Skip to content

OWS - the Norsk Data Office Workstation

OWS is Norsk Data's Office Work Station: a PC/AT-compatible MS-DOS machine sold by ND and integrated into a SINTRAN installation, so that the disk space, printers, documents and databases of an ND-100/ND-500/ND-5000 host are available from the PC.

"Your office workstation is an integral part of the organization's computer network... Disk space, files and printers on the minicomputer are available for the workstation users" - ND-250-3-EN Office Workstation OWS-85

Every OWS product therefore has two halves, and both must be installed:

Half Runs on Examples
PC side MS-DOS on the OWS (later MS-Windows 2.x/3.x) WinLink, WinPrint, WinSMX, PC-NOTIS, DeskTop Manager, ND Connect Module
Host side SINTRAN III on ND-100/500/5000 OWS Access Server, OWS Terminal Line Server, TCP/IP, SPRINT, DS, UE, SIBAS backend

A PC product that "does not work" almost always means the host half is missing - that is the single most common thread through the Installation Descriptions collected here.


Setting one up? GETTING-STARTED.md walks the whole path - boot from floppy, partition and format the disk, install MS-DOS, the ND-OWS layer and PC Starter Kit, the keyboard drivers, the Connect Module for Ethernet, MS-Windows 2.10 with ND's drivers, then WinSMX, WinLink and WinPrint - quoting the installers and the diskettes at each step.

1. The hardware

Product ND-no Notes Sheet
Office Workstation OWS-85 ND-250 (PI sheet) 80386 at 16 MHz, PC/AT compatible, optional 80387; sold with ND DeskTop Manager ND-250-3-EN
OpenLAN OWS Adaptors ND-110386 (Ethernet), ND-110394 (Cheapernet) the OWS network cards ND-110394-A1-EN
Ethernet Adapter/PC, /MC ND-110683, ND-110758 PC-bus and Micro Channel adapters named in the PC-NOTIS sheets ND-895535-1-EN
Ethernet II / III Controller (host) ND-110063, ND-110513 the ND-100/500 side of the wire ND-895520-1-EN
OpenLAN Terminal Interface Unit, Network Control Server, MAC Bridge ND-110577, ND-110578, ND-110587 OpenLAN infrastructure ND-110577-A1-EN

2. How an OWS reaches the ND host

Two transports, and they are not interchangeable.

Serial / terminal line. The PC behaves as a terminal. Programs use INT 14h or INT 6Bh, and the host end is the OWS Terminal Line Server (ND-211295), which gives access to SINTRAN resources such as SPRINT and NOTIS-DS.

"ND LAN Connect makes it possible for ND applications running on a PC to reach different SINTRAN resources via network adapters that supports the interrupt 14 or interrupt 6B (hexadecimal) interface" - ND-895556-1-EN

Ethernet / TCP-IP. The PC runs a TCP/IP stack (packet drivers, NDIS); the host runs ND's TCP/IP and its Telnet server, and the terminal session is Telnet.

ND prerequisites for the OWS access servers: "TCP/IP, TELNET Server, DS Server, UE Server", with "SPRINT Server (Printing facilities)" and "SIBAS backend" optional - ND-211297-1-EN

The SINTRAN TCP/IP product itself is described as being there "to allow use of TCP/IP protocols by applications (FTP, TELNET) in a SINTRAN environment on a Ethernet local area network", and its installer asks for the number of Telnet server connections, up to 124 (ND-895061-2-EN).

Host-side communication product ND-no Sheet
OWS Access Server (DS, UE, SSY, SIBAS for up to 16 OWS) 211297A ND-211297-1-EN
OWS Terminal Line Server 211295 ND-895017-S1-EN
TCP/IP Basic Module/III 211327 ND-895061-2-EN
COSMOS TCP/IP Gateway for Ethernet 211185 ND-895070-2-EN
OpenLAN TCP/IP Access Module/II, /III 211488, 211324 ND-895087-S1-EN
CMS Access Server for ND-500/5000 211325 ND-895060-2-EN
SINTRAN NFS Support / NFS Server 211299 ND-895520-1-EN
NORTEXT Access Server 211486 ND-230115-3-EN

The host must be SINTRAN III K or later for the PC-NOTIS family; ND-211297 lists ND-100 (all), ND-110 Satellite, S5/S9/T9/T17, ND-500 and ND-5000 (VSX K or later) as supported hosts, and requires X-MESSAGE (210373 L), TCP/IP (211185 B), User Environment (210518), Document Storage (210691) and SPRINT (211056).

What the ND Connect Module actually is

ND's own sheet says only that it "will install CONNECT.EXE and all necessary TCP/IP software on directory \ND-OWS\COMMS" (ND-895499-1A-EN). The diskette itself (CONNECTB00, preserved in the software archive, all files dated March/April 1991) shows what that means: Connect is not a TCP/IP stack. It is ND's transport layer that sits on top of whichever stack the PC already has, so that ND applications need to know only one interface.

File on the diskette Bytes What its own banner says
CONNECT.EXE 26 079 OWS FC - CONNECT B00 Ethernet version [27/03/91 12:29] - the resident loaded from AUTOEXEC.BAT
FTPSW.EXE 8 341 SLIB - RESIDENT TRANSPORT MODULE FTP SW PC/TCP A00
3OPEN.EXE, INTERLAN.EXE, ILANA.EXE, UB.EXE, DATACO.EXE 6-11 KB each the same kind of module for 3+Open, Interlan, Ungermann-Bass and Dataco
LANCONN.EXE 56 624 packet assembly - CONAssemblePacket, CONDisAssemblePacket, CONNECT-MAXPACKET-SERIAL
INT14.COM 3 271 INT 14 interface for Connect, release A00 ... (C) Norsk Data A.S
NAALIBW.DLL 37 892 the MS-Windows side (NAACONNECTVERSION)
NDIS/ELNKII.DOS 10 158 NDIS driver for the 3Com EtherLink II card
SETINT.EXE, SETTRACE.EXE set the interrupt vectors, switch tracing on

So the shape is: one resident per vendor stack ("SLIB - resident transport module"), a common Connect resident above it, and two interrupt vectors - the installer script INSTALL.DAT on the diskette pins them down:

@Qstring @SlibInt = "6dh"      the transport module hooks INT 6Dh
@Qstring @ConnInt = "69h"      Connect presents itself on INT 69h

with INT 66h taken by the packet driver (PKTDRVND.SYS / DISPKTPM.DOS) on NDIS adaptors, and INT14.COM offering the INT 14h serial interface for programs that speak to a COM port.

The TCP/IP stack itself is a separate purchase. ND's 3Station sheet is explicit: "To be able to do a complete installation of ND PC Starter Kit, Connect and S-Link, please observe that you need the PC/TCP kernel - NDIS Ethernet floppy", and its A03 version "is able to use the 2.04 P1 1 version of PC/TCP Kernel NDIS Ethernet" (ND-895498-1A-EN). PC/TCP is FTP Software's product - which is exactly what FTPSW.EXE is the transport module for.

Read that way, the pieces line up: the PC gets a vendor TCP/IP kernel and its NDIS or packet driver; Connect binds to it through the matching SLIB module; WinLink, WinPrint and the rest call Connect on INT 69h and never know which network product is underneath.

The three installation modes, and the six TCP/IP packages

The installer script INSTALL.DAT on the CONNECTB00 diskette asks two questions, and they decide everything about how the PC reaches the host.

First question - which kind of Connect:

The Connect Module B00 supports, in addition to the standard TCP/IP packages
as mentioned in the PI-sheet, the standard "Interrupt 6Bh Interface"
(Mini-session or NACS as some vendors call it) and the BIOS INT 14h interface.

  21 = "Normal Connect Module installation"
  22 = "Interrupt 6Bh based Connect"
  23 = "Int 14h based Connect"
Mode What it means
21 Normal The real thing: a TCP/IP stack on the PC, with Connect's own resident transport module (SLIB) bound to it. Only this mode asks the second question. The script sets @DoSlib = 1, copies the chosen vendor module to DRIVERS\SOCKRES.EXE, and adds %ND-OWS%\DRIVERS\SOCKRES to AUTOEXEC.BAT after the SET ND-OWS= line.
22 INT 6Bh No TCP/IP at all. INT 6Bh is Novell's NASI/NACS interface - NetWare Asynchronous Services Interface, served by a NetWare Asynchronous Communications Server. A TSR on the workstation gives applications access to a pool of modems or serial lines on a server: a specific line can be requested, calls are released quickly, and throughput is better than the INT 14h method. ND's wording "Mini-session or NACS as some vendors call it" is exactly this.
23 INT 14h The lowest common denominator. INT 14h is the PC BIOS serial-port service; a network product hooks the vector so a program that believes it is talking to COM1 is in fact carried over the LAN or a terminal server. ND ships its own shim for this on the same diskette - INT14.COM, whose banner reads INT 14 interface for Connect, release A00 ... (C) Norsk Data A.S.

So 21 is TCP/IP, while 22 and 23 are ways of reaching the host over somebody else's serial or async infrastructure without a TCP/IP stack.

Second question (mode 21 only) - which stack is on the PC:

Please select your TCP/IP package:
  1 = "FTP Software TCP/IP"     4 = "Ungermann-Bass TCP-PC"
  2 = "3+Open TCP/IP"           5 = "Racal InterLan TCP/IP"
  3 = "DataCo TCP/IP"           6 = "Bridge ILANA TCP/IP"

Each choice copies a different resident module - ftpsw.exe, 3open.exe, dataco.exe, ub.exe, interlan.exe, ilana.exe - to the same target name, DRIVERS\SOCKRES.EXE. They are the six DOS TCP/IP products a Norwegian or Scandinavian ND customer was likely to already own around 1990-91:

Option Product What it was
1 FTP Software PC/TCP The best known DOS TCP/IP stack of the period. FTP Software wrote the Packet Driver specification in 1986 and released it as an open standard in December 1988; PC/TCP itself used an external TCP/IP kernel (ETHDRV.EXE) that applications called. ND's own sheets name it as the prerequisite "PC/TCP kernel - NDIS Ethernet floppy" (ND-895498-1A-EN), and the module on the diskette announces itself as SLIB - RESIDENT TRANSPORT MODULE FTP SW PC/TCP A00.
2 3+Open TCP/IP 3Com's networking suite; 3+Open was 3Com's variant of the OS/2 LAN Manager line, NDIS-based. This is also why the Installation Description says "If you are installing on a client running 3+Open client software, choose 4 NDIS from the menu".
3 DataCo TCP/IP Scandinavian networking supplier. No public description of their DOS TCP/IP product turned up in this research; recorded here as what the diskette says it supports, nothing more.
4 Ungermann-Bass TCP-PC UB of Santa Clara, whose flagship was Net/One; their products began on XNS and moved to TCP/IP as it became the standard late in the 1980s.
5 Racal InterLan TCP/IP Interlan, a Massachusetts LAN adapter maker, acquired by Racal - their PC Ethernet cards and stack.
6 Bridge ILANA TCP/IP Bridge Communications, a direct UB competitor that merged with 3Com in 1987; ILANA was their PC LAN adapter product line.

Connect binds to the package, and the package owns the card. That is the whole answer to "which Ethernet cards are supported": whichever the chosen TCP/IP package supports.

Which Ethernet cards work

ND's own adaptors are the ones the sheets name: ND 110386 OpenLAN OWS adaptor for Ethernet (thick cable, external transceiver, 15 m transceiver cable supplied) and ND 110394 for Cheapernet (built-in transceiver, T-connector). Both are "delivered with TCP/IP software" (ND-110394-A1-EN), so they arrive with the stack Connect then binds to. Also named: Ethernet Adapter/PC ND 110683 and Ethernet Adapter/MC ND 110758.

The 3Com EtherLink II is the only card with a driver on the Connect diskette itself - NDIS/ELNKII.DOS. That is the 3C503: an 8-bit ISA card, 10 Mbit/s, BNC coax and AUI (a twisted-pair variant exists), jumpered to I/O 0x250-0x2E0 or 0x300-0x350. It has little on-board memory, which is why NFS implementations of the era advise 4 KB read/write buffers with it. Its presence on the diskette is convenience, not a requirement.

An NE2000 works if the chosen TCP/IP package has a driver for it - Connect never touches the hardware. The NE2000 was Novell's 16-bit ISA card of 1988 and became the de facto standard that countless clones copied, so packet drivers (NE2000.COM) and, later, NDIS drivers for it were everywhere; PC/TCP in particular is a packet-driver stack. Nothing in ND's documentation names the NE2000 either way - the archive holds no ND sheet that lists supported third-party cards - so this is an inference from how the layering works, not a statement by ND.

These are the Windows 2.x/3.x generation of OWS software.

Product Product no. quoted in PI Media/part no. seen on the diskettes PI sheet
WinLink - terminal emulation, file transfer, clipboard, backup to the host ND 230210 (ND-891092EN1 p2, ND-860452EN1 p4) 30210 (30210NO1A00..NO5A00) ND-610-1-EN
WinPrint - print from Windows on a printer attached to the ND server - 30211 (30211NO1A00) ND-611-1-EN
WinSMX - the SMX starter/menu that launches WinLink ND 230119 30212 (30212NO1A00) named in ND-610-1-EN
WinStart - alternative starter ND 230118 not held named in ND-610-1-EN

WinLink (ND-610-1-EN) does: link to a SINTRAN server and work as a terminal; copy files both ways; copy text out of SINTRAN into any Windows program through the clipboard; back up PC files to the server; set screen colours; choose the server (Ethernet only); set communications parameters (serial only). It is "compatible with Microsoft Windows/286 and Microsoft Windows/386 version 2" and requires the PC Starter Kit (ND 230123), for Ethernet the ND Connect Module (ND 230125), and either WinSMX (ND 230119) or WinStart (ND 230118) to start it with.

The programs on the WinLink diskettes in the archive: NDTERM.EXE and NDTERM-S.EXE (terminal), EASYLINK.EXE (file transfer), NDETHSEL.EXE (choose Ethernet server), NDSERSET.EXE (serial parameters), INSTMAIN.EXE/SETUP.BIN (installer), and per-language screen fonts TD2xx15/25/48/70/84.FON for NO, SW, DA, EN, US, NL.

ND's own two WinLink manuals are in this repository and add to that picture:

  • The product number is ND 230210 - "To install WinLink (ND 230210) you need" (ND-891092EN1 "How to install WinLink", page 2) and "WinLink has the product number ND 230210." (ND-860452EN1 "WinLink User Guide", page 4). The User Guide is dated "Copyright © 1991 by Norsk Data a.s Version 1 February 1991".
  • Windows version - the sources disagree. ND-891092EN1 page 2 requires "An IBM-compatible PC running Microsoft Windows 3"; ND-610-1-EN says WinLink is compatible with Windows/286 and Windows/386 version 2. Both are recorded here; nothing in this repository reconciles them.
  • Prerequisites (ND-891092EN1 page 2): PC Starter Kit ND 230123 "version A04 or newer"; for Ethernet the ND Connect Module ND 230125; on the host, for Ethernet, OWS Access Server ND 211297 on SINTRAN 100 or ND 211325 on SINTRAN 500/5000, and for serial the OWS Terminal Server ND 211295, which "is a part of PC Starter Kit". That folder does not list WinSMX or WinStart as a prerequisite, although ND-610-1-EN does. It also calls ND 211325 the "OWS Access Server", where §2 above tables it as the CMS Access Server for ND-500/5000 after ND-895060-2-EN.
  • Terminal type 93. "When asked for terminal type, answer 93!" (ND-860452EN1 page 5).
  • Neither manual names a protocol. No mention of TCP/IP, Telnet or FTP appears in either; they say only "OpenLAN network (Ethernet)" or "a serial cable". The Telnet statement in §2 above rests on ND-211297-1-EN and ND-895061-2-EN, not on these manuals.

The installation procedure, configuration dialogs, EasyLink file transfer and the full error-message list are written up in GETTING-STARTED.md §5.2.1-§5.2.5.

WinPrint (ND-611-1-EN) "lets you print out files from MS-Windows programs directly on a printer attached to a Norsk Data SINTRAN server... Any printer defined in your ND server's SPRINT system can be used as if it were local." Its diskette holds SPRINT.SYS, LPT2SPR.SYS (LPT2 to spooler redirector), SPRINT.EXE and NDSELSPR.EXE (choose the SPRINT printer).

WinSMX diskette: SMXINIT.EXE, SMXLIB.EXE, SMXEDIT.EXE, WINSMX.HLP.

Note the number question: the PI sheets quote 2301xx product numbers, while the diskette labels carry 302xx media numbers (30210 WinLink, 30211 WinPrint, 30212 WinSMX). Both appear in ND's own paperwork; which one a catalog should file them under is a decision, not a fact.

4. The MS-DOS products

Product ND-no What it is Sheet
ND PC Starter Kit 230123 the base PC software every other product builds on; contains the OWS Terminal Line server client ND-895499-1A-EN
ND Connect Module 380723A (PI of WinLink calls it ND 230125) installs CONNECT.EXE and the TCP/IP software into \ND-OWS\COMMS; needs MS-DOS >= 3.2; INT 66 used by PKTDRVND.SYS/DISPKTPM.DOS on NDIS adaptors ND-895499-1A-EN
ND LAN Connect 211656A reaches SINTRAN resources over INT 14h/6Bh through the OWS Terminal Line Server ND-895556-1-EN
ND DeskTop Manager for OWS 230025 terminal emulator + file transfer, the shell the OWS was sold with quoted in ND-895538-1-EN, ND-250-3-EN
PC-ET Communications SW 230033 the older Ethernet communications package ND-230115-3-EN
Nortext Software Distribution (NSD) 230115C unattended update of PC files from an FTP host; Ethernet only ND-230115-3-EN
3Station Start Volume 380722A boot volume for the ND-110948 3Station/2E netstation ND-895498-1A-EN
Keyboard drivers for NOTIS PC Keyboard 380697A KEYBOARD.COM, NDKEYB.COM, NTXKEYB.COM, keyboard tables per language ND-895487-1A-EN
Keyboard Drivers for NORTEXT Enhanced Keyboard 230189A as above, enhanced keyboard ND-895558-1-EN
Butterfly-110 PC system software 230001A the ND Butterfly PC ND-230001-1-EN

PC-NOTIS - the office suite on the PC

Product ND-no Sheet
PC-NOTIS Platform 230142A ND-895533-1-EN
PC-NOTIS Server for ND-500/5000 (host side) 230143A ND-895534-1-EN
PC-NOTIS WP 230144N ND-895535-1-EN
PC-NOTIS CALC 230145E ND-895536-1-EN
PC-NOTIS ID (electronic mail in a COSMOS network) 230146B ND-895537-1-EN
PC-NOTIS DS (document storage) 230147D ND-895538-1-EN

Each of these PI sheets names the same host requirements: SINTRAN III >= K, User Environment 210518, PC-NOTIS Server 230143, NOTIS-DS 210794, and one of OWS Terminal Line Server 211295 / OpenLAN TCP/IP Access Module/II 211488 / OpenLAN TCP/IP Access Module/III 211324.

Third-party PC software sold for the OWS

Product ND-no Sheet
EXCEL for OWS 230026 ND-95008-1-EN
Micrografx Designer 230042A ND-895041-1-EN, ND-230042-A1-EN
Micrografx Graph Plus 230044A ND-895040-1-EN, ND-230044-A1-EN
LED for OWS (Language Editor) 230050 see Product-Info/README.md

5. Printers and printer queues

Printing from an OWS is SPRINT, ND's spooling system on the host - not a local queue.

  • The OWS-85 sheet: "you can print out on printers connected to the workstation, or centrally shared ND minicomputer printers connected to the ND-SPRINT spooling system" (ND-250-3-EN).
  • SPRINT is ND-211056 (an older number 210506 also appears); version >= A02 is the one the other products ask for (ND-210938-3-EN, ND-211033-3-EN).
  • The SPRINT Server is the optional half of the OWS Access Server that gives PCs access to those queues (ND-211297-1-EN).
  • WinPrint and its LPT2SPR.SYS map a PC printer port onto a SPRINT queue, so any printer defined in SPRINT is usable as if local (ND-611-1-EN).
  • Behaviour worth knowing: with SPRINT A02 installed, NOTIS-DRAW and NOTIS-BG append drawings to the SPRINT queue instead of the SINTRAN spooling queue, and plotters are defined to SPRINT as LINE-PRINTER with the header page turned off (ND-211019-2-EN, ND-210793-3-EN).
  • NOTIS-WP prints through SPRINT as well, and its error messages come back from SPRINT (ND-210792-2-EN).

6. SIBAS and SIBAS/R from the OWS

The database half of the OWS story: the PC runs a client, the ND host runs the backend.

Product ND-no Sheet
SIBAS/R (data management, the family sheet) 211212A ND-211212-A2-EN
SIBAS/R Backend 211404B, also quoted as 220004B ND-895207-3-EN, ND-895628-1-EN
SIBAS/R Client (PC) 380853B (package ND-220003B) ND-895602-1-EN
SIBAS/R Server 380855B ND-895604-1-EN
SIBAS/R Softkey / Softkey for Development Access 380920B / 220005B ND-895627-1-EN, ND-895603-1-EN

The OWS Access Server lists SIBAS backend as one of its optional services, and the TCP/IP Installation Description records a fix for "SIBAS Backend over TCP/IP" connections being closed by HandleSibdata when storing wide columns (ND-895061-1A-EN) - i.e. SIBAS/R traffic from a PC rides the same TCP/IP stack as Telnet and FTP.

7. What a working OWS installation actually needs

  1. Host: SINTRAN III (K or later for the NOTIS-era products) with TCP/IP + Telnet server, or the OWS Terminal Line Server for serial/INT 14h.
  2. Host services as required: DS (Document Storage 210691), UE (User Environment 210518), SPRINT (211056) for printing, SIBAS backend for the database, X-MESSAGE (210373) underneath the OWS Access Server.
  3. PC base: MS-DOS >= 3.2, ND PC Starter Kit (230123 - WinLink asks for version A04 or newer, ND-891092EN1 page 2), and for Ethernet the ND Connect Module with its packet/NDIS drivers into \ND-OWS\COMMS.
  4. PC applications: DeskTop Manager, PC-NOTIS, or the Windows generation - WinSMX/WinStart to start, WinLink (230210) for terminal and file transfer, WinPrint for printing.

8. What the software archive holds

MS-DOS floppies in the norskdata-software-archive, grouped by the ND number carried in the FAT volume label:

Label group Disks Labels Likely product
30210 5 30210NO1A00 .. 30210NO5A00 WinLink (Norwegian)
30211 1 30211NO1A00 WinPrint (Norwegian)
30212 1 30212NO1A00 WinSMX (Norwegian)
30025 10 30025NO1C02, 30025NO2C02, 30025SW1C00, 30025SW2C00 Desk Top Manager for OWS
30022 6 30022SW1N06, 30022XX2N06 NOTIS-WP for MS-DOS
30021 10 30021SV1B01 .. 30021SV4B01 MS-Windows 2.10 with ND drivers
30001, 30002, 30003, 30006, 30008 11 30001EN1A01, 30002EN1A00, 30003EN1A00, 30006EN1A05, 30008XX1A01 ND-OWS system disks: MS-DOS, ND-OWS drivers, EGA/VGA, Windows
38095 1 380952XXA0 ND keyboard drivers for DOS and VKM

Plus unlabelled DOS disks (CONNECTB00 = ND Connect Module, PCSTART-NO2 = PC Starter Kit, INSTALL1..INSTALL4, ND-DRIVERE = MS-Windows 2.10 with ND drivers).

9. Sources

Everything above is quoted or tabulated from these files in this repository. Where a statement could not be traced to one of them it is marked as a question rather than a fact.

10. Open questions

  1. Two numbering schemes for the Windows products. PI sheets say WinSMX = ND 230119, WinStart = ND 230118, Connect Module = ND 230125, and the WinLink manuals say WinLink = ND 230210; the Connect Module's own Installation Description says 380723A, and the diskettes carry 30210/30211/30212. No document here reconciles them - not even 230210 against the 30210 on WinLink's own diskette labels.
  2. ~~WinLink's own product number~~ - answered: ND 230210. ND-891092EN1 "How to install WinLink" page 2 and ND-860452EN1 "WinLink User Guide" page 4 both state it. ND-610-1-EN still does not.
  3. ND-100 as an OWS host. ND-211297 lists ND-100 (all) as supported for the access servers, while the PC-NOTIS sheets name only ND-500/5000. Whether the Windows-era products were ever used against an ND-100 is unresolved here.
  4. WinPrint's product number is missing from the PI sheet; only the media number 30211 is known from the diskette.
  5. Which Microsoft Windows version WinLink needs. ND-891092EN1 page 2 says Windows 3; ND-610-1-EN says Windows/286 and Windows/386 version 2. Whether these are two releases of WinLink, or one statement is simply wrong, is not answered by any document here. Neither manual carries a version number for WinLink itself that would separate them.
  6. What WinLink speaks on the wire. Neither WinLink manual names a protocol; §2 above derives Telnet from the host-side sheets. Nothing here shows a WinLink terminal session being Telnet.