logical conditions .......................... 110.

combining legal arithmetic symbols¶

............................................ 95.

comma¶

............................................ 26.
clause DECIMAL-POINT IS ..................... 35.

command¶

COMPILE ..................................... 6.
EXIT compiler ............................... 7.
EXIT from NLL ............................... 14.
EXIT from NRL ............................... 11.
EXIT in BRF-Linker .......................... 13.

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Index¶

LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED in NRL ............................. 11.
LIST-ENTRIES-UNDEFINED in NLL ........................... 14.
LOAD in BRF-Linker ............................................ 12.
LOAD NRL ........................................................ 10.
LOAD SEGMENT in NLL ........................................ 14.
OVERLAY ......................................................... 275.
PROG-FILE NRL ................................................. 10.
PROGRAM-FILE in BRF-Linker ............................. 12.
PROGRAM-FILE in the BRF-Linker ....................... 12.
RUN in NRL ......................................................... 11.
RUN NRL ............................................................ 10.
SET-DOMAIN in NLL ........................................... 13.
SIZE in NRL ......................................................... 11.

Commands for loading overlays ........................... 275.¶

Comment¶

lines ................................................................... 28.
line definition .................................................... 394.

Common¶

blocks IMPORTing from FORTRAN ......................... 252.
data for several programs .................................. 250.
memory area ....................................................... 48.
storage area ....................................................... 48.

Comparison¶

nonnumeric operands ....................................... 106.
numeric operands ................................................. 106.
rule in INSPECT .................................................. 146.

Compilation¶

loading and execution .......................................... 6.
loading execution ................................................. 15.
compile time definition ..................................... 394.

Compiler¶

COMPILE command ............................................ 6.
directing statements ......................................... 211.
directing statement definition ............................. 394.
EXIT command ..................................................... 7.
programs separately compiled ........................... 249.
prompt: * ............................................................. 6.
reentrant .............................................................. 5.
scratch file .......................................................... 5.

Complex¶

conditional expression ....................................... 109.
condition definition .................................. 109, 394.

COMPUTATIONAL¶

ACCEPTing to .................................................... 124.
options ............................................................... 85.
sizes, table for ND-100 and ND-500 .................. 85.
COMPUTATIONAL-3 equivalence with PACKED-DECIMAL ......... 86.

COMPUTE¶

statement .................................................. 96, 100.
statement, decimal places ................................ 101.

COMPUTER¶

paragraph OBJECT ................................................. 34.

NO-60.144.3 EN

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Index¶

paragraph SOURCE ................................. 33.
computername definition .......................... 394.
concatenation of two or more STRINGS .............. 154.
condition
- abbreviation of relation condition .............. 112.
- abbreviation of relation conditions ............. 108.
- ALPHABETIC or NUMERIC class ..................... 107.
- AT END while READing ............................ 167.
- combined logical ................................ 110.
- definition ...................................... 394.
- definition of complex condition ................. 109.
- definition of relation condition ................ 105.
- definition of simple condition .................. 105.
- evaluation rules ................................ 113.
- format for relation condition ................... 106.
- INVALID KEY in index-sequential I-O ............. 166.
- INVALID KEY in indexed I-O ...................... 196.
- INVALID KEY in MULTI-USER-MODE .................. 179.
- INVALID KEY in WRITE statement .................. 195.
- in the WHILE phrase ............................. 119.
- name definition ................................. 394.
- negated simple .................................. 110.
- OVERFLOW in STRING .............................. 155.
- rule for AT END while READing ................... 177.
- sign of arithmetic expression ................... 109.
- SIZE ERROR in arithmetic statements ............. 97.
- via a condition-name ............................ 108.
condition-name condition type .................... 108.
conditional
- ALPHABETIC or NUMERIC class expression .......... 107.
- by sign of arithmetic expression ................ 109.
- definition of conditional expressions ........... 105.
- expressions with parentheses .................... 111.
- expression definition ........................... 395.
- expression evaluation rule ...................... 113.
- statements ...................................... 114.
- statement definition ............................ 395.
- variable ........................................ 108.
- variable definition ............................. 395.
- variable entry .................................. 67.
conditionname condition definition ............... 394.
CONFIGURATION
- SECTION ......................................... 33.
- section definition .............................. 395.
conjunction logical: AND ........................ 110.
connectives ..................................... 22.
connective definition ........................... 395.
constants figurative ............................ 22.
contiguous items definition ..................... 395.
continuation area ............................... 27.
CONTINUE
- SINTRAN command ................................. 11.

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Index¶

CONTROL¶

statement .............................................. 202.
keys and ACCEPT statements ...................... 126.
option with ACCEPT ................................ 125.
paragraph I-0 .......................................... 48.

conversion of data in arithmetic statements ......... 96.¶

COPY statement .............................................. 211.¶

CORR in MOVE ................................................ 151.¶

CORRESPONDING¶

option in MOVE ............................................ 150.
option rule in arithmetic statements ............ 98.
rule ............................................................ 150.

COUNT IN option in UNSTRING ......................... 158.¶

CPU-TIME system information ........................... 123.¶

CR credit ........................................................ 73.¶

credit CR .......................................................... 73.¶

CTRL keys and ACCEPT statements .................... 126.¶

CURRENCY¶

character ................................................... 35.
IS clause ...................................................... 35.
sign definition ........................................... 395.
symbol definition ....................................... 395.

current¶

record ....................................................... 396.
record definition ...................................... 395.

current record pointer¶

after DELETE ............................................. 167.
and WRITE .................................................. 194.
relative file I-0 .......................................... 179.
sequential I-0 ............................................ 180.

data¶

clause definition ........................................ 396.
compatibility between ND-100 NO-500 ............. 82.
description ................................................ 396.
description entry ........................................ 65.
description rules ........................................ 66.
division ....................................................... 17, 49.
item definition ............................................. 396.
level qualification ...................................... 63.
PICTURE for alphabetic data .......................... 72.
PICTURE for alphanumeric data ....................... 72.
PICTURE for alphanumeric edited data ............. 72.
PICTURE for numeric data ............................... 72.
PICTURE for numeric edited data ..................... 73.

RECORDS clause in DATA DIVISION ................... 55.¶

reference uniqueness ..................................... 63.¶

rules for legal data names ................................ 68.¶

table classes and categories .............................. 62.¶

table definition ............................................ 229.¶

unit in COBOL ............................................... 161.¶

dataname definition ...................................... 396.¶

DATA DIVISION¶

SORT and MERGE files .................................. 215.

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Index¶

Topic	Page
table definition	234
data name clause in DATA DIVISION	68
DATE system information	123
DATE-COMPILED	31
DAY system information	123
DB debit	73
debit DB	73
DEBUG compiler command	259
Debugger and Overlays	274

DEBUGGING¶

line | 34 |
line definition | 396 |
MODE clause | 33 |

decimal¶

places in COMPUTE statement | 101 |
point | 96 |

DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA clause¶

DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA clause | 35 |

declarative`sentence definition¶

declarative`sentence definition | 396 |

DECLARATIVES¶

Topic	Page
definition	396
definition of DECLARATIVES sections	92
I-O error checking	193
key word	92
procedure for sequential I-O WRITE	197
section, ERROR procedure	192
section, USE statement	192
section and EXCEPTION procedure	192
sequence rule	28

default¶

file access mode | 46 |
source file type | 7 |

definition¶

Topic	Page
arithmetic expression	93
block	49
clause	18
COBOL RECORD	161
conditional expression	105
data tables	229
file	49
logical record	49
object program	249
of option phrase	18
of paragraph	18
of section	18
paragraph	93
phrase	18
physical record	49
procedure	92
relation condition	105
section	92
sentence	93
simple conditions	105

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Index¶

Topic	Page(s)
source program	249
statement	18, 93
STRING delimiter	155
STRING pointer field	155
tables in DATA DIVISION	229
definitions COBOL terms	391
DELETE
effect on current record pointer	170
mandatory INVALID KEY phrase	169
statement	169
deletion
screen column	128
screen frame	131
screen line	128
DELIMITED
BY option in UNSTRING statement	158
phrase in STRING statement	155
delimiter
definition	397
definition for STRING statements	155
IN option in UNSTRING statement	157
Dependent links in overlay systems	272
descending key definition	397
DESCENDING/ASCENDING keys	219
description
data entry	65
rules for data descriptions	66
rule for level 77	66
rule for level 88	67
Design of an overlay system	274
device for ACCEPT statements	123
diagnostic message	5
digit position definition	397
disabled ESCAPE key	121
DISPLAY
and screen handling	128
AUTO-ERASE option	130, 131
BEEP option	130
BLANK-WHEN-ZERO option	130
BLINK option	130
for printing terminals	128
HEADING option	131
INVERSE-VIDEO option	130
LOW-INTENSITY option	130
NORMAL option	130
parameters for	129
REMARKS option	131
SPACE-FILL option	130, 131
statement	24, 120, 128
UNDERLINE option	130
WITH phrase	130
DIVIDE
GIVING	102

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 438¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
statement	96, 101
division	95
/	95
data	17
definition	397
environment	17, 33
header definition	397
identification	17, 31
procedure	17, 91
divisions COBOL	17
DO statement	119
domains	13
DOWN ACCEPT option	125
Dumping Overlay program	276
DUPLICATES	38
phrase in indexed WRITE	195
dynamic
access definition	397
access mode	42
edited data
PICTURE for alphanumeric	72
PICTURE numeric	73
editing
character definition	398
rule for PICTURE	73
symbols with PICTURE	70
editors and reading COBOL files	197
elementary
items LINKAGE SECTION	253
item definition	398
item size	73
move rule	152
numeric item	93
ELSE phrase	116
ELSE-IF clause	117
END
AT END phrase and USE procedure	176
condition AT END	167
condition rule for AT END	177
of procedure division definition	398
END-DO statement	119
END-IF phrase	117
entry
conditional variable	67
data description	65
definition	398
level 77 description	66
level 88 description	67
entry point addresses	11
environment
clause definition	398

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Index¶

Topic	Page
division	17, 33.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION SORT/MERGE file entries	214.
equal size operand	107.
equivalence of COMPUTATIONAL-3 and PACKED-DECIMAL	86.
RELEASE and MOVE	216.
erasing frame	131.
screen column	128.
screen line	128.
ERROR checking by declaratives for I-O	193.
file handling	192.
I-O	192.
procedure in DECLARATIVES	192.
SIZE ERROR in arithmetic statements	97.
SIZE ERROR option	97, 100.
errors in source program	5.
ESC key	121.
ESCAPE disabled by screen I-O	121.
ESTIMATE-INDEX-FILE-SIZE function on index-sequential access files	179.
evaluation rule arithmetic expression	94.
rule conditional expression	113.
examples screen handling	133.
EXCEPTION DECLARATIVES procedure	192.
I-O statement	192.
Executing overlay programs	276.
execution after compilation and loading	6, 15.
suspended	211.
time definition	398.
EXIT ACCEPT option	125.
BRF-Linker command	13.
compiler command	7.
NLL command	14.
NRL command	11.
statement	202.
EXIT-ALL-DO statement	203.
EXIT-DO statement rule	203.
EXIT PROGRAM rule	256.
statement	249, 250, 256.
exponentiation **	95.
EXPORT clause	252.
clause in DATA DIVISION	90.
expression evaluation rule conditional	113.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

evaluation rule for arithmetic expressions¶

Page: 94

legal arithmetic¶

Page: 95

parentheses in arithmetic expressions¶

Page: 95

expressions parentheses in conditional expressions¶

Page: 111

EXTEND¶

mode definition: 398
option: 171, 174

Extended path in overlay systems¶

Page: 273

extension¶

in ND COBOL: 115, 120, 173, 176, 191
NO: 90

field¶

definition of sending field in STRING: 155
definition of STRING pointer: 155
specification in ACCEPT: 124

figurative¶

constants: 22
constant definition: 398

file¶

100 Scratch: 7
access mode default: 46
access mode implied: 46
access with relative records: 42
COBOL file format and ND editors: 197
compiler scratch: 5
definition: 49, 399
description entry definition: 399
errors: 172
file handling errors: 192
I-O rule for sequential files: 180
indexed: 47
library: 7
loading program: 10
magnetic tape source: 7
name definition: 399
non-disk source: 7
object: 7
OPENing indexed files: 177
OPENing relative files: 179
organization: indexed: 38
organization: relative: 40
organization: rules for indexed: 47
organization: sequential: 36
organization definition: 399
processing: 36
punched card source: 7
quotes for making new files: 7
random record access: 42
relative file I-O and current record pointer: 179
rules for relative organisation: 48
SECTION: 51

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
section definition	399
SELECT entry for sequential	43
SELECT entry indexed	44
SELECT entry relative	45
sequential access mode on relative files	48
SORT MERGE	50
source	7
START in relative	46
START of indexed file	177
STATUS	161
STATUS clause	47
type, default for source	7

FILE-CONTROL¶

Topic	Page
definition	399
MERGE paragraph	214
paragraph	43
SORT paragraph	214
files SORT/MERGE	215

FILLER¶

Topic	Page
clause in DATA DIVISION	68
rule	68

FIRST¶

Topic	Page
first	148
fixed length tables	235
floating insertion	76
format

Format¶

Topic	Page
binary relocatable	7
COBOL program	27
definition	399

FORTRAN¶

Topic	Page
calling from on ND-100	303
calling from on ND-500	304
IMPORTing COMMON blocks	252
FORTRAN COMMON and Overlays	274

Additional Topics¶

Topic	Page
Forward reference in overlay systems	273
frame
drawing frames on the screen	131
erasing interior of frames	131

FROM¶

Topic	Page
in SUBTRACT statement	105
phrase with REWRITE	185

Miscellaneous¶

Topic	Page
FULL-BAR DISPLAY option	132
GIVING	99, 104
DIVIDE	102
MULTIPLY	103
option MERGE	214
option SORT	213
phrase	219
glossary	391
GO TO
and IF statement	116
statement	203
graphs: bar graphs (histograms) on screen	132

Page 442¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

Group Item Definitions¶

Group item definition .................................. 399.

Display Options¶

HEADING in frames, DISPLAY option ...................... 131.

High Values¶

High order end definition .............................. 399.
HIGH-VALUE ............................................. 23.
HIGH-VALUES ............................................ 23.

Visualization¶

Histograms or bar graphs on screens .................... 132.

Options and Conditions¶

HOME; ACCEPT option .................................... 125.
Hyphen in area continuation ............................ 27.

I-O¶

CLOSE statement rule for sequential files .............. 169.
CONTROL paragraph ...................................... 48.
Current record pointer, sequential files ............... 180.
Current record pointer in relative files ............... 179.
Error checking by declaratives .......................... 193.
Error statement ........................................ 192.
Exception statement .................................... 192.
INVALID KEY condition, indexed files ................... 196.
INVALID-KEY condition, relative AND indexed files ...... 166.
Mode definition ........................................ 400.
Option ................................................. 171.
Option, sequential files ............................... 174.
Rules, indexed and relative files ...................... 178.
Rules, indexed and relative I-O ........................ 173.
Rules, indexed files ................................... 177.
Rules, relative files .................................. 179.
Rules, sequential files ................................ 174, 180, 197.
Rules, WRITE, relative files ........................... 196.
START statement rules, indexed files ................... 187.
START statement rules, relative files .................. 188.
Statements ............................................. 161.
Status ................................................. 161.
Table of status keys for indexed files ................. 165.
Table of status keys for relative files ................ 165.
Table of status keys for sequential files .............. 166.
WRITE, sequential file and DECLARATIVES procedure ...... 197.
WRITE statement rules, indexed files ................... 195.

I-O-Control¶

I-O-control definition ................................. 399.

Identification Division¶

Identification division ................................ 17, 31.

Identifiers¶

Identifier ............................................. 93.
Definition ............................................. 400.

IF Statements¶

Nested statements ...................................... 117.
Rules .................................................. 116.
Statement .............................................. 114.
Statement and GO TO .................................... 116.

Multi-User Mode¶

IMMEDIATE-WRITE in MULTI-USER-MODE ..................... 174.

Imperative Statements¶

Imperative statement definition ........................ 400.

File Access¶

Implied file access mode ............................... 46.

Import¶

Clause ................................................. 252.
FORTRAN COMMON blocks .................................. 252.

Source Program¶

Inclusion of source program ............................ 211.

NO-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Topic	Page(s)
inclusive OR	110
Independent links in overlay systems	272
INDEX
data item definition	400
definition	400
name definition	400
USAGE IS clause and MOVE	151
indexed
and relative files, I-O rules	178
data name definition	400
file, organization rules for	47
files	177
files, ESTIMATE-INDEX-FILE-SIZE function	179
files, rules for REWRITE in I-O	185
files, SELECT entry	44
file and sequential access	47
file definition	400
file errors	172
file I-O, INVALID KEY condition	196
file I-O, START statement rule	187
file I-O, WRITE statement rule	195
file I-O rules	177
file investigation	179
file organization	38
I-O, table of status keys	165
I-O INVALID KEY condition for relative files	166
I-O rules, indexed and relative files	173
OPEN on file	177
organization and sequential access	42
organization definition	400
organization keys	46
READ	177
indexing	233
INPUT
file definition	400
mode definition	400
option	174
procedure definition	401
INPUT-OUTPUT
file definition	401
SECTION	36
section definition	401
statements	161
status	161
INSPECT
AFTER	146
BEFORE	146
BEFORE/AFTER option rule	148
COMPARISON rule	146
operand for TALLYING/REPLACING	146
REPLACING option	147
statement	96, 144

Page 444¶

NO COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

TALLYING¶

BEFORE/AFTER option rule ........................... 147.
option ................................................ 147.

integer definition¶

.......................................................... 401.

inter-program communication¶

.......................................................... 249.
PROCEDURE DIVISION .................................. 254.
intervention by operator ............................ 211.

INTO¶

phrase ................................................... 176.
phrase in READ or RETURN ........................... 57.

invalid key condition definition¶

.......................................................... 401.

INVALID KEY¶

and REWRITE ........................................... 185.
condition, indexed file I-O ......................... 196.
condition and WRITE statement ..................... 195.
condition for relative and indexed I-O ........... 166.
condition in MULTI-USER-MODE ................... 179.
in DELETE statements ................................. 169.
in WRITE statement .................................. 195.
phrase and START .................................... 186.
phrase for REWRITE on indexed files ................ 184.
phrase without USE ................................ 176.

INVERSE-VIDEO¶

ACCEPT option ......................................... 125.
DISPLAY option ......................................... 130.

INVISIBLE ACCEPT option¶

.......................................................... 124.

ISAM-INTER¶

........................................................... 172.

ISAM-SERVICE¶

........................................................... 172.
program ................................................... 179.

item¶

77/01 ..................................................... 6.
elementary numeric ..................................... 93.
receiving in MOVE .................................... 151.

items¶

NO-100 real items ...................................... 86.
table of NO-500 real ................................... 86.

iterative procedures¶

........................................................... 119.

justification rules for receiving item¶

........................................................... 69.

JUSTIFIED¶

clause ...................................................... 24.
clause in DATA DIVISION ............................... 69.

JUSTIFIED-RIGHT ACCEPT option¶

........................................................... 125.

key¶

ALTERNATE RECORD KEY clause ..................... 195.
ASCENDING or DESCENDING .......................... 219.
clause ALTERNATE RECORD ......................... 38, 47.
clause RECORD ......................................... 38, 47.
definition .................................................. 401.
indexed I-O, status table ............................. 165.
invalid for DELETE ..................................... 169.
INVALID KEY condition ................................ 179.
INVALID KEY condition, indexed I-O .............. 196.

Page 445¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

INVALID KEY condition, relative and indexed I-O ....................................... 166.
INVALID KEY condition, REWRITE ....................................................... 185.
INVALID KEY condition in WRITE statement ............................................. 195.
INVALID KEY phrase ................................................................... 176.
INVALID KEY phrase, START ............................................................ 186.
option for START ..................................................................... 187.
organization in indexed file ......................................................... 46.
phrase in REWRITE .................................................................... 184.
relative I-O, status table ........................................................... 165.
REWRITE on RELATIVE files ............................................................ 185.
sequential I-O table status .......................................................... 166.
status checking in DECLARATIVES section .............................................. 193.
word ................................................................................. 21.
word definition ...................................................................... 401.
organization in relative files ....................................................... 46.
key word uniqueness .................................................................. 63.
known restrictions ................................................................... 6.
LABEL RECORDS clause in DATA DIVISION ................................................ 56.
layout coding ........................................................................ 29.
LEADING .............................................................................. 147, 148.
LEFT ACCEPT option ................................................................... 125.
LENGTH-CHECK ACCEPT option ........................................................... 124.

Level¶

01 LINKAGE SECTION .................................................................... 254.
77 LINKAGE SECTION .................................................................... 253.
COBOL ................................................................................ 3.
indicator definition ................................................................ 401.
numbers in record description ....................................................... 60.
number definition ................................................................... 402.
qualification of data for uniqueness ................................................ 63.

Level 77¶

data ................................................................................. 59.
description rule ..................................................................... 66.

Level 88¶

data ................................................................................. 60.
description rules .................................................................... 67.

Library¶

files ................................................................................ 7.
name definition ...................................................................... 402.
relocatable form ..................................................................... 5.
text definition ...................................................................... 402.

Line¶

BLANK ................................................................................ 128.
debugging ............................................................................ 34.
deletion screen ...................................................................... 128.
lines comment ........................................................................ 28.

Linkage¶

Loader for ND-500 computers .......................................................... 5.
Loader ND-500 computers .............................................................. 13.
SECTION .............................................................................. 250.
section definition ................................................................... 402.
LINKAGE SECTION
called program ....................................................................... 251.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

DATA DIVISION¶

elementary items ....................................... 253
level 01 ................................................ 254
level 77 ................................................ 253
records ................................................. 254
structure of ............................................ 253
value ................................................... 252

Links¶

dependent ............................................... 272
independent ............................................. 272

Link path in overlay .................................. 273¶

LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED¶

BRF-Linker .............................................. 12
NLL command ............................................. 14
NRL command ............................................. 11

LIST-ENTRIES-UNDEFINED command in NLL ................ 14¶

Listing¶

program .................................................. 7
source ................................................... 5

Literal¶

ALL .................................................... 23
definition ............................................ 402

Literals .................................................. 93¶

LOAD¶

BRF-Linker command .................................... 12
NRL command ............................................ 10

LOAD-SEGMENT command NLL ............................. 14¶

Loader¶

BRF-Linker ............................................. 11
input ................................................... 10
ND-500 computer ........................................ 13
ND-500 Linkage .......................................... 5
table overflow NRL ..................................... 11

Loader/Monitor, NO-60.136.03 for the ND-500 .......... 13¶

Loaders ND ............................................... 7¶

Loading¶

compilation, loading and execution ....................... 6
program file ............................................ 10
with execution and compilation .......................... 15

LOCK phrase in MULTI-USER-MODE ....................... 179¶

Logical¶

AND operator .......................................... 109
conjunction ........................................... 110
inclusive OR .......................................... 110
negation .............................................. 110
operator .............................................. 109
operator definition ................................... 402
OR operator ........................................... 109
record definition .................................. 49, 402

Loops ................................................. 119¶

Low order end definition .............................. 402¶

LOW-INTENSITY¶

ACCEPT option ......................................... 125

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 447¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

Topic	Page
DISPLAY option	130.
LOW-VALUE	23.
LOW-VALUES	23.
magnetic tape source file	7.
MANUAL UNLOCK MODE	191.
MANUAL-UNLOCK	174.
mass storage control system (MSCS) definition	402.
storage definition	402.
storage file definition	402.
maximum arithmetic operand size	96.
memory area, common	48.
synchronization between ND-100 and ND-500 computer	82.

MERGE¶

Topic	Page
COBOL SORT/MERGE	213.
DATA DIVISION, SORT/MERGE entry	215.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION, SORT/MERGE entry	214.
FILE-CONTROL paragraph	214.
file and SORT in DATA DIVISION	50.
file definition	403.
GIVING option	214.
OPEN for SORT/MERGE	171.
PROCEDURE DIVISION, SORT/MERGE statements	216.
RELEASE statement SORT	216.
RETURN statement	214.
SD entry SORT/MERGE, DATA statement	215.
statement	220.

Topic	Page
message diagnostic	5.
messages to the operator	211.
microprogram ND-10	5.
mnemonic name definition	403.
Monitor for the ND-500 computers	13.

MOVE¶

Topic	Page
data conversion	152.
equivalence with RELEASE statement	216.
rules	151.
statement	96, 98, 150.
table of legal MOVES	153.

Topic	Page
MSCS definition	403.
multi-dimensional table	230.
MULTI-USER supervisor	174.
MULTI-USER-MODE	173.
WITH LOCK on single user opened files	179.
Multilevel overlay system	271.
multiple results from arithmetic statement	96.
multiplication	95.
*	95.

MULTIPLY¶

Topic	Page
GIVING	103.
statement	96, 102.
MUST ACCEPT option	125.

Page 448¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

name rules for data ................................. 68.

ND¶

COBOL and ANSI Standard summary .................. 3.
editors and COBOL file format ..................... 197.
extension ......................................... 90.
extensions ........................................ 115, 120, 173, 176, 191.
loaders ........................................... 7.
Relocating Loader ................................. 5.
Relocating Loader manual ND-60.066 ................. 11.

ND-10 microprogram .................................... 5.¶

ND-100¶

data compatibility with ND-500 .................... 82.
real items ........................................ 86.
table of comparison with ND-500 COMPUTATIONAL size 85.

ND-500 ................................................ 13.¶

data compatibility with ND-100 .................... 82.
Linkage-Loader .................................... 13.
Linkage Loader .................................... 5.
Linkage Loader NLL: prompt ........................ 13.
Loader/Monitor .................................... 13.
overlay systems ................................... 271.
real items table .................................. 86.
table of comparison with ND-100 COMPUTATIONAL size 85.

ND-60.066 ND Relocating Loader manual .................. 11.¶

ND-60.136.03 ND-500 Loader/Monitor manual .............. 13.¶

negated
combined condition definition ..................... 403.
simple condition .................................. 110.
simple condition definition ....................... 403.
nested IF statements .............................. 117.

NEXT¶

executable statement definition ................... 403.
phrase when reading files ......................... 176.
record definition ................................. 403.
SENTENCE phrase and IF ............................ 116.

NLL ................................................... 13.¶

command LIST-ENTRIES-UNDEFINED .................... 14.
EXIT .............................................. 14.
LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED command ...................... 14.
LOAD-SEGMENT command .............................. 14.
OPEN SEGMENT command .............................. 14.
SET-DOMAIN command ................................ 13.

NLL: ND-500 Linkage-Loader prompt .................... 13.¶

non-disk source file ............................... 7.
noncontiguous items definition .................... 403.

nonnumeric¶

item definition ................................... 403.
literal definition ................................ 403.
operand ........................................... 106.

NORMAL¶

ACCEPT option ..................................... 125.

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 449¶

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Index¶

Topic	Page
DISPLAY option	130
NOT interpretation in abbreviations	112
NRF	5
NRL
command EXIT	11
command LIST-ENTRIES-DEFINED	11
command LOAD	10
command PROG-FILE	10
command RUN	10
loader and overlays	271
loader table overflow	11
loading	10
manual, ND-60.066	11
prompt *	10
RUN command	11
SIZE command	11

Numeric¶

Topic	Page
character definition	403
elementary item	93
item definition	404
literal definition	404
operand comparison	106
PICTURE for numeric data	72
PICTURE for numeric edited data	73

Object¶

Topic	Page
computer definition	404
COMPUTER paragraph	34
file	7
program	5, 7, 31
program definition	249, 404
time definition	404

OCCURS¶

Topic	Page
clause	99
clause in DATA DIVISION	235
clause in table definition	229

ON OVERFLOW condition in UNSTRING¶

Topic	Page
ON OVERFLOW condition in UNSTRING	161

OPEN¶

Topic	Page
for SORT/MERGE	171
indexed file	177
mode definition	404
relative file	179
rules for record pointer	167
sequential file	171
statement	170

Operand¶

Topic	Page
comparison of equal size operands	107
comparison of numeric operands	106
comparison of unequal size operands	107
definition	404
in INSPECT TALLYING/REPLACING	146
maximum size of arithmetic	96
overlapping operands	96

Page 450¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Term	Page
operational sign definition	404.
operator	211.
AND logical	109.
binary arithmetic	94.
NOT logical	109.
OR logical	109.
parentheses and logical operators	111.
option
definition	405.
definition of	18.
optional
phrase	46, 47.
words	22.
word definition	405.
OR
logical inclusive	110.
logical operator	109.
ORDER clause: SELECT	45.
organization
and sequential access indexed	42.
indexed file	38.
keys in indexed file	46.
key relative files	46.
ORGANIZATION clause	47.
relative file	40.
rules for indexed file	47.
sequential file	36.
other language programs, termination of	250.
OUTPUT
file definition	405.
option	174.
overflow
condition STRING	155.
in NRL loader table	11.
overlapping operands	96.
Overlay	271.
command	275.
debugging	274.
loading	275.
NO-500	271.
program execution	276.
structure	272.
system	271.
Overlays and
FORTRAN COMMON	274.
Symbolic Debugger	271.
Overlay links with extended paths	273.
Overlay loading commands	275.
Overlay program execution	276.
Overlay system design	274.
Overlay systems and
backward reference	273.

NO-60.144.3 EN

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ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
dependent links	272.
forward reference	273.
independent links	272.

PACKED-DECIMAL¶

Topic	Page
equivalence with COMPUTATIONAL-3	86.
from ACCEPT	124.

Paragraph¶

Topic	Page
definition	10.
definition of	93.
FILE-CONTROL	43.
header definition	405.
I-O CONTROL	48.
name definition	405.
OBJECT-COMPUTER	34.
PROGRAM-ID	31.
SOURCE-COMPUTER	33.
SPECIAL-NAMES	35.

Parameters to DISPLAY¶

Topic	Page
parameters to DISPLAY	129.

Parentheses¶

Topic	Page
( )	95.
in arithmetic expression	95.
in conditional expressions	111.

Parenthesis¶

Topic	Page
parenthesis	26.

Path Loading in Overlay Systems¶

Topic	Page
Path loading in overlay systems	273.

PERFORM¶

Topic	Page
AFTER option	207.
statement	204.
TIMES option	207.
VARYING option	207.

Period¶

Topic	Page
period	26.

Phrase¶

Topic	Page
definition	405.
definition of	18.
DUPLICATES	38.
OPTIONAL	46, 47.

Physical Record Definition¶

Topic	Page
physical record definition	405.

Physical Record¶

Topic	Page
definition	49.
size	54.

PICTURE¶

Topic	Page
alphabetic data	72.
alphanumeric data	72.
alphanumeric edited data	72.
class test	107.
clause in DATA DIVISION	69.
editing rule	73.
editing symbols	70.
numeric data	72.
numeric edited data	73.
symbols precedence table	78.
zero suppression	77.

POINTER¶

Topic	Page
current record	167.

Page 452¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

option in STRING statements .......................... 155.
option in UNSTRING statements ....................... 158.
precedence table for PICTURE editing symbols ........ 78.
prime record key definition .......................... 405.
printing with DISPLAY on terminals .................. 128.

Procedure¶

Topic	Page
branching statements	201.
definition	92, 405.
division	17, 91.
in DECLARATIVES ON ERROR	192.
iterative	119.
name definition	405.
USE statement and DECLARATIVES	192.

PROCEDURE DIVISION¶

Topic	Page
inter-program communication	254.
SORT/MERGE files	216.
subprogram call	254.
table handling	237.

processing of files ................................ 36.
PROG-FILE NRL command ............................... 10.

Program¶

Topic	Page
COBOL	17.
errors source	5.
file loading	10.
format COBOL	27.
inclusion of source program files	211.
ISAM-Service	179.
listing	7.
name definition	406.
object	5, 7, 31.
source	31.
suspended	211.
symbolic	7.

PROGRAM-FILE BRF-Linker Command¶

PROGRAM-ID paragraph ................................ 31.
prompt
- - from compiler .................................... 6.
- - NRL .............................................. 10.
ACCEPT option ....................................... 124.
BRF-Linker Brl: ..................................... 12.
DISPLAY option ...................................... 130.
NLL: ND-500 Linkage Loader ........................... 13.
punched card source file ............................. 7.

Punctuation¶

Character	Page
character: comma	26.
character: period	26.
character: semicolon	26.
character: space	26.
character definition	406.

Qualification of Data¶

qualification of data for uniqueness ................ 63.
qualified dataname definition ....................... 406.
qualifier definition ................................ 406.

ND-60.144.3 EN

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Index¶

Topic	Page
quotation mark	26
QUOTE	23
quotes	23
when creating new files	7
random
access definition	406
access mode	42
record file	42
READ
current record pointer rule	167
statement	57, 175
real
items ND-100	86
items table ND-500	86
receiving
area in MOVE statement	150
item in MOVE statement	151
RECORD
access sequence in	47
area definition	406
CONTAINS clause in DATA DIVISION	56
current record pointer	167
definition	406
definition of a COBOL record	161
definition of logical records	49
definition of physical records	49
description definition	407
description entry definition	407
description level numbers	60
file access relative	42
file random	42
KEY clause	38, 47
KEY clause ALTERNATE	38, 47
key definition	407
LINKAGE SECTION description	254
name definition	407
pointer after a DELETE	170
pointer after WRITE	194
pointer on OPEN	167
pointer on READ	167
pointer on relative files	179
pointer on sequential files	180
pointer on START	167
size of physical records	54
RECORDING MODE clause in DATA DIVISION	58
REDEFINES
clause	99
clause in DATA DIVISION	80
reentrant compiler	5
reference format definition	407
register, special	22
relation
character definition	407

Page 454¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
condition, definition	105.
conditions in table handling	237.
condition definition	407.
definition	407.
relational operator definition	407.
relative
and indexed files, I-O rules	173.
file, SELECT entry	45.
file, START in	46.
files, I-O rules	179.
files, current record pointer	179.
files and OPEN	179.
files and sequential access mode	48.
files and START	179.
file definition	408.
file errors	172.
file organization	40.
file organization, rules	48.
file organization key	46.
file record access	42.
I-O START statement rule	188.
organization definition	408.
RELEASE
and character positions in record	57.
MOVE equivalence	216.
statement SORT/MERGE	213, 216.
relocatable
files ND-100 and ND-500	7.
form, library in	5.
format binary	7.
REMAINDER in divisions	102.
REMARKS in frames, DISPLAY option	131.
REPLACING option in INSPECT	146.
RESERVE clause	47.
reserved
words	21.
word definition	408.
RESET statement	120.
restrictions known	6.
result
multiple arithmetic statement	96.
undefined arithmetic statement	96.
RETURN
statement	57, 216, 219.
statement MERGE	214.
statement SORT	213.
REWRITE
and character positions in record	57.
FROM phrase	185.
INVALID KEY phrase	184.
RELATIVE KEY	185.
statement	184.

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 455¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

Topic	Page
RIGHT ACCEPT option	125.
Root link	272.
ROUNDED
option	97, 100.
phrase	98.
rounding automatic	97.
routine name definition	408.

rule¶

Topic	Page
data descriptions	66.
data name	68.
EXIT PROGRAM	256.
FILLER	68.
for DECLARATIVES sequence	28.
for indexed file organization	47.
for relative file organization	48.
for USE sequence	28.
for USING sequence	28.
justification of receiving items	69.
level 77 description	66.
PICTURE editing	73.
REDEFINES clause in DATA DIVISION	80.
SEARCH statement	239.
standard alignment, data in elementary items	62.
SYNCHRONIZED (in memory)	82.
USAGE	84.
VALUE	88.

rules¶

Topic	Page
arithmetic expression evaluation	94.
AT END condition	177.
CLOSE statement	168.
conditional expressions with nonnumeric operands	106.
CORRESPONDING	98.
DELETE statement	169.
evaluation of conditional expressions	113.
EXIT	203.
EXIT-DO	203.
GO TO	204.
IF statement	116.
indexed and relative I-O	173, 178.
indexed I-O	177.
INSPECT BEFORE/AFTER	148.
INSPECT comparison	146.
INSPECT REPLACING	147.
MOVE	151.
nonnumeric comparison	106.
PERFORM	206.
READ	176.
relative I-O	179.
REWRITE	184.
sequential I-O	174, 180, 197.
START	187.
START indexed I-O	187.

Page 456¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

START¶

relative I-O .................................. 188.

STRING¶

................................................ 155.

WRITE¶

................................................ 194.
relative I-O ................................... 196.
statement indexed I-O .......................... 195.

RUN¶

command NRL .................................... 11.
NRL command .................................... 10.
unit definition ................................ 408.

scratch¶

file 100 ......................................... 7.
file compiler .................................... 5.

screen¶

ACCEPT and screen handling ..................... 122.
deletion ....................................... 128.
DISPLAY ........................................ 128.
frame .......................................... 131.
handling statements ............................ 120.
histogram bar graphs ........................... 132.

SD SORT/MERGE¶

file description ............................... 215.

SEARCH¶

statement ...................................... 237.
statement rule ................................. 239.
statement three-dimensional table .............. 242.
statement two-dimensional table ................ 242.

section¶

CONFIGURATION .................................. 33.
DECLARATIVE .................................... 92.
definition ................................... 10, 92.
FILE ........................................... 51.
header ......................................... 92.
header definition .............................. 409.
INPUT-OUTPUT ................................... 36.
LINKAGE ....................................... 250.
name definition ................................ 409.
USE statement and DECLARATIVES ................. 192.
WORKING-STORAGE ................................. 59.

section definition¶

............................................... 408.

SEGMENT¶

loading in NLL .................................. 14.

SEGMENT-LIMIT clause¶

................................................. 34.

segments¶

.................................................. 13.

SELECT¶

entry for indexed files .......................... 44.
entry for relative files ........................ 45.
entry for sequential files ...................... 43.
entry for sort/merge ............................ 45.
ORDER clause .................................... 45.

semicolon¶

................................................. 26.

sending area¶

............................................... 151.

sentence definition¶

............................................ 93, 409.

separately compiled programs¶

................................................ 249.

separator¶

................................................. 26.

Page 457¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

definition ............................................ 409.

sequence¶

in record access ................................... 47.
rule for DECLARATIVES .............................. 28.
rule for USE ....................................... 28.
rule for USING ..................................... 28.

sequential¶

access, indexed file organization and ............. 42.
access, relative files and ........................ 48.
access definition ................................. 409.
access mode ....................................... 42.
access on indexed file ............................ 47.
file, SELECT entry ................................ 43.
file definition ................................... 409.
file I-O rule ..................................... 180.
file organization ................................. 36.
I-O, DECLARATIVE procedure on WRITE ............... 197.
I-O CLOSE statement rule .......................... 169.
I-O rule .......................................... 197.
organization definition ........................... 409.
table of status keys for I-O ...................... 166.

SET statement ....................................... 96, 245.

SET-DOMAIN command in NLL ............................ 13.

sheets, coding ........................................ 29.

SIGN¶

clause in DATA DIVISION ........................... 81.
condition ......................................... 109.
condition definition .............................. 409.

signed data ............................................ 63.

simple¶

conditions, definition ............................. 105.
conditions, negated ................................ 110.
condition definition ............................... 410.

SIZE¶

command in NRL ...................................... 11.
ERROR option ...................................... 97, 100.
physical record .................................... 54.
table comparing ND-100 and ND-500 COMPUTATIONAL .... 85.

SORT¶

FILE-CONTROL paragraph ............................ 214.
file definition ................................... 410.
GIVING option ..................................... 213.
RELEASE statement ................................. 213.
RETURN statement .................................. 213.
statement ......................................... 217.

sort/merge ............................................ 213.

DATA DIVISION entries ............................. 215.
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION .............................. 214.
file .............................................. 410.
PROCEDURE DIVISION ................................ 216.
RELEASE statement ................................. 216.
SD entry .......................................... 215.

Page 458¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

SELECT Entry¶

SELECT entry ....................................... 45.

SORT/MERGE¶

SORT/MERGE, OPEN for ................................ 171.
SORT/MERGE file ..................................... 50.

Source¶

COMPUTER paragraph .................................. 33.
file ................................................ 7.
file magnetic tape .................................. 7.
file non-disk ....................................... 7.
file punched card ................................... 7.
file type default ................................... 7.
listing ............................................. 5.
program ............................................. 31.
program definition .................................. 249, 410.
program errors ...................................... 5.
program inclusion ................................... 211.
symbolic code ....................................... 5.

SOURCE COMPUTER Definition¶

SOURCE COMPUTER definition .......................... 410.

SPACE¶

SPACE ............................................... 23.
punctuation character ............................... 26.

SPACE-FILL¶

ACCEPT option ....................................... 124.
DISPLAY option ...................................... 130, 131.

SPACES¶

SPACES .............................................. 23.

SPARSE-BAR DISPLAY Option¶

SPARSE-BAR DISPLAY option ........................... 132.

Special¶

character definition ................................ 410.
character word definition ........................... 41.
register ............................................ 22.
registers definition ................................ 411.

SPECIAL-NAMES Paragraph¶

SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph ............................. 35.

SPECIAL NAMES Definition¶

SPECIAL NAMES definition ............................ 411.

Standard¶

alignment rule ...................................... 62.
module .............................................. 3.
summary ND COBOL vs. ANSI ........................... 3.

START¶

INVALID KEY phrase .................................. 186.
in relative files ................................... 46.
KEY option .......................................... 187.
relative files ...................................... 179.
rule ................................................ 187.
rule record pointer ................................. 167.
statement ........................................... 186.

Statement¶

ACCEPT .............................................. 120, 121.
ACCEPT-ERROR ........................................ 120, 127.
ACCEPT-RETURN ....................................... 120, 127.
ADD ................................................. 96, 99.
ALTER ............................................... 201.
arithmetic .......................................... 96.
BLANK ............................................... 120, 128.
CALL ................................................ 249, 254, 255.

Page 459¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Topic	Page(s)
CLOSE	168.
compiler directing	211.
COMPUTE	96, 100.
CONTINUE	202.
COPY	211.
decimal places in COMPUTE	101.
DECLARATIVES section and USE	192.
definition	18, 93, 411.
DELETE	169.
DISPLAY	24, 120, 128.
DIVIDE	96, 101.
DO	119.
END-DO	119.
EXIT	202, 203.
EXIT-DO	203.
EXIT PROGRAM	249, 250, 256.
GO TO	203, 204.
GO TO in IF	116.
IF	114.
INSPECT	96, 144.
MERGE	220.
MOVE	96, 98, 150.
MULTIPLY	102.
OPEN	170.
PERFORM	204, 206, 207.
READ	57, 175, 176.
RELEASE	57.
RELEASE, with SORT	213.
RELEASE, with SORT/MERGE	216.
RESET	120.
RETURN	57, 216, 219.
RETURN, with MERGE	214.
RETURN, with SORT	213.
REWRITE	184.
screen handling	120.
SEARCH	237.
SEARCH, rules	239.
SET	96, 245.
SORT	217.
START	186, 187.
STOP	24, 211.
STOP RUN	250.
STRING	24, 154.
SUBTRACT	96, 104.
three-dimensional table SEARCH	242.
two-dimensional table SEARCH	242.
UNLOCK	174, 179, 191.
UNSTRING	96, 156.
USE	191.
WRITE	57, 193, 194.
statements
conditional	114.

NO-60.144.3 EN

Page 460¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual Index¶

I-O¶

INPUT-OUTPUT ..................................... 161. procedure branching ............................... 201.

STATUS¶

clause for FILE .................................. 47.
file ............................................. 161.
I-O .............................................. 161.
INPUT-OUTPUT ..................................... 161.
keys indexed I-O, table .......................... 165.
keys relative I-O, table ......................... 165.
keys sequential I-O, table ....................... 166.
key 1 ............................................ 162.
key 2 ............................................ 163.
key check in DECLARATIVES ........................ 193.

STOP¶

literal (message to operator) .................... 211.
RUN .............................................. 211.
RUN statement .................................... 250.
statement ........................................ 24, 211.

storage area common .............................. 48.¶

STRING¶

concatenation .................................... 154.
DELIMITED phrase ................................. 155.
delimiter definition ............................. 155.
OVERFLOW condition ............................... 155.
pointer field definition ......................... 155.
POINTER option ................................... 155.
rule ............................................. 155.
sending field .................................... 155.
statement ........................................ 24, 96, 154.

stroke comment line .............................. 28.¶

subprogram¶

call PROCEDURE DIVISION .......................... 254.
definition ....................................... 411.

subprograms ....................................... 249.¶

subroutines ....................................... 249.¶

subscript .......................................... 232.¶

definition ....................................... 411.
table ............................................ 231.
valid in tables .................................. 232.

subscripted data name definition .................. 411.¶

SUBTRACT statement ................................. 96, 104.¶

subtraction ........................................ 95.¶

summary ND COBOL vs. ANSI Standard ................ 3.¶

supervisor program MULTI-USER MODE ............... 174.¶

symbol legal arithmetic combinations of ........... 95.¶

symbolic¶

code source ....................................... 5.
Debugger ......................................... 259.
program ............................................ 7.

Symbolic Debugger and Overlays ................... 271, 274.¶

Page 461¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

synchronization of computer memory ............................ 82.
SYNCHRONIZED
- clause in DATA DIVISION ..................................... 82.
- rule ........................................................ 82.
system
- information retrieval with ACCEPT .......................... 122.
- name definition ............................................ 412.
- variables .................................................. 375.
table
- comparing ND-100 and ND-500 COMPUTATIONAL size .............. 85.
- data categories .............................................. 62.
- data classes ................................................. 62.
- DATA DIVISION ............................................... 234.
- definition ............................................. 229, 412.
- element definition .......................................... 412.
- fixed insertion .............................................. 75.
- fixed length ................................................ 235.
- floating insertion symbols ................................... 76.
- handling .................................................... 229.
- handling PROCEDURE DIVISION ................................. 237.
- multi-dimensional ........................................... 230.
- ND-500 real items ............................................ 86.
- OCCURS clause ............................................... 229.
- of editing results ........................................... 75.
- of legal MOVEs .............................................. 153.
- of symbols precedence in PICTURE ............................. 78.
- overflow NRL loader .......................................... 11.
- references .................................................. 231.
- SEARCH statement three-dimensional .......................... 242.
- SEARCH statement two-dimensional ............................ 242.
- special insertion ............................................ 74.
- status keys ................................................. 165.
- subscripts .................................................. 231.
- three-dimensional ........................................... 230.
- two-dimensional ............................................. 230.
- variable length ............................................. 235.

TALLYING¶

IN option UNSTRING ............................................ 160.
operand INSPECT ............................................... 146.
option in INSPECT ............................................. 147.
tape source file on ............................................. 7.
temporary fields .............................................. 387.
terminal as ACCEPT device ..................................... 123.
termination other language programs ........................... 250.
test
- ALPHABETIC ................................................. 108.
- PICTURE class ............................................... 107.
three-dimensional
- table ...................................................... 230.
- table SEARCH statement ..................................... 242.
TIME system information ....................................... 123.
TIMES option in PERFORM ....................................... 207.

Page 462¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

truth value definition ........................................ 412.
two-dimensional
- table ........................................................ 230.
- table SEARCH statement ....................................... 242.
type of default source file .................................... 7.
unary
- arithmetic ................................................... 94.
- minus ........................................................ 95.
- operator definition .......................................... 412.
- plus ......................................................... 95.
undefined results in arithmetic statements .................... 96.
UNDERLINE
- ACCEPT option ................................................ 125.
- DISPLAY option ............................................... 130.
unequal size operand ........................................... 107.
UNLO
- MODE MANUAL .................................................. 191.
- statement .................................. 174, 179, 191.
UNSTRING
- COUNT IN ..................................................... 158.
- POINTER ...................................................... 160.
- POINTER option ............................................... 158.
- statement ................................................. 96, 156.
- TALLYING IN option ........................................... 160.
UP ACCEPT option ............................................... 125.
UPDATE ACCEPT option ........................................... 124.
UPON DISPLAY option ............................................ 129.
UPPER-CASE ACCEPT option ....................................... 125.
USAGE
- clause ....................................................... 236.
- clause in DATA DIVISION ...................................... 83.
- rule ......................................................... 84.
USAGE IS INDEX MOVE clause ..................................... 99, 151.
USE
- PERFORM statement ............................................ 207.
- procedure .................................................... 192.
- sequence rule ................................................ 28.
- statement in declaratives section ............................ 192.
user defined word definition ................................... 412.
userdefined
- word ......................................................... 21.
- words ........................................................ 20.
USING
- clause called program ........................................ 250.
- correspondence in CALLs ...................................... 255.
- option ....................................................... 254, 255.
- sequence rule ................................................ 28.
V and .......................................................... 74.
VALUE
- clause in DATA DIVISION ...................................... 88.
- LINKAGE SECTION clause ....................................... 252.
- OF FILE-ID IS clause in DATA DIVISION ........................ 59.

NO-60.144.3 EN

Page 463¶

ND COBOL Reference Manual¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
rule	88.
VALUE OF FILE-ID IS clause	251.
variable
definition	412.
length tables	235.
VARYING option in PERFORM	207.
verb definition	412.
warning in source program	5.
WHILE condition in 00-loop	119.

WITH¶

Topic	Page
LOCK phrase with MULTI-USER-MODE	176, 179.
phrase in DISPLAY	130.

word¶

Topic	Page
boundary alignment in memory	82.
COBOL	20.
definition	412.
key	21.
userdefined	21.

words¶

Topic	Page
optional	22.
reserved	21.
userdefined	20.

WORKING-STORAGE¶

Topic	Page
SECTION	59.
section definition	412.

WRITE¶

Topic	Page
and character positions in record	57.
and current record pointer	194.
statement	193.
statement INVALID KEY condition	195.

ZERO¶

Topic	Page
suppression in PICTURE	77.

ZEROS¶

Topic	Page
ZEROES	23.
ZEROS	23.

ND-60.144.3 EN

Page 464¶

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