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NORD-10/NORD-50¶

Operator's Guide¶

NORSK DATA A.S

 ASCII art representation of the logo
 (circle pattern making the initials "ND")

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NORD-10/NORD-50¶

Operator's Guide¶

Page 3¶

NOTICE¶

The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Norsk Data A.S assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. Norsk Data A.S assumes no responsibility for the use or reliability of its software on equipment that is not furnished or supported by Norsk Data A.S.

The information described in this document is protected by copyright. It may not be photocopied, reproduced or translated without the prior consent of Norsk Data A.S.

ND–60.116.01

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Printing Record¶

Printing	Notes
08/79	ORIGINAL PRINTING

NORD-10/NORD-50 Operator's Guide
ND-60.116.01

  .   .   ..     .   .
.ND.   ND .ND.   ND  
NORSK DATA A.S
P.O. Box 4, Lindeberg gård
Oslo 10, Norway

Page 5¶

Manual Update Information¶

Manuals can be updated in two ways, new versions and revisions. New versions consist of a complete new manual which replaces the old manual. New versions incorporate all revisions since the previous version. Revisions consist of one or more single pages to be merged into the manual by the user, each revised page being listed on the new printing record sent out with the revision. The old printing record should be replaced by the new one.

New versions and revisions are announced in the ND Bulletin and can be ordered from the Documentation Department as described below.

The reader’s comments form at the back of this manual can be used both to report errors in the manual and to give an evaluation of the manual. Both detailed and general comments are welcome.

These forms, together with all types of inquiry and requests for documentation should be sent to:

Documentation Department
Norsk Data A.S
P.O. Box 4, Lindeberg gård
Oslo 10

ND—60.116.01

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PREFACE¶

THE PRODUCT

This manual describes the products:

ND 020    NORD-10/S CPU
ND 050    NORD-50 CPU

together with:

ND 022    NORD-10/S Operator's Panel

These CPUs are used in ND 1100/S, ND 1200/S, ND 1300/S and ND 1400/S systems. Includes cabinet and power supply for CPU, memory, device interfaces, power fail interrupt, and automatic restart. Systems with 8 Kw/18 bits MOS memory modules and ND 140 Multiport Memory have memory parity check. Systems with 32 Kw/21 bit memory modules and ND 143, ND 144 or ND 146 Multiport Memory have automatic error correction.

Note that ND 1200/S systems using 32 Kw memory modules do not require multiport memory because memory modules are mounted in the CPU rack.

CPU options:

ND 011	Memory Management System
ND 021	CACHE Memory
ND 019	Commercial Instruction Set - 48 bit format
ND 022	Operator's Panel
ND 023	Programmable Real-Time Clock
ND 024	Conversion from ND 019 to ND 025
ND 025	COBOL Microprogram — 32 bit format

THE READER

This manual is an introduction to the operation and maintenance of the NORD-10/S and the NORD-50. It is written mainly for operators who need basic information about how to run the NORD-10/S and NORD-50 and how to handle simple error situations.

More experienced operators who manage and control NORD-10/NORD-50 installations, including both the hardware and the SINTRAN III operating system, are termed system supervisors. Detailed information for system supervisors is given in the SINTRAN III System Supervisor's Guide, but system supervisors may want to read this manual first as an introduction to the other manual.

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Prerequisite Knowledge¶

No previous knowledge of NORD computers is necessary for understanding this manual. However, the reader should be familiar with the general principles of computer operation and preferably have some experience in this field.

The Manual¶

This manual contains both introductory and reference information. Chapters of interest should be read sequentially first before being used as reference information.

Chapters 1-3 cover the operation and maintenance of NORD-10/S. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the material, chapter 2 describes the operation and chapter 3 the maintenance, including both preventive maintenance and the handling of error situations. Chapter 4 contains information about operating and maintaining the NORD-50. This material is presented separately from the NORD-10/S material because many installations have only NORD-10/S. A short description of the information available in other manuals on the NORD-10/S and NORD-50 is given in Appendix A.

Other manuals of interest to the readers of this manual are:

Manual	Reference Number
SINTRAN III System Supervisor's Guide	ND–60.103
NORD-10/S General Description	ND–06.013
NORD-10/S Functional Description	ND–06.009
NORD-10/S Input/Output System	ND–06.012
Verification Programs for NORD-10	ND–62.006
Test Program Descriptions	ND–62.009
NORD-10/NORD-50 Communication System	ND–06.005
NORD-50 General Description	ND–05.008
NORD-50 Functional Description	ND–05.007
NORD-50 Test System	ND–62.008

These manuals are described in Appendix A, Documentation Review. In addition, every computer will have one loose leaf book containing information about that special computer hardware configuration and one with information about the software.

ND–60.116.01

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TABLE OF CONTENTS¶

Section	Page
1 INTRODUCTION TO THE NORD-10/S	1–1
1.1 General Characteristics	1–1
1.2 Specifications	1–3
1.2.1 Processor	1–3
1.2.2 Memory	1–3
1.2.3 Interrupt System	1–3
1.2.4 I/O System	1–4
1.2.5 Physical	1–4
1.3 System Architecture	1–5
1.3.1 Single-Processor System	1–5
1.3.2 Multi-Processor Systems	1–7
1.3.3 Remote Operation	1–10
1.4 Construction Principles	1–12
1.4.1 Cabinet Overview	1–12
1.4.2 NORD-10/S Layout	1–14
1.4.3 NORD-10 115/230 Volts Mains Distribution	1–15
1.4.4 NORD-10 5V and 24V Distribution	1–16
1.4.5 NORD-10 Fans Location and Air Flow	1–17
1.5 Power Unit	1–18
1.5.1 General	1–18
1.5.2 Control Panel Description	1–20
1.5.2.1 Indicators	1–20
1.5.2.2 Switches	1–21
1.5.2.3 Adjustments	1–22
1.5.2.4 Input Voltage	1–23
1.5.2.5 Output Voltage	1–23
1.5.2.6 Fuse	1–23
1.5.2.7 Time Meter	1–23
1.5.3 Power Fail/Automatic Restart	1–25
1.6 Plug Panel	1–26

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Section: 2¶

Operating the NORD-10/S¶

Section	Title	Page
2.1	Introduction	2-1
2.2	The Operator's Panel	2-3
2.2.1	Panel Elements	2-3
2.2.2	Power On/Off Button	2-3
2.2.3	Panel Key Lock	2-3
2.2.4	Control Buttons	2-4
2.2.5	Display Level Select	2-6
2.2.6	Mode Indicators	2-6
2.2.7	18-Bit Switch Register	2-6
2.2.8	18-Bit Light Register	2-7
2.2.9	16 Selector Push-Buttons and 16 Associated Lights	2-7
2.3	The Console Terminal	2-9
2.3.1	Functions	2-10
2.3.2	Bootstrap Loaders	2-16
2.4	Starting and Stopping a NORD-10/S	2-20
2.4.1	Starting Up Procedure	2-20
2.4.2	When To Stop a NORD-10/S	2-21

Section: 3¶

Preventative Maintenance and Error Handling¶

Section	Title	Page
3.1	Preventative Maintenance	3-1
3.1.1	Maintenance To Be Done By The Owner	3-1
3.1.2	Maintenance To Be Done By The ND Service Department	3-2
3.2	System Failures	3-3
3.3	Error Procedures For Fatal Errors	3-4
3.3.1	Computer "Hanging" Procedure	3-4
3.3.2	Computer "Dead" Procedure	3-5
3.3.3	Start/Restart Procedure	3-6
3.4	Error Messages From SINTRAN III Monitor	3-7
3.4.1	Error Message Format	3-7
3.4.2	Error Number Summary	3-8
3.4.3	System Actions And Operator Responses	3-11

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Section¶

Section	Page
3.5	Error Messages From SINTRAN III File System
3.6	Test And Utility Programs
3.6.1	Test Program Summary
3.6.2	Memory Test By Using The Microprogram

4 THE NORD-50 COMPUTER SYSTEM¶

4.1 Introduction¶

Section	Page
4.1.1	Electrical And Physical Specifications (NORD-50 Cabinet)

4.2 NORD-50 Computer System Architecture¶

Section	Page
4.2.1	Basic Configuration
4.2.2	Multiple NORD-50 Configurations
4.2.3	A Multiple Configuration Example
4.2.4	NORD-50 Construction Principles
4.2.5	NORD-50 Crates
4.2.6	The NORD-50 CPU
4.2.7	NORD-10/NORD-50 Connections
4.2.8	NORD-50 Memory Connections

4.3 NORD-50 Operator's Panel¶

Section	Page
4.3.1	Lights
4.3.2	Push Buttons And Key

4.4 NORD-50 Monitor¶

Section	Page
4.4.1	Command Summary

4.5 NORD-50 Maintenance¶

Section	Page
4.5.1	Test Programs Running In The NORD-10/S
4.5.2	Tests Running In The NORD-50
4.5.3	Verification Programs
4.5.4	NORD-50 Test-Sequence

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Appendixes¶

Appendix	Description	Page
A	DOCUMENTATION REVIEW	A-1
B	NORD-10/S TEST PROGRAMS	B-1
C	NORD-50 TEST PROGRAMS	C-1
C.1	TEST-MEM Monitor Command	C-1
C.2	TMEM Memory Test Program	C-2
C.3	Verification Programs	C-3
D	TEST PROGRAM OVERVIEW	D-1

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INTRODUCTION TO THE NORD-10/S¶

1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS¶

The NORD-10/S computer system is a medium scale general purpose computer system which, because of the modular design, is actually a family of computer systems.

A basic instruction set is common to all NORD-10/S machines, and this set is highly optimized to produce effective code; hardware floating point arithmetic is standard as are the instructions to manipulate individual bits at high speed.

The register structure and addressing scheme facilitate the processing of structured data with high efficiency.

The NORD-10/S is micro-programmed, and all NORD-10/S instructions are executed by means of a micro-program located in a very fast (65 ns) read-only memory. Micro-programming gives the NORD-10/S computer flexibility and a very large growth potential. New instructions may be added to the NORD-10/S and instructions for special applications may be optimized for a particular use.

The NORD-10/S provides up to 1024 customer-specified instructions. These instructions are micro-programmed in a programmable read-only memory, which is added onto the standard read-only memory.

Micro-programming in NORD-10/S is also used to control the operator’s panel and to perform operator communication between the operator and the console teletype or display.

Bootstrap loaders, both for character oriented devices and mass storage devices are also controlled by a micro-program.

The NORD-10/S is designed to be equipped with a wide range of main memories. Memory size may vary from 1K to 256K 16-bit words, and both read-only memories and read/write memories may be used. The speed range is from a high-speed bipolar memory of 100 ns cycle time to core memories, which require 900 ns cycle time.

Standard memory type is MOS semiconductor memory with a cycle time of 400ns. Parity checking with a parity bit for each byte is standard, while memory error correction with 21 bit memory modules is optional.

As an option, the NORD-10/S CPU may be equipped with 1K words of bipolar cache memory, which significantly increases the CPU performance.

The speed of the NORD-10/S standard processor is 260 ns per micro-instruction, and the NORD-10/S CPU will make efficient use of main memories with a cycle time of 300 ns.

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Input/Output and Interrupt Systems¶

The input/output and interrupt systems of NORD-10/S are designed for ease of use and very high speed. NORD-10/S has 16 program levels, each with its own set of registers, making possible a complete context switching from one program level to another in only 1 µs. In addition, 2048 priority vectored interrupts are standard, as well as 10 priority internal hardware status interrupts.

As an option, the NORD-10/S may have a memory management system which includes a paging system which performs program relocation, dynamic memory allocation and ring protection and memory protection systems.

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1.2 SPECIFICATIONS¶

1.2.1 Processor¶

Specification	Value
Microprocessor cycle time	260 ns
16 bit parallel processor, 32 bit parallel arithmetic during floating operation
CACHE memory size	1K / 25 bits
Paging overhead with CACHE	0%
Paging overhead without CACHE	10%
Access time for the Page Table	150 ns
Access time for the CACHE memory	150 ns

1.2.2 Memory¶

Specification	Value
Maximum virtual memory address space	128 Kbytes
Maximum physical memory address space	512 Kbytes
Access time for Local Memory	380 ns
Cycle time for Local Memory	400 ns
Access time for Multiport Memory	700 ns
Cycle time for Multiport Memory	450 ns
Parity	2 bits — one per byte
Error Checking and Correcting Memory	21 bits, single bit detection and correction (40% of all double bit errors detected)
Battery stand by power for memory	Maximum 30 minutes

1.2.3 Interrupt System¶

Specification	Value
16 priority interrupt levels each with 8 registers
Context block switching time	1 μs
External Interrupt Identification time	2 μs minimum
	2.3 μs average

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1.2.4 I/O System¶

Maximum DMA rate/channel to Multiport Memory: | 1.6 Mbytes
Maximum transfer rate for Multiport Memory Channel: | 2.8 Mbytes
Maximum DMA latency for highest priority devices: refresh + CPU + channel | 2.5 µs

1.2.5 Physical¶

Dimensions:

Attribute	Specification
Height	1606 mm
Width	582 mm
Depth	730 mm
Power	220V AC ± 10% (or 115V AC)
Frequency	50 Hz ± 2 Hz
Current	2.7 Amp @220V*
Cooling	Forced cooling
Operating Ambient Temperature	0 - 55° C
Operating Humidity	10 - 90%, non-condensing

Applies to a NORD-10 CPU with: Memory Management System, CACHE, Large disk interface, Bus Receiver, Bus Brancher and 128 Kbytes of MOS Memory.

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System Architecture¶

Single-Processor System¶

Figure 1.1 shows a typical medium-sized NORD-10/S single processor system.

flowchart TB
    A[Operators Panel] --> B[NORD-10/S CPU]
    B -->|Local Memory Bus| C[Memory Modules (96K words)]
    B -->|Main Input/Output Bus| D[Bus Receiver]
    D -->|Local Input/Output Bus| E[4 Video Display Units]
    D -->|Local Input/Output Bus| F[Floppy Disk]
    D -->|Local Input/Output Bus| G[66 Mbyte Disk]
    D -->|Local Input/Output Bus| H[Real-Time Clock]
    D -->|Local Input/Output Bus| I[HDLC Modem]
    B -->|To additional Bus Receivers| J[Bus Receiver]

Figure 1.1: Medium Sized NORD-10/S Computer System

In this example, the size of the main memory is 96K 16-bit words, based on 32K MOS semiconductor memory. Details concerning memory flexibility and options are presented in Section 1.3.2.

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Input/Output System¶

Parts of the input/output system are shown separated from the rest of the bus receiver which efficiently combines flexibility, simplicity, and reliability. The bus receiver provides the necessary fan out and reduces complexity of device control units. Reliability is increased because errors, in most cases, have only limited consequences on the local input/output bus.

An important factor in designing the completely modular input/output system with all device interfaces made to a common standard, has been the frequent field installations of expanded systems. Interface modules plug directly into prewired positions.

Substantial effort was made to prepare the NORD-10/S for multi-CPU applications and remotely operated installations.

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1.3.2 Multi-Processor Systems¶

The NORD-10/S CPU main frame has eight general slots for memory modules, and two slots reserved for optional multiport memory interface buffers.

The following standard memory modules are available for direct connection into each of the eight slots:

8K by 18 bits, 300 ns access time
8K by 21 bits, 300 ns access time
32K by 18 bits, 350 ns access time
32K by 21 bits, 350 ns access time
32K by 18 bits, 300 ns access time
32K by 21 bits, 300 ns access time

Memory modules with 18 bits word length provide one parity bit per byte, while 21 bit modules are used for memory error correction. Maximum memory size addressable from one CPU is 256K words.

The NORD-10/S multi-processor system is shown in Figure 1.2.

Common main memory is connected via the multiport memory interface unit, which is capable of handling requests from both CPUs in parallel if they do not address the same 64K module. The "local" 64K modules shown in the figure may, of course, be omitted; they are shown to demonstrate the flexibility of the system.

The total capacity of the dual memory interface is four independent channels as shown in Figure 1.3.

The memory access priority for the CPUs is normally allocated in a different order for each 64K unit.

By omitting three of the CPUs in Figure 1.3, we obtain a one-processor system with a maximum memory configuration of 256K.

[Diagram: Figure 1.2 - Multi-Processor System]

[Diagram: Figure 1.3 - Dual Memory Interface]

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NORD-10/S Two-Processor System¶

flowchart TB
    A(Memory Bank<br>(64K)) --> C(Multiport<br>Memory Ports)
    B(Memory Bank<br>(64K)) --> C
    D(Local<br>Memory<br>(64K)) --> E(Nord-10/S<br>CPU)
    F(Local<br>Memory<br>(64K)) --> G(Nord-10/S<br>CPU)
    C --> E
    C --> G

Figure 1.2: NORD-10/S TWO-PROCESSOR SYSTEM

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NORD-10/S Four-Processor System¶

flowchart TD
    A[Memory Bank (64K)] -->| | B(Multiport Memory Ports)
    C[Memory Bank (64K)] -->| | B
    B -->| | D[Nord-10/S CPU]
    B -->| | E[Nord-10/S CPU]
    B -->| | F[Nord-10/S CPU]
    B -->| | G[Nord-10/S CPU]
    H(Multiport Memory Ports) -->| | I[Memory Bank (64K)]
    H -->| | J[Memory Bank (64K)]
    D -->| | H
    E -->| | H
    F -->| | H
    G -->| | H

Figure 1.3: NORD-10/S FOUR-PROCESSOR SYSTEM

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1.3.3 Remote Operation¶

Several facilities for the remote operation of the NORD-10/S are available. Remote operation here means one NORD-10/S being controlled by another NORD-10/S. In some cases, the two machines may be in the same room, or they are connected over telephone lines using low or high speed modems.

The simplest form of remote operation is shown in Figure 1.4.

flowchart LR
  A(MASTER) --> B(Memory  \n (16 K))
  B --> C(Nord-10/S \n CPU)
  C --> D(1 Bit \n Binary \n Output)
  D --> E(Data \n Link)
  E -->| | F(Data \n Link)
  F -->| | G(SLAVE)

  G --> H(Memory \n (16 K))
  H --> I(Nord-10/S \n CPU)
  I -->| | F

Figure 1.4: REMOTE LOAD FROM MASTER CPU

In this case, the automatic LOAD function built into the micro-programmed control unit of all NORD-10/S CPU’s is used to start reading data via the data link.

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Example of Remote Load via Telephone Line and HDLC Protocol¶

flowchart LR
    subgraph MASTER
        A[Memory \n (48 K)]
        B[Nord-10 S \n CPU]
        C[HDLC \n Contr.]
        D[Modem]
        A --> B
        B -->|I/O| C
        C --> D
    end

    subgraph SLAVE
        E[Memory \n (16 K)]
        F[Nord-10 S \n CPU]
        G[HDLC \n Contr.]
        H[Modem]
        I[Remote \n Load \n Module]
        E --> F
        F -->|I/O| G
        G --> H
        I --> F
    end

    D ---|Telephone \n Line| H

In the example shown in Figure 1.5, the slave computer is equipped with a remote load module, which decodes a special "remote load trigger" frame sent by the master computer, thus, activating a load micro-program in the slave. In the example, the HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) communication hardware in the slave computer detects the special data frame and triggers the load procedure. A remote load operation may be initiated both by the master computer and by an operator at the slave computer site.

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1.4 CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES¶

The following pages contain diagrams showing the general construction of a NORD-10/S, the power distribution and the cooling system. Figure 1.6 gives an overview of the placement of the various components in the cabinet. Then the general layout of the cabinet is shown in Figure 1.7. The next figures show the mains distribution and the 5V and 24V distribution. Finally, the location of the fans and the airflow is shown.

Page 24¶

1.4.1 Cabinet Overview¶

  ____________        ______________        ________________
 |    ______   |     |    ______      |    |    ______    ___|
 |   |      |  |     |   |      |     |    |   |      |  | 
 |   |      |  |     |   |      |     |    |   |      |  |
 |   |______|  |     |   |______|     |    |   |______|  |
 |_____________|     |              __|    |______________|

 |---|       |---|   |---|       |---|   |---|       |---|
 | 6 |       | 5 |   | 4 |       | 3 |   | 2 |       | 1 |

  ______________        ______________        ____________
 |    ______    |      |    ______    |      |   ______   |
 |   |      |   |      |   |      |   |      |  |      |  |
 |   |      |   |      |   |      |   |      |  |      |  |
 |   |______|   |      |   |______|   |      |  |______|  |
 |______________|      |______________|      |____________|

 |---|       |---|   |---|       |---|   |---|       |---|
 |23 |       |22 |   |21 |       |20 |   |19 |       |18 |

Number	Description
1	Top fan, right
2	Power supply unit no. 1
3	Power supply unit no. ?
4	Card A (CPU card)
5	Card B (I/O card)
6	Floppy drive 1
18	Crate 6 (I/O crate C)
19	Crate 8 (I/O crate E)
20	Power panel 230V AC
21	Power panel 115V AC
22	Cross strap no. 1
23	Terminal no. 1

Figure 16: CABINET OVERVIEW

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NORD-10/S Layout¶

1.4.2 NORD-10/S Layout¶

Front View - Max. Configuration¶

+---------------------+
|                     |
|    POWER PANEL 2    | o ---- 3
|                     | o ---- 7
|                     |
|   OPERATOR PANEL    | o ---- 17
|                     | o ---- 23
|                     |
|     CPU RACK A      | o ---- 31
|                     |
|      FAN ASSY       | o ---- 38
|                     | o ---- 41
|                     | o ---- 43
|  CH. EXP. RACK B    | o ---- 46
|                     |
|                     | o ---- 53
|                     |
|  CH. EXP. RACK C    | o ---- 58
|                     |
|      FAN ASSY       | o ---- 65
|                     | o ---- 68
|                     | o ---- 70
|                     |
|    POWER PANEL 1    | o ---- 89
|                     | o ---- 95
+---------------------+

Figure 1.7: NORD 10/S LAYOUT

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1.4.3 NORD-10 115/230 VOLTS MAINS DISTRIBUTION¶

┌─────────────────────────────┐
│                             │
│     DISTRIBUTION BAR        │
│                             │
│           ┌───────────┐     │
│           │           │     │
│           │  115/230  │     │
│           │  VOLTS    │     │
│           │  MAINS    │     │
│           │  FROM     │     │
│  POWER    │  POWER    │     │
│  PANEL    │  PANEL    │     │
│  2        │  TO DIST- │     │
│           │  RIBUTION │     │
│           │  BAR IN   │     │
│           │  THE      │     │
│           │  POWER    │     │
│           │  PANEL 2  │     │
└───────────┘           │     │
│                       │     │
│                       │     │
├───────────────────────┤     │
│                       │     │
│                       │     │
│     CPU RACK A        │     │
│                       │     │
├───────────────────────┤     │
│ B                     │     │ 
│                       │     │
├───────────────────────┤     │
│ C                     │     │
│                       │     │
│                       │     │
├───────────────────────┤     │
│                       │     │
│           FAN ASSY    │     │
│                       │     │
└───────────────────────┘     │

Figure 1.8: NORD-10 220 Volts Mains Distribution
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1.4.4 NORD-10 5V and 24V Distribution¶

 __________________
|  24V            |
|_________________|
  |          |          |       
  |          |          |
 ________________________ 
|   C       |   A       |    B     |
| +5V GND   | +5V GND   | +5V GND |
|___________|___________|_________|
     |          |         |
     |          |         |
     |__________|_________|
                 |
 ______________  |
| +5V         |  |
|    CPU      |  |
|    GND      |  |
|_____________|  |
     |_____       |
            |      |
  _______________  |
 |  +5V         |  |
 | CHANNEL      |  |
 | EXPANDER     |  |
 |______________|  |
         |         |   
  _______________  |
 |  +5V         |  |
 | CHANNEL      |  |
 | EXPANDER     |  |
 |______________|  |
                   |
                   |
              ALL WIRES 4 mm²

0,4 mm² twisted wire for +24V to TTY interface.

REAR VIEW

Figure 1.9: NORD-10 5V AND 24V DISTRIBUTION

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NORD-10 Fans Location and Air Flow¶

     FRONT <--                     
 ┌───────────────────┐
 │   ┌───────────┐   │
 │   │           │   │
 │   │           │   │
 │   └───────────┘   │
 │                   │
 │       ↑   ↑       │   MAX
 │       │   │       │ CONFIGURATION
 │                   │
 │                   │
 │       ↑   ↑       │   FAN × 4
 │                   │
 │                   │
 │ ┌───────────────┐ │
 │ │               │ │
 │ └───────────────┘ │
 │       ↑   ↑       │
 │       │   │       │
 │                   │
 │   FAN × 3         │   FAN × 6
 │                   │
 │                   │
 │       ↑   ↑       │
 │       │   │       │
 │                   │
 │ ┌───────────────┐ │
 │ │               │ │
 │ └───────────────┘ │
 │       ↑   ↑       │
 │       │   │       │
 │                   │
 │                   │
 │       ↑   ↑       │   FAN × 2
 │   FAN × 3         │
 │                   │
 │                   │
 │       ↑   ↑       │
 │       │   │       │
 │ ┌────────────────┐│
 │ │                ││ AIR
 │ │  INPUT THROUGH ││ INPUT 
 │ │    FILTER      ││ THROUGH
 │ └───────────────┘ │ FILTER
 └───────────────────┘

Figure 1.10: NORD-10 Fans Location and Air Flow

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1.5 NORD-10/S POWER UNIT¶

1.5.1 General¶

The power system in NORD-10/S is divided into two parts:

5V 150A switching supply used for CPU, I/O and memory control logic.
A serial regulated power supply giving:
- +5V stand-by 8A
- +12V stand-by 2A
- –12V stand-by 70mA
- +24 stand-by 6A
- voltage applied to MOS memory and Memory Refresh Logic
- in case of power failure the voltages will be present for 30 minutes supplied from two stand-by batteries (+5V and +12V). The +12V battery will also supply the –12V.
- voltage may be used in I/O system for current loop interfaces.
- up to ± 10% variation on mains input voltage is accepted.

Page 30¶

NORD POWER UNIT 10, MECHANICAL LAYOUT¶

        _______________________________________________
       |                                               |
       | _____________________________________________ |
       ||                                             ||
  __3__||                                             ||____4____
 |     ||_____________________________________________||         |
 |  __3.1__________________________                    |         |
 | |                                                        ___  |
 | |  _______________________________________              |   | |
 | | |   __2__                              |              |   | |
 | | |  |     |                             |              |   | |
 | | |  |  __2.1_______________             |              |   | |
 | | |  ||                    |    _____    |              |   | |
 | | |  ||____________________|___|     |   |              |   | |
 | | |  |    __2.2__              |_____|   |              |   | |
 | | |  |   |      |   ________             |              |   | |
 | | |  |   |______|  |        |            |              |   | |
 | | |  |   ____.5_  |        |            |              |   | |
 | | |  |  / .4  | | |________|            |              |   | |
 | | |  | /_______________________________ |              |   | |
 | | |  |_________________________________|              |   | |
 | | |____________________________________               |   | |
 | |_______________________________2.3____|              |   | |
 |                                                       |   | |
 |_______________________________________________________|___|  |
 |_____________________________________________________________|
   |____|     |____|     |____|                       |____|

   1.1       1.2       1.7                         1.3    1.4

Table of Components¶

#	Component Description
1	CONTROL PANEL
1.1	PL.4 Mains Plug
1.2	PL.5 Auxiliary output plug
1.3	Ambient temperature sense
1.4	PL.6 Power output and control plug
1.5	PL.3 Mains plug for mains transformer
1.6	PL.2 Mains plug for SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply)
1.7	Alarm buzzer
2	POWER UNIT
2.1	T.2 Mains transformer
2.2	PL.8 Interconnection plug for mains transformer
2.3	PL.1 Interconnection plug for front panel
2.4	Battery case
2.5	P.9 Current limit adjust 24V supply
2.6	P.10 Current limit adjust + 12V supply
2.7	P.11 Current limit adjust + 5V supply
3	SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY
3.1	PL.7 Interconnection plug for power unit
3.2	Mains connection
4	MOUNTING FRAME

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1.5.2 Control Panel Description¶

1.5.2.1 Indicators¶

Label	Location	Description
+ 24V	1.1.1	Normally lit. Indicates presence of + 24V.
- 12V	1.1.2	Normally lit. Indicates presence of - 12V.
+ 5V	1.1.3	Normally lit. Indicates presence of + 5V.
Temp	1.1.4	Normally off. Temperature warning light lights when temperature reaches 55°C.
Mains	1.1.5	Normally lit. Indicates presence of Mains (input voltage).
+ 5V	1.2.1	Normally lit. Indicates presence of + 5V (150A) from switching P.S.
SB + 12V	1.2.2	Normally lit. Indicates presence of + 12V (stand-by).
SB + 5V	1.2.3	Normally off. Indicates presence of + 5V (stand-by).
0 V MAINS	1.2.4	Normally off. Overvoltage (mains) input.
Batt	1.2.5	Normally off. Indicates, when lit, that the voltages (+ 5V, + 12V, - 12V) are supplied by the batteries.

Power Failure Indicators¶

Label	Location	Description
SB + 5V	2.1	Indicators giving the source to the POWER FAILURE ALARM.
- 5V	2.2
SB + 12V	2.3
SB - 12V	2.4
+ 24V	2.5	1.14.

ALARM triggered when voltage < -5% and > + 10% of nominal voltage.

ALARM reset when toggling RESET switch (switch 3.1.14).

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1.5.2.2 Switches¶

Label	Location	Description
1-0	3.0	Normally 1. Connects/disconnects mains (input voltage).
H—N—L + 5V	3.1	Normally in N position. When in H position increases the +5V (150A) with 5%. When in L position, decreases the +5V with 5%. Note: For maintenance use only.
H—N—L + 12V SB	3.2	Normally in N position. When in H position increases the +12V stand-by with 5%. When in L position, decreases the +12V stand-by with 5%. Note: For maintenance use only.
H—N—L + 5V SB	3.3	Normally in N position. When in H position, increases the +5V stand-by with 5%. When in L position, decreases the +5V stand-by with 5%. Note: For maintenance use only.
H—N—L + 24V	3.4	Normally in N position. ±5% marginal control.
Bat ON-OFF	3.5	Normally in ON position. Connects/disconnects the charge circuits for voltage back-up batteries.
ON	3.6	Reset over voltage alarm and indicators.

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1.5.2.3 Adjustments¶

Note: Before performing the adjustments listed below, black plastic caps must be removed.

Label	Location	Description
0.V	4.4.1	Adjustment of over voltage alarm.
Battery	4.2.2	Adjustment of batteries back-up level.
Net	4.3.3	Power failures threshold adjustment. (Interrupt Level)
Temp	4.4	Adjustment of shot down level ambient temp.
-5V	4.5	Adjustment of -5V output.
+5V	4.6	Adjustment of +5V stand-by output.
+12V	4.7	Adjustment of +12V stand-by output.
+24V	4.8	Adjustment of +24V output.

IND—60.1.16.01

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1.5.2.4 Input Voltage¶

Label: INPUT
Location: 6
Description: Mains input, fused and filtered power. (Main fuses and filter located in front/bottom of main cabinet.)

1.5.2.5 Output Voltage¶

Label: OUTPUT
Location: 10
Description:* All above listed voltages to various logic destinations.

Label: Fans Aux
Location: 9
Description:* 110V AC for main cabinet fans. Can also control a mains relay connecting cabinets. (I/O, etc.) Maximum load 4A.

1.5.2.6 Fuse¶

Label: Fuse
Location: 7
Description:* Mains input fuse. Type: slow blow (T register). Size: 6A.

1.5.2.7 Time Meter¶

Label: Time Meter
Location: 11
Description:* Indicates CPU. Power ON Hours.

Page 35¶

NORD POWER UNIT PANEL¶

Indicators¶

1.1 INDICATORS
1.2 INDICATORS
1.3 INDICATORS

Adjustments¶

4.1 ADJUSTMENTS

Outputs¶

2.5 OVER VOLTAGE MONITORING INDICATORS

Switches¶

3.0 MAIN SWITCH

Main Switch¶

3.0 MAIN SWITCH

Diagram¶

+---------------------------------------+
|                M1                     |
|                    NORD POWER UNIT 10S|
|                   100-210V 47-63 Hz   |
|---------------------------------------|
|                                       |
| --+-------------------+---------------|
|   |                   |               |
|   |  POWER FAILURE    |               |
|   | ----------------  . Voltage       |
|   . .-. Battery ON OFF  Adjustment  SB|
|   | | |                   Temp        |
|   +-| | Meter -----------------+      |
|----+ '-------------------------|      |
| 24V            24V             | SB  |
|---------------------------------------|
|    Fuse 3A     110V Main Section      |
+---------------------------------------+

Image Information¶

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Figure 1.2: NORD POWER UNIT PANEL

Page 36¶

1.5.3 Power Fail/Automatic Restart¶

POWER FAIL

The power fail unit is physically located in the power supply. The purpose of the power fail unit is to detect the presence of the input voltage 115/230 VAC and give an early warning to the CPU in case of power failure. This early warning is given through the internal interrupt system.

When notified that a power fail is in progress, the operating system will make the necessary steps towards a well defined stop point with the registers saved in memory. When the main power is restored, sensed by the power fail unit, the operating system will go through a restart procedure enabling the executing programs to resume.

Power interrupts will be given for the following reasons:

Mains voltage below preset limit
Ambient temperature exceeds preset limit
External temperature
Remote shut down of power

AUTOMATIC RESTART

When power again is restored, the capacitor is recharged above the sense level, and after a time delay of approximately 1 second, the OK signal is activated.

When the power clear signal disappears the CPU will enter STOP mode. The microprogram in STOP mode will read the operator’s panel. If the operator’s panel is locked this will generate a RESTART signal. The CPU is started in address 20 where the operating system’s restart routines are located.

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1.6 PLUG PANEL¶

The connections between the peripherals and the NORD-10/S goes via the plug panel. The plug panels are mounted at the bottom of the NORD-10/S CPU cabinet and in I/O cabinets (if available).

The plug panel is accessed from the rear of the cabinet(s).

This is depicted in the following:

The connection between the I/O rack and the plug panel.
Details of the I/O rack plug (BERG) and the plug panel plug (BURNDY).

Page 38¶

Figure 1.13: Internal Cables¶

       +---------------------------------+
       |                                 |
       |                                 |
      /                                   \
     /                                     \
    |                                       |
    |                                       |
    |                                       |
    |            +------------+             |
    |            |            | -----+      |
    |      +-----+------------+      |      |
    |      |     | 6         |      | 13   |
    |      |     |-----------|      |      |
   +-------+     |-----------|      +------+
   |             /           \             |
   |            /             \            |
   |           /               \           |
   +----------+                 +----------+
   |          |                 |          |
   |          +-----------------+          |
   |                                       |
   |                +------+               |
   |                | 13   |               |
   |                +------+               |
   |                                       |
   +---------------------------------------+

Labels - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13

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Plug Panel Details¶

   ------
  |      |
  |  B10 |
  |______|
   . . . 
   | | |
---| | |-------
   | | |
------------
  /       \
 /         \
/           \

   --------------------------
  |                          |
  |                          |
  |      |  B10 O A C F J H  |
  |      |  --------------   |
  |      |                  |
  |      |  B11 O A C F J H |
  |      |  --------------   |
  |      |                  |
  |______|__________________|

Figure 1.14: Plug Panel Details¶

No.	Description
1	Interface name
2	Interface number
3	Connected to rack and position
6	Plug panel for 42 pins BURNDY
7	BERG Plug
8	Pin number where BERG plug is to be inserted (bottom left corner)
9	Rack and position

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OPERATING THE NORD-10/S¶

2.1 INTRODUCTION¶

The NORD-10/S CPU has two states or modes, STOP mode and CONTINUE mode. When the CPU is in STOP mode, the STOP light is on and the CPU is idle. In CONTINUE mode, the CPU is running and the CONTINUE light is on. It will continue running until it is stopped by either the operator pressing the STOP button, a program issuing a WAIT instruction (with the interrupt system off) or a serious error situation occurring.

When the CPU is running, the operator can only communicate with it through normal programs that can accept and handle input from some input device, usually the console terminal. However, when the CPU is in STOP mode, the NORD-10/S has a micro-program, a special program running in the hardware, for communication between the operator and the computer. This program, called MOPC (Microprogrammed Operators Communication), is in a special, high-speed, read-only memory and runs automatically when the machine is in STOP mode. MOPC may either be controlled from the console terminal (usually terminal number one) or from the operator’s panel.

MOPC includes bootstrap programs and automatic hardware loads from both character oriented devices and mass storage devices. A bootstrap program is a program which runs in an otherwise empty computer and controls the loading and execution of another program.

This chapter tells how to communicate with MOPC using both the console terminal and the operator’s panel. Many functions, such as memory examine and start a program can be carried out using either the console or the panel. The console is usually used for these functions because it is easier to handle. Other functions, such as master clear and power on, must be done with the panel buttons. Still other functions, such as bootstrap loading from a device other than the default device or running the micro-programmed memory test must be done from the console.

This chapter also gives a short description is given of how to start and stop the SINTRAN III operating system. This operating system is an interactive system where the users themselves control the system interactively through commands from user terminals. The functions of the operator are therefore generally restricted to starting and stopping the operating system and handling system error situations. In addition, there are supervisory functions such as loading the operating system, creating users, controlling mass storage space, etc. These are done by the system supervisors and are described in the SINTRAN III System Supervisor's Guide.

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Operator's Panel - Physical Layout¶

 ____________________________
|                            |
|        OPERATOR'S PANEL    |
|____________________________|
|          ____________      |
|         |   MODE     |     |
|         |____________|     |
|         | 0 1 2 3         |
|         | o o o o         |
|         |   Interrupt     |
|         | o Paging        |
|_________|_________________|
|                            |
|          LEVEL             |
|       ________________     |
|      |  ____________  |    |
|      | |            | |    |
|      | |   Display  | |    |
|      | |____________| |    |
|      |________________|    |
|                            |
|        CONTROLS            |
|   ______________________   |
|  |      |    |     |    |  |
|  | Stop |... |...  |... |  |
|  |      |____|_____|____|  |
|  | Start|... |...  |... |  |
|  |      |____|_____|____|  |
|  | Reset|... |...  |... |  |
|  |      |____|_____|____|  |
|  | Load |... |...  |... |  |
|  |      |____|_____|____|  |
|  | Dep. |... |...  |... |  |
|  |      |____|_____|____|  |
|____________________________|
|                            |
|          POWER             |
|   _________________________|
|  |             *          |
|  |           *            |
|  |   KEY                   |
|  |                        |
|  |________________________|
|____________________________|

Note: All labels are transcribed as per visibility in the image. Some button labels represented by ellipses (...) due to partial visibility.

Page 42¶

2.2 THE OPERATOR'S PANEL¶

2.2.1 Panel Elements¶

The operator's panel for the NORD-10/S computer has the following elements:

An 18-bit switch register
An 18-bit light register
16 selector push buttons and 16 associated lights
6 mode indicators
A two-digit display and two push-buttons
10 control buttons
Power on/off button
Panel key-lock

The operator's panel physical layout is depicted in Figure 2.1.

2.2.2 Power On/Off Button¶

Press for power supply.

2.2.3 Panel Key Lock¶

When the key switch is in the lock position, the 10 control buttons are disabled. In addition, the CPU is enabled for power failure restart.

When the key is in the unlock position, the control buttons may be used and the system will not be automatically restarted after power fail; the operator has to press the restart button.

Page 43¶

2.2.4 Control Buttons¶

These 10 push-buttons are used to control the CPU and to modify registers and memory. The function of each of the buttons is given below.

Master Clear¶

Generates a master clear signal to all hardware devices, turns off interrupt system, should only be used when the STOP light is on. Be aware that this signal will clear the old status of the computer. Do not press this button unless you are sure you want to do so.

Light in the MASTER CLEAR button indicates an error input to the CPU from operator's communication program or one of the load programs. The light is reset when the MASTER CLEAR button is pushed.

Restart¶

This button generates a restart signal. When this signal is detected by the micro-program in STOP mode, the CPU will start in address 20. The RESTART button has no effect when the CPU is running. If the CPU is running, the STOP button must be pushed before the RESTART. To be sure that the program has been started on level zero, the MASTER CLEAR button should also be pushed.

Load¶

Load from the device specified in the ALD register. Can be used only when the STOP light is on.

When a load program is active, the LOAD button lights up.

Decode Address¶

This button is used in connection with the displaying of addresses (DMA ADR, ADR or P ADR selected). When this button is pushed, the address is not displayed directly. The address space is divided into 4K segments and each bit in the display register represents one segment. Bit 0 is lighted if address 0 — 7777₈ is used, etc. Lighted keys indicate the state of the address display register.

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Set Address¶

When the machine is in STOP mode and memory examine is desired, the address may be set up in the panel switch register and the SET ADDRESS button pushed. The address is now saved and it is not changed before the SET ADDRESS button is pushed again with a new content in the switch register. This address is also changed when a memory examine is executed from the console device (character "/" used).

Note that this button is used in STOP mode only. When the machine is running, the address in the switch register is used directly.

When the machine enters STOP mode, the register used by the set address function is set to zero. This means that after a single instruction the examined address is zero.

Deposit¶

When an address is selected with the SET ADDRESS button, the contents of this cell may be changed with the DEPOSIT button. The new contents are set up in the switch register and the DEPOSIT button pushed. The display selection must be EXM.

Enter Register¶

This button is used to load a register. One of the registers STS, P, L, B, X, T, A or D is selected with the register selection switches. Level is selected with the level selector. The contents of the switch register are now stored in the selected register when the ENTER REGISTER button is pushed.

Single Instruction¶

Pushing the SINGLE INSTRUCTION button causes a program to advance one instruction. The address is taken from the P register and the CPU goes back to STOP mode after execution of one instruction. The instruction is executed on the level given by the PIE and PID registers.

Continue¶

When this button is pressed, the machine starts running from the address specified by the P register. The level is given by the contents of PIE and PID registers. If the MASTER CLEAR is first pressed, PIE is cleared and the program is started on level 0.

If the light on the CONTINUE button is on, it indicates that the CPU is running.

Stop¶

Pushing this button stops the machine, i.e., the micro-program running in STOP mode is started. The STOP mode is indicated by light in the STOP button.

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Page 45¶

2.2.5 Display Level Select¶

The CPU has 16 program levels, each with its own set of registers. The level currently being used may be displayed and changed by means of the display level select. This consists of two push-buttons "➕" and "➖", and a two-digit display. By means of the two buttons, the level may be stepped up or down. The contents of the display show the selected level. If the display is stepped outside the limits 0–15, the two-digit display will show the active program level and the selected register (STS, P, L, B, T, A or D) is taken from the active level.

2.2.6 Mode Indicators¶

INTERRUPT

Indicates that the interrupt system is turned on, i.e. an ION instruction has been executed.

PAGING

Indicates that the paging system is turned on, i.e. a PON instruction has been executed.

RING

Four indicators show active program protect rings. These indicators are provided with after-glow so that it is possible to observe even the shortest execution run on each ring.

2.2.7 18-Bit Switch Register¶

This is used to display 16 bit data or 18 bit addresses from the CPU. Register contents, addresses and contents of memory locations may be displayed. The register 16 bits can be set with the TRR LMP instruction (the user register — see following — must be selected).

Page 46¶

2.2.8 18-Bit Light Register¶

This is used to display 16 bit addresses from the CPU. Register contents, addresses and contents of memory locations may be displayed. The register 16 bits can be set with the TRR LMP instruction (the user register must be selected).

2.2.9 16 Selector Push-Buttons and 16 Associated Lights¶

These push-buttons are used to select one of 16 possible registers to be displayed in the data display register. When one button is pushed (a register selected), this is indicated in the associated light above the button.

The possible register selections are as follows:

ACTIVE LEVELS

When this button is pushed, the data display (described above) will show the active program levels. 16 lights (0-15) are used, one for each of the 16 levels. In this mode the lamps are provided with after-glow so that it is possible to observe a single instruction on a program-level.

DMA ADR

If this button is pushed, the data display will show the active DMA (Direct Memory Access) address.

ADR

This register shows the current memory address being referenced, excluding DMA references and instruction (program) addresses.

P ADR

This is the memory address each time an instruction is read (fetch cycle). Effectively the data display will show the program address.

U

This is the user register set by the TRR LMP instruction.

Note: If the U register is set from a program by TRR LMP and the U is NOT selected, the setting of U will disturb the displaying of the selected register. The degree of disturbance will depend on the frequency of the U updating related to the panel interrupt frequency.

Page 47¶

DATA¶

Displays data going to and from memory and on the I/O bus.

EXM¶

This selection has two uses:

CPU in STOP¶

The data display will show the contents of the memory location whose address is set in the switch register when the SET ADDRESS button was last pushed (see above). When the CPU stops, this address is preset to zero. (The selected address is always zero after pushing the SINGLE INSTR button.) Use of the '/' in MOPC will also set the memory address displayed.

CPU running¶

The data display will show the contents of the memory location whose address is set in the switch register. The memory location is sampled after each panel interrupt (about every 20 ms).

IR¶

This selection will display the CPU instruction register.

STS, P, L, B, X, T, A, D¶

If one of these is selected, the data display will show the contents of that register. The register is sampled at each panel interrupt. There is a complete set of these registers on each of the 16 program levels, so one has to select the appropriate level when one of these registers is examined.

Page 48¶

2.3 THE CONSOLE TERMINAL¶

The console terminal communicates with the CPU through the MOPC program. When using it, the following characters are legal input characters:

0, 1, 2, 3, 
4, 5, 6, 7      Octal digits used to specify addresses and data
@               Restart MOPC, clear PIE (priority enable bit)
$               Octal load
&               Binary load
!               (Exclamation point) Start program in main memory
/               Specifies register or memory cell to be examined
CR              (Carriage Return) Terminator of a line
LF              (Line Feed) Echoed, no other effect
(Space)         Any input before the space is ignored
B               Used to specify bank number
I               Specifies operation on an internal register
R               Specifies operation on one of the eight registers STS, D, P, B, L, A, T, X on a specified level
*               Current location counter for memory examine

Illegal characters are ignored. A "?" is displayed to indicate input error and the Master Clear button lights up.

A summary of the different functions of MOPC and some examples are given below. All addresses, physical device numbers and levels are octal and input from user is underlined in the examples.

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2.3.1 Functions¶

Start a Program¶

Format:

<octal number> !

The machine is started in the address given by the octal number. If the octal number is omitted, the P register is used as start address, i.e. this is a "continue function". The program level will be the same as when the computer was stopped (if Master Clear has not been pushed or @ typed).

Example:

22 !        % start execution in location 22

Memory Examine¶

Format:

<octal number> /

The octal number before the character "/" specifies the memory address.

When the "/" is typed, the contents of the specified memory cell are printed out as an octal number.

If a CR (carriage return) is given, the contents of the next memory cell are printed out.

When the paging system is on, the bank number specifies which page table is used, and page faults and protect violations are ignored. In this case, specifies a virtual address.

Examples:

Command	Description
717/003456	% EXAMINE ADDRESS 717
717/003456 (CR)	% EXAMINE ADDRESS 717
003450 (CR)	% EXAMINE ADDRESSES 720
000013	% AND 721

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Memory Deposit¶

Format:

<octal number> (CR)

After a memory examine, the contents of the memory cell may be changed by typing an octal number terminated by CR.

Example:

      717/003456 3475 (CR)  %   THE CONTENTS OF ADDRESS 717
      003450 1700 (CR)      %   IS CHANGED FROM 3456 TO 3475
      000123 (CR)           %   AND 720 IS CHANGED FROM 3450
      123456                %   TO 1700. 721 CONTAINS 123 AND
                            %   REMAINS UNCHANGED

Register Examine¶

Format:

<octal number> R <octal number> /

The first octal number specifies the program level (0—17). If this number is omitted, program level zero is assumed.

The second octal number specifies which register on that level to examine. The following codes apply:

Octal Number	Register Description
0	Status register, bits 0—7
1	D register, double word extension of A register
2	P register, program counter
3	B register, base register
4	L register, link register
5	A register, main accumulator
6	T register, temporary help register
7	X register, index register

After the "/" is typed, the contents of the register is printed out.

Examples:

R5/     A register level 0
7R2/    P register level 7

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Register Deposit¶

Format:

<octal number> (CR)

After a register examine, the contents of the register may be changed by typing an octal number terminated by CR.

Examples:

R5/ 123456 54321 (CR)   %   CONTENTS OF A REGISTER ON
                         %   LEVEL 0 IS CHANGED TO 054321

7R2/ 000044 55 (CR)     %   CONTENTS OF P REGISTER ON
                         %   LEVEL 7 IS CHANGED TO 000055

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Internal Register Examine¶

Format:

I <octal number> /

The octal number specifies which internal register is examined. The following codes apply:

Code	Register	Description
0	PANS	Operator's Panel Status, used by the operator's panel micro-program only.
1	STS	Status register, program level is contained in bits 8–11, bit 14 = PONI and bit 25 = IONI.
2	OPR	Operator's panel switch register.
3	PGS	Paging status register.
4	PVL	Previous program level.
5	IIC	Internal interrupt code.
6	PID	Priority interrupt detect.
7	PIE	Priority interrupt enable.
10	CSR	Cache status register, for maintenance only.
11	ACTL	Active level, decoded.
12	ALD	Automatic load descriptor.
13	PES	Memory error status.
14	MPC	Micro-program counter (will show a constant).
15	PEA	Memory error address.
16	IO	I/O transfer. Do not use.
17	-	Will show an arbitrary register. Do not use.

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Internal Register Deposit¶

Format:

<octal number> /

After an internal register examine, the contents of the internal register with the same internal register code may be changed by typing an octal number terminated by CR. For deposit, the following internal register codes apply:

Octal	Code	Description
0	PANC	Operator’s Panel Status, used by the operator’s panel micro-program only.
1	STS	Status register, only bits 0–7 will be changed.
2	LMP	Operator’s panel lamp register (will be overwritten unless U register is selected).
3	PCR	Paging control register.
4	MISC	"Miscellaneous" register (used by micro-program to control IONI, PONI, MCALL and MOPC).
5	IIE	Internal interrupt enable.
6	PID	Priority interrupt detect.
7	PIE	Priority interrupt enable.
10	CCLR	Cache Clear.
11	-	Not used.
12	CILR	Cache inhibit limits register.
13	CAR	Instruction register, used by micro-program subroutine only.
14	IR	Instruction register, used by the EXR instruction only.
15	ECCR	Error correction control register.
16	IO	I/O transfer. Do not use.
17	-	Will change an arbitrary register. Do not use.

Examples¶

I7/ 030013 0(CR) % EXAMINE PIE AND CHANGE TO
                 % 000000

I12/ 021540 20044(CR) % EXAMINE ALD AND CHANGE
                      % CILR TO 020044 (ALD can only be set manually)

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Current Location Counter¶

When * is typed, an octal number is printed indicating the current address on which a memory examine or memory deposit will take place. The current location counter is set by the memory examine command /, and it is also incremented for each time carriage return is typed.

Break Function¶

When @ is typed, the MOPC is restarted. This function is also used to terminate an octal load. PIE is set to zero.

Bank Number¶

Format:

<octal number> B

This command is used when the computer has more than 64K memory. The memory is divided into 64K banks (0-3).

This command has to be used to specify the bank number when a memory examine/deposit has to be done.

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2.3.2 Bootstrap Loaders¶

The NORD-10/S has bootstrap loaders for both mass storage and character oriented devices. Three different load formats are standard:

Octal format load
Binary format load
Mass storage load

Octal Format Load¶

Octal load is (normally) started by typing:

<physical device address> $

The operator’s communication will start taking its input from the device with the specified device address. The device must conform with the programming specification of either teletype or tape reader. The device address is the lowest address associated with the device.

During octal load there is no echoing of characters. All legal operator commands are accepted. Illegal commands terminate the loading and "?" is typed on the console. (In installations without a console an attention lamp is turned on.) Normally, @ or ! is used to terminate an octal load.

If no device address precedes the $ command, the $ is nearly equivalent to pushing the LOAD button on the operator’s panel.

Binary Format Load¶

Binary load is (normally) started by typing:

<physical device address> &

Loading will take place from the specified device. This device must conform with the programming specifications of either teletype or tape reader. The device address is the lowest address associated with the device.

If no device address precedes the & command, then the & is nearly equivalent to pushing the LOAD button on the operator’s panel.

If a checksum error is detected, "?" is typed on the console (in installations without a console an attention lamp is turned on) and control is returned to the operator’s communication.

Note that the binary loader does not require any of the main memory.

The binary load will change the registers on level 0.

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Mass Storage Load¶

The binary load format is compatible with the format dumped by the )BPUN command in the MAC assembler. (See the NORD-10/S Reference manual under binary load for a description of the binary load format.)

Mass Storage Load¶

When loading from mass storage, 1K words will be read from mass storage address 0 into main memory starting in address 0. After a successful load, the CPU is started in main memory address 0.

If an error occurs, the loading is terminated and "?" is typed on the console and control is returned to the operator's communication. (Note: in installations without a console, an attention lamp is turned on.)

The actual mass storage must conform with either drum or disk programming specifications.

Mass storage load must be started by typing $ or &, or pushing the LOAD button on the operator’s panel. However, this requires a special setting of the ALD.

Automatic Load Descriptor (ALD)¶

The NORD-10/S has a 16-bit switch register called Automatic Load Descriptor (ALD). This register is located on the panel driver card and can only be set by manually setting the switches on the card. This register specifies the load procedure to use when the LOAD button is pushed or when a single $ or & is typed.

The load procedure will indicate which device to load from, the type of load (octal, binary, or mass storage), whether a real load is needed or just a restart, or if a special diagnostic program is to be started.

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Automatic Load Descriptor (ALD) Format¶

The format of the ALD register is as follows:

15  14  13  12  11                             0
+---+---+---+---+-------------------------------+
| E | R | M | O |            Address            |
+---+---+---+---+-------------------------------+

E - Extensions¶

If this bit (bit 15) is 1, then the load function is extended. Effectively, the micro-program jumps to the micro address found in ALD, bits 0-11.

(The E bit is used when starting micro-programmed diagnostic programs. The start address is put in ALD bits 0-11.)

R - Restart¶

If this bit (bit 14) is 1, the load function degenerates to a jump to main memory address:

Address = 4 * (ALD bits 0-13)

This bit is used when the bootstrap program is held in read-only main memory. (Note: E = 0.)

This restart must not be confused with the RESTART button on the operator's panel.

M - Mass Storage Load¶

If this bit (bit 13) is 1, mass storage load is taken from the device whose (lowest) address is found in ALD bits 0-10 (unit 0). (Note: E = R = 0.)

O - Octal Format Load¶

If this bit (bit 12) is set, octal format load will take place from the device whose (lowest) address is found in ALD bits 0-10.

If bit 12 is not set, binary format load will take place from the device whose (lowest) address is found in ALD bits 0-10.

Note: \ will override this bit, a single $ will start an octal format load from the device whose (lowest) address is found in ALD bits 0-10. (Note: E = R = M = 0.)

Address¶

The hardware device address of the device to be loaded from.

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ALD Setting¶

Following is a table showing possible use of the ALD setting.

ALD						Start in address
000300	<>	Binary load from <>	Binary load from <>	Mass storage load from <>	Start in address 177700	Jump to μ address 3000
000300	<> &	Binary load from <>	Binary load from 300	Octal load from 400	Mass storage load from 540	Start in address 177700
014400	$	Binary load from 300	Octal load from 400	Mass storage load from 540	Start in address 177700	Jump to μ address 3000
020540	<> &	Binary load from 300	Binary load from 300	Octal load from 400	Mass storage load from 540	Start in address 177700
077706	$	Octal load from 300	Octal load from 400	Mass storage load from 540	Start in address 177700	Jump to μ address 3000
103000	<> $	Octal load from <>	Octal load from <>	Mass storage load from <>	Start in address 177700	Jump to μ address 3000

Table 2.1: ALD SETTING

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2.4 STARTING AND STOPPING A NORD-10/S¶

A short description of the procedure for starting and stopping the NORD-10/S and the SINTRAN III operating system is given here. The procedure assumes that SINTRAN has been correctly installed, all initial actions have been carried out, and it is just necessary to start it up. For all information needed to do these tasks, see the SINTRAN III System Supervisor's Guide. See that manual also for details of how to carry out such functions as updating the clock and entering main directory (referred to below).

2.4.1 Starting Up Procedure¶

Switch on the computer

Press the POWER (if the power is off) and MASTER CLEAR buttons

Start the disk(s)

Switch on the two or three switches at the back of the disk unit(s)

Press the START button on the disk panel.

When the READY lamp lights up, the disk is ready to be accessed.

Turn on the console terminal

Depress the power button (make sure it has the correct speed and that the local/line switch is set to line)

Load SINTRAN III

Assuming the ALD register is correct, press MASTER CLEAR and LOAD.

When the CONTINUE button lights up and SINTRAN III IS RUNNING is printed on the console do one of the following:

a) If system initialization is completely automatic, nothing needs to be done except to update the clock (after logging in).

Command	Action
(ESC)	press escape button to activate terminal
HH.MM.SS DAY MONTH YEAR	the date plus installation defined text is printed out (0 after LOAD)
ENTER SYSTEM	type your user name (SYSTEM)
PASSWORD secret word	type the password (not seen)
OK
@UPDATE mm hh dd mm yyyy	update the clock
@LOGOUT	terminate the session
HH.MM.SS DAY MONTH YEAR
— EXIT —

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2.4.2 When To Stop a NORD-10/S Installation¶

It is advisable to let the NORD-10/S run day and night. The disks and printers, however, should usually be turned off if the system is to be idle for more than a couple of hours (nights, weekends, holidays).

If the entire installation is shut off, it is important that the disks are switched off before the NORD-10/S.

Stop Procedure¶

Prevent users from logging in:
@SET-SINTRAN-UNAVAILABLE

Wait until all users are logged off (a broadcast message may be sent asking them to log off).

Turn off devices with mechanical movement (disks, printers).

Turn off the NORD-10/S only in special cases - in general the NORD-10/S should not be turned off.

b) If system initialization is not completely automatic, the main directory has to be entered and other relevant commands given. A MODE file should exist for giving them. See SINTRAN III System Supervisor's Guide for a description of these commands.

Log in as above. Give the following commands:

@ENTER-DIRECTORY main-directory-name, device-name, unit, 
F or R or blank

@MODE input-file, output-file

@UPDATE mm hh dd mm yyyy

Log out as above,

Put the operator's panel key in lock position.

Switch on other terminals and the different peripherals.

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3 PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE AND ERROR HANDLING¶

3.1 PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE¶

This section is divided into two parts, one for the owner, and one for the ND Service Department.

For more information on part two, contact the ND Service Department.

3.1.1 Maintenance To Be Done By The Owner¶

Level 0 (Daily).

Site should be kept clean and dustfree.
- Note: Never turn the computer power off during nights, weekends etc.
- Do not perform any kind of operation inside the computer without permission from the ND Service Department.

Level 3 (Monthly).

Clean air filters.

3.1.2 Maintenance To Be Done By The ND Service Department¶

Level 4 (Quarterly).

Observe that all fans work properly.
Clean air filters.
Check power supply output.
Update ECO level. Remember documentation.
Check all push buttons and lamps on operator panel.
Start and test operating system.

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Level 6 (Annually)¶

Perform lower level maintenance.
Clean the computer. If necessary clean the boards, gold-contacts and memory-modules with "Isopropanol" and vacuum-cleaner.
Check power-supply output.

Page 63¶

3.2 SYSTEM FAILURES¶

This chapter contains general information about system failures, how they are detected and how they may be corrected.

Error procedures are given for situations where the computer stops (the STOP light is on), hangs (the STOP light is not on, but the computer does not respond) or is completely dead (no lights are on). These procedures are given as diagrams of questions and actions depending on the answers. A procedure is also given for restarting SINTRAN after a system failure. Since error situations are usually detected through error messages from SINTRAN III, these messages are listed, together with suggested operator actions for the different messages.

A chapter in the System Supervisor’s Guide contains more detailed information about system failures and the operator is referred to that manual if the information here is not sufficient.

System failures are considered to include all types of errors and irregularities that cause the system to go down or run with lowered performance. Whenever a system failure occurs, it is the system supervisor’s responsibility to take control of the installation. He/she should identify the type of system failure, get all the necessary information to describe the state of the computer, and try to get the installation working again.

System failures may be of two types:

nonfatal errors
fatal errors

NONFATAL ERRORS are detected by SINTRAN III, and an error message will appear on the user’s terminal or on the error message terminal (usually the console terminal).

Only error messages from the SINTRAN III monitor will be looked at in this section. These will probably be the most useful from the system supervisor’s point of view, since some of them may indicate errors in the hardware or in the SINTRAN III operating system.

The different error messages and some additional information about each of them can be found in Section 3.4.

FATAL ERRORS will almost all be detected by SINTRAN III, but no error message will be given. The system will go into a "stop" condition or will "hang up". Information about what should be done before contacting ND can be found in the flow diagram.

Page 64¶

ERROR PROCEDURES FOR FATAL ERRORS¶

Computer "Hanging" Procedure¶

Procedure for dumping registers and memory when the computer is in STOP or all/most terminals are hanging.

+-----+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| NO  | Is the computer "dead" i.e. no lamps alight?             | YES |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| NO  | Is the computer in STOP mode?                            | YES |
|     | Note the active levels                                   |     |
|     |                                                          |     |
|     | Press STOP                                               |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| NO  | Is console terminal in correct status? (i.e. speed       | YES |
|     | setting, line/local, paper, etc.)                        |     |
|     |                                                          |     |
|     | Fix it                                                   |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| NO  | Is there any response from the hardware operator         | YES |
|     | communication on the console terminal?                   |     |
|     |                                                          |     |
|     | Press          Type: I1/I3/I4/I5/I6/I7/I11/I13/I15/      |     |
|     | MASTER                                                    |     |
|     | CLEAR         NO  Is bit 6 of I13 set (=1)?              | YES |
|     | Any                                                                  |
|     | response      Type: 16R2/16R3/16R4/                                  |
|     | now?                                                                |
|     |            Find the value of ERRFATAL from PART 1 listing. (ERRFA)   |
|     |            It should be around 161                                  |
+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
|     | Call ND     NO  Is the value of 16R2 equal to ERRFATAL           | YES |
|     |                                                                  |     |
|     |          Subtract 20   from the value of 16R3. Dump the value    |     |
|     |                      o                                          |
|     |          of this location and the next 4 locations               |
|     |          E.g. 16R3 = 5641  5441/12450                            |
|     |                                        % PGRR                    |
|     |                                            % ACTIVE              |
|     |                                              % IBITNO            |
|     |                                              % PESERR            |
|     |                                               % PEAERR           |
|     |                                                                  |
|     |         YES  PESERR = 0?                                  NO    |
+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| NO  | Were all/most terminals hanging?                      YES       | Call|
+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------+ ND  |
|     |   Find the file system stack pointer 70717/… FSTCK              |     |
|     |                                                                  |     |
|     | NO        70006 < FSTCK < 70717                 YES              |     |
|     |                                                                  |     |
|     |          Dump the locations from 70000 to FSTCK                 |     |
|     |          70000/…                                                |     |
|     |  |                                                          |     |
|     |  |                                                          |     |
|     | Press MASTER CLEAR                                         |     |
|     | Type; R0/R1/R2/R3/R4/R5/R6/R7/                             |     |
+-----+------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
|     | Insert MEMTOF floppy in floppy unit 0. Type: 15608              |
|     | Remove MEMTOF and insert a new formatted floppy.                |
|     | Type: any character on the console terminal                     |
|     | When FINISHED DUMP is typed on the console, remove the         |
|     | floppy and label it                                            |
|     | Goto restart procedure                                         |
|     | You should now contact ND                                       |
+-----+------------------------------------------------------------------+

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3.3.2 Computer "Dead" Procedure¶

The following flow diagram describes action to be taken if the computer appears completely "dead", i.e. the A/C line current is absent.

flowchart TD
    A[Are A/C line fuses OK?] -->|No| B[Find out why there is no power,\nfix the problem or await return of\nA/C current if power fail]
    A -->|Yes| C[Has power been away less than 30 min.?]
    C -->|No| D[The computer should restart automatically\nif the key in operator panel is in locked position\notherwise press MASTER CLEAR then RESTART]
    C -->|Yes| E[Does the computer start up?]
    D --> E
    E -->|No| F[Run the microprogram memory test\n(See Section 3.6.2)\nNote: Start address 1K from 101657\n4K from 102025]
    F --> G[Did the test run OK?]
    G -->|No| H[Follow System Supervisor's Guide\nCh. 15.2.1]
    G -->|Yes| I[Finish]
    H --> J[Go to restart\n(See next page)]

ND–60.116.01

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3.3.3 Start/Restart Procedure¶

The following flow diagram describes the action to take to restart a computer running SINTRAN III.

flowchart TD
    A[Check that the disks are turned on and READY] --> B[Press MASTER CLEAR]
    B --> C{Is the ALD set to load from correct disk?\n(ALD=Automatic Load Descriptor, Type 112\non the console to inspect its value)}
    C -- No --> D{10MB disk?}
    C -- Yes --> O[Press LOAD]
    D -- No --> E[Type 21540S]
    D -- Yes --> G[Ensure that neither of the\n2 protect switches is active\nType 20500S]
    E --> F[Insert the correct CTOM2 floppy in floppy unit 0\n(If 10MB disk you may have one CTOM2 for system on\nfixed disk and one for system on removable disk)\nType 15608]
    F --> H{Does the computer start up?\n(Give it time, from 30 to 200 sec)}
    G --> H
    H -- No --> I{Is MACM typed on the console?}
    H -- Yes --> P{Does the computer start up?}
    I -- No --> J[Type 22!]
    I -- Yes --> P
    J --> K{Does the computer start up?}
    K -- No --> F
    K -- Yes --> I
    P -- No --> L{Is MACM typed on the console?}
    P -- Yes --> N
    L -- No --> M[Type !HENT]
    L -- Yes --> N[Type 22!]
    M --> Q{Does the computer type carriage return and\nline feed on the console terminal (about 60 sec\nif 10MB disk)}
    Q -- No --> Q
    Q -- Yes --> N
    N --> R{Does the computer start up?}
    R -- No --> E
    R -- Yes --> S[Process Complete]

	Copy system from a backup disk or read in SINTRAN from floppy. See System Supervisor's Guide, Ch.7	Follow cold start procedure. (See Section 2.4.1)

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3.4 ERROR MESSAGES FROM SINTRAN III MONITOR¶

3.4.1 Error Message Format¶

At run-time, errors may be detected by the system. Most of the errors will cause the current program to be aborted and the error message:

aa.bb.cc. ERROR nn IN rr AT ll ; tttt
xx yy

will be printed.

If the error occurs in a background program, the error message will be written on the corresponding terminal. For programs, the error message will come to the error message terminal (usually terminal 1).

The parameters have the following meaning:

Parameter	Meaning
`aa.bb.cc`	Time when the error message was printed.
`aa`	hours
`bb`	minutes
`cc`	seconds
`nn`	Error number. For further explanation, refer to the list on the following page.
`rr`	Octal address corresponding to program name, or the program name itself.
`ll`	Octal address where the error occurred.
`tttt`	Explanatory text.
`xx, yy`	Numbers carrying additional information about the error. One or both numbers can be omitted.

Example:

01.43.32 ERROR 14 IN BAKD3 AT 114721;
OUTSIDE SEGMENT BOUNDS

In case of a transfer error, an additional message TRANSF will be given. This special message is described later in this section under special error message.

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3.4.2 Error Number Summary¶

Run-time error codes are listed here. For a more detailed description and suggested operator action, see the next section.

Error Code	Meaning	xx	yy	Program Aborted
00	Illegal monitor call			yes
01	Bad RT program address			yes
02	Wrong priority in PRIOR			yes
03	Bad memory page	page no.
04	Internal interrupt on direct task level	level	bit	no
06	Batch input error	error no.		yes
07	Batch output error	error no.		yes
08	Batch system error	error no.	L register	yes
09	Illegal parameter in CLOCK			yes
10	Illegal parameter in ABSET			yes
11	Illegal parameter in UPDAT			yes
12	Illegal time parameters			yes
13	Page fault for non-demand			yes
14	Outside segment bounds			yes
15	Illegal segment number	segment no.		yes
16	Segment not loaded	segment no.		yes
17	Fixing demand	segment no.		yes
18	Too many fixed pages	segment no.		yes
19	Too big segment	segment no.		yes
20	Disk/drum transfer error	Hardware device no.	unit	no (aborted if segment transfer)

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Error Codes¶

Error Code	Meaning	xx	yy	Program Aborted
21	Disk/drum transfer error	disk address	hardware status	See explanation
22	False interrupt	level		no
23	Device error	hardware	hardware	no
		device no.	status
25	Already fixed	segment no.		yes
26	Mass storage time-out			no
27	Illegal parameter in CONCT			yes
28	Space not available	segment no.		yes
29	MON 64 and MON 65	error no.	error message	no (MON64) yes (MON65)
30	Divide by zero			yes
31	Permit violation			yes
32	Ring violation			yes
33	Illegal instruction			yes
34	Illegal instruction			yes
35	RT FORTRAN stack error			yes
36	Privileged instruction			yes
37	IOX error	Address	Level	no
38	Memory Parity	PEA register	PES register	yes
39	Memory out of range	PEA register	PES register	yes
40	Power fail			no
41	Illegal error in ERMON			yes
42	Overlapping segments	segments		yes
44	Corrected memory error	PEA register	PES register	no

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Error Codes¶

Error Code	Meaning	xx	Program Aborted
45	Not demand segment		yes
90	FORTRAN run-time error	error no.	no
91	FORTRAN I/O error	error no.	no
100	FTN library error

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3.4.3 System Actions and Operator Responses¶

The run-time errors explained in detail

00 ILL. MONITOR CALL¶

Explanation: A monitor call (MON instruction) is used in a wrong way or an incorrect argument is used in a MON instruction. Probable user error.

System action: The specified RT program is aborted.

Operator's response: If system RT program, list RT description of RT program and call Norsk Data for software support. If user RT program, report the error to the user.

01 ILL. RT-PROG¶

Explanation: An incorrect address of the RT description. Probable software error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

02 ILL. PRIORITY¶

Explanation: An incorrect priority used in the monitor call PRIOR. The priority should be a number between 0 and 255. Probable software error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

04 INTERNAL INTERRUPT ON DIRECT TASK LEVEL¶

LEVEL NO

BIT NO

Explanation: An internal interrupt from direct task level. Probably user error.

System action: Priority is given up.

Page 72¶

Batch Error Codes¶

06 BATCH INPUT ERROR¶

FILE ERROR NO.:

File system error description

Explanation: The batch supervisor has not found the input file for the current batch job. The user probably has forgotten to include USER-NAME as a part of the batch input file name.

Operator’s response: Report the error to the owner of the batch job.

07 BATCH OUTPUT ERROR¶

FILE ERROR NO.:

File system error description

Explanation: An output error has occurred in a batch job running in batch mode. The file system error description explains the error. As for 06 but for the output file.

Operator’s response: Report the error to the owner of the batch job.

08 BATCH SYSTEM ERROR¶

FILE ERROR NO.:

ADDRESS

Explanation: An error has occurred in the batch system. Probable software system error.

Operator’s response: Check if the batch system is properly initialized. If it is, report the error to Norsk Data for software support.

09 ILL. PARAM. IN CLOCK¶

Explanation: Incorrect array address used as argument in the monitor call CLOCK. User error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator’s response: See error code 00.

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ILL. PARAM. IN ABSET¶

Explanation: Incorrect parameter(s) used in the monitor call ABSET. User error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

ILL. PARAM. IN UPDAT¶

Explanation: Incorrect parameter(s) used in the monitor call UPDAT. User error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

ILL. TIME PARAM.¶

Explanation: Incorrect parameter(s) used in the monitor call TIME. Probable user error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

PAGE FAULT FOR NON-DEMAND¶

Explanation: An RT program on a non-demand type segment tried to use an address outside the segment bounds. Probable user error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

Example:

09.53.10 ERROR 13 IN 23/33 AT 6157; PAGE FAULT FOR NON-DEMAND

OUTSIDE SEGMENT BOUNDS¶

Explanation: An RT program on a demand type segment tried to use an address outside the segment bounds. Probable user error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

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3-14¶

15 ILL. SEGMENT NUMBER¶

SEGMENT NO.¶

Explanation:
Overlap of the address area or incorrect segment number(s) used as parameters in the monitor call MCALL or MEXIT. Probable user error.

System action:
See error code 00.

Operator's response:
See error code 00.

16 SEGMENT NOT LOADED¶

SEGMENT NO.¶

Explanation:
The segment in FIX/UNFIX is a demand segment or the segment is not loaded by the RT loader. Probable user error.

System action:
See error code 00.

Operator's response:
See error code 00.

17 FIXING/DEMAND¶

SEGMENT NO.¶

Explanation:
Trying to fix a demand segment.

System action:
See error code 00.

Operator's response:
See error code 00.

18 TOO MANY FIXED PAGES¶

SEGMENT NO.¶

Explanation:
Trying to fix more pages than allowed. Only a limited amount of physical memory may be used for fixed segments at a time.

System action:
See error code 00.

Operator's response:
See error code 00.

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Error Codes¶

19 TOO BIG SEGMENT¶

Explanation: A non-demand type segment is bigger than the SINTRAN swapping area. Probable user error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

20 DISK/DRUM TRANSFER ERROR¶

HARDWARE DEVICE NO.

UNIT

21 DISK/DRUM TRANSFER ERROR¶

DISK-ADDRESS

STATUS

Explanation: These two error messages will always appear together and indicate a mass storage transfer error. Hardware error.

Some Device Numbers¶

Number	Description
500	CDC disk system 1
510	CDC disk system 2
540	Drum system 2
550	Drum system 2
1540	Big disk system 1
1550	Big disk system 2

The status word gives the type of error(s) (refer to the "NORD-10/S Reference Manual").

System action: If segment transport, the specified RT routine is aborted. No system action if error return from a monitor call (RFILE/WFILE).

Operator's response: If address mismatch (status is xxx4xx) or parity error (status is xx1xxx) occurred, use DIMS or BIMS to test the disk for parity errors. If the error recurs, use the program DISK-REFRESH or BIMS and the function REFRESH (tracks will be reformatted and information restored if possible) and call Norsk Data for hardware support.

ND–60.116.01

Page 76¶

22 FALSE INTERRUPT¶

LEVEL (DEC)¶

Explanation: Level 10, 11, 12 or 13 is activated but the IDENT instruction does not find a correct ident code. Possible noise or hardware error.

Level:

10: output interrupt
11: mass storage interrupt
12: input interrupt
13: real-time clock

Operator’s response: Run Configuration Investigator to check the state of the different device interfaces. Call hardware support if necessary.

23 DEVICE ERROR¶

HARDWARE DEVICE NO.¶

STATUS¶

Explanation: A device failure has occurred, probably hardware error.

The following device numbers are used:

Device Numbers	Description
100-157	Synchronous modem buffer card
200-277	Asynchronous modem buffer card, terminal buffer card
1200-1277	Asynchronous modem buffer card, terminal buffer card
300-377	Teletype buffer card, terminal buffer card
1300-1377	Teletype buffer card, terminal buffer card
400-477	Paper tape devices, line printers, etc.
500-577	Mass storage devices
1500-1577	Mass storage devices

The status word gives a more precise description of the error. See the status word description for the specified device.

Operator’s response: Report the error to Norsk Data and call for hardware support. Run test program for the failing device.

Page 77¶

Error Codes¶

25 ALREADY FIXED¶

SEGMENT NO

Explanation: Trying to refix a segment.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

26 MASS STORAGE TIME-OUT¶

Explanation: If the disk does not respond within a certain time interval (4 seconds) this message is printed.

Operator's response: Call for hardware support only if the error recurs several times.

27 ILL. PARAM. IN CONCT¶

Explanation: Incorrect parameters used in the monitor call CONNECT. Probable user error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

28 SPACE NOT AVAILABLE¶

SEGMENT NO.

Explanation: Trying to load more information on a segment than possible.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

ND–60.116.01

Page 78¶

3–18¶

29 FILE SYSTEM ERROR¶

FILE ERROR NO.

File system error description

Explanation: The monitor call ERMSG (64) or QERMS (65) is used to write a file system error message. A parameter will hold the error code. These commands are normally used to write error messages in case of error exits from file system commands.

System action: ERMSG will give no system action, QERMS will abort the specified RT routine.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

30 DIVIDE BY ZERO¶

Explanation: Division of a floating point number with zero fraction is attempted.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

31 PERMIT VIOLATION¶

Explanation: The RT program attempted to access a page with an illegal reference type. Probable user error.

Each individual segment may be protected against:

read access
write access
instructions fetch access

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

32 RING VIOLATION¶

Explanation: The RT program attempted to execute an instruction or access data on another page with higher ring status. Probable user error. See "NORD-10/S Reference Manual".

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

ND–60.116.01

Page 79¶

34 ILL. INSTR.¶

Explanation: The RT program attempted to execute an instruction not implemented. Probable user error.

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

35 RT-FTN STACK ERROR¶

Explanation: An RT FORTRAN program attempted to use the stack outside the stack bounds.

Operator's response: Report the error to the user of the FORTRAN job. He/she will probably have to increase the stack size of his/her program.

36 PRIV. INSTR.¶

Explanation: An RT program attempted to execute a privileged instruction. See the "NORD-10/S Reference Manual".

System action: See error code 00.

Operator's response: See error code 00.

37 IOX ERROR¶

ADDRESS¶

LEVEL (DEC.)¶

Explanation: This could mean either no answer from external device or an IDENT instruction is executed without an interrupt waiting. Probable hardware error.

System action: Run Configuration Investigator to check the state of the different device's interfaces. Call for hardware support only if the error recurs several times.

ND--60.116.01

Page 80¶

38 MEMORY PARITY¶

PEA
PES

Explanation: A memory parity error has occurred. Probable hardware error. The bad memory page could be taken out of use by a patch. PEA gives the memory error address and PES gives the memory error status and bank number. See the "NORD-10/S Reference Manual".

Operator's response: Take the bad page out of use and restart SINTRAN. Report the error to Norsk Data and call for hardware support. To take out the bad page:

take the six most significant bits of the error address to find the failing page
see the software system report (SSR) SIN-313 for further assistance

39 MEMORY OUT OF RANGE¶

PEA
PES

Explanation: An attempt to address a non-existent memory location has occurred. Probable hardware or system software error. PEA and PES as for error code 38.

Operator's response: Report the error to Norsk Data and call for hardware support.

40 POWER FAIL¶

Explanation: This message will be given when SINTRAN automatically restarts after a power failure or STOP-SYSTEM command.

Example:

14.21.32 ERROR 40 IN 23327 AT 110330: POWER FAIL

17.13.29 ERROR 37; IOX ERROR
ADDRESS: 5747; LEVEL(DEC.): 12

17.13.32 ERROR 22 AT 16; FALSE INTERRUPT
LEVEL(DEC.): 12

ND~60.1 1 6.01

Page 81¶

Error Codes and Explanations¶

41 ILL. ERROR IN ERMON¶

Explanation:
Trying to use an error number outside the specified interval for ERMON.

System action:
See error code 00.

Operator's response:
See error code 00.

42 OVERLAPPING SEGMENTS¶

Explanation:
The two segments used by an RT program overlap in the virtual address space.

System action:
See error code 00.

Operator's response:
See error code 00.

44 CORRECTED MEMORY ERROR¶

Explanation:
An error has occurred in memory and is corrected.

System action:
The error is corrected.

90 FORTRAN RUN-TIME ERROR¶

Explanation:
A run-time error has occurred in a background FORTRAN job.

Operator's response:
Report the error to the owner of the FORTRAN job.

91 FORTRAN I/O ERROR¶

Explanation:
An input error has occurred in a background FORTRAN job. The file system error description explains the error. User software error.

Operator's response:
Report the error to the owner of the FORTRAN job.

Reference: ND–60.116.01

Page 82¶

Special Error Message¶

TRANSF!!¶

This message is printed out when a transfer error occurs during a paging operation on the disk. Because the error message routine is resident on a segment, and the error has occurred when transferring a page to/from a segment, the simple message TRANSF!! is stored in memory and written out by a special routine which is also resident in memory.

System action: RT program is aborted. Background program returns to command mode.

Operator's response: Error is due to either a disk error (hardware) or a memory error. Run DIMS, BIMS or GREMS to check the disk for parity errors. Run MULTI to test the memory.

Page 83¶

3.5 ERROR MESSAGES FROM SINTRAN III FILE SYSTEM¶

Error Code: Meaning:

Error Code	Meaning
000	Not used
001	Not used
002	Bad file number
003	End of file
004	Card reader error (card read)
005	Device not reserved
006	Not used
007	Card reader error (card not read)
010	Not used
011	Not used
012	End of device (time-out)
013	Not used
014	Not used
015	Not used
016	Not used
017	Not used
020	Not used
021	Illegal character in parameter
022	No such page
023	Not decimal number
024	Not octal number
025	You are not authorized to do this
026	Directory not entered
027	Ambiguous directory name
030	No such device name
031	Ambiguous device name
032	Directory entered
033	No such logical unit
034	Unit occupied
035	Master block transfer error
036	Bit file transfer error
037	No more tracks available
040	Directory not on specified unit
041	Files opened on this directory
042	Main directory not last one released
043	No main directory
044	Too long parameter
045	Ambiguous user name
046	No such user name
047	No such user name in main directory
050	Attempt to create too many users
051	User already exists
052	User has files
053	User is entered
054	Not so much space unreserved in directory
055	Reserved space already used

ND–60.116.01

Page 84¶

Error Codes¶

Error Code and Meaning¶

Error Code	Meaning
056	No such file name
057	Ambiguous file name
060	Wrong password
061	User already entered
062	No user entered
063	Friend already exists
064	No such friend
065	Attempt to create too many friends
066	Attempt to create yourself as friend
067	Continuous space not available
070	Not directory access
071	Space not available to expand file
072	Space already allocated
073	No space in default directories
074	No such file version
075	No more pages available for this user
076	File already exists
077	Attempt to create too many files
100	Outside device limits
101	No previous version
102	File not continuous
103	File type already defined
104	No such access code
105	File already opened
106	Not write access
107	Attempt to open too many files
110	Not write and append access
111	Not read access
112	Not read, write and common access
113	Not read and write access
114	Not read and common access
115	File reserved by another user
116	File already opened for write by you
117	No such user index
120	Not append access
121	Attempt to open too many mass storage files
122	Attempt to open too many files
123	Not opened for sequential write
124	Not opened for sequential read
125	Not opened for random write
126	Not opened for random read
127	File number out of range
130	File number already used
131	No more buffer space
132	No file opened with this number
133	Not mass storage file
134	File used for write
135	File used for read
136	File only opened for sequential read or write

Page 85¶

Error Codes and Meanings¶

Error Code	Meaning
137	No scratch file opened
140	File not reserved by you
141	Transfer error
142	File already reserved
143	No such block
144	Source and destination equal
145	Illegal on tape device
146	End of tape
147	Device unit reserved for special use
150	Not random access on tape files
151	Not last file on tape
152	Not tape device
153	Illegal address reference in monitor call
154	Source empty
155	File already opened by another user
156	File already opened for write by another user
157	Missing parameter
160	Two pages must be left unreserved
161	No answer from remote computer
162	Device cannot be reserved
163	Overflow in read
164	DMA error
165	Bad data block
166	CONTROL/MODUS word error
167	Parity error
170	LRC error
171	Device error (read-last-status to get status)
172	No device buffer available
173	Illegal mass storage unit number
174	Illegal parameter
175	Write-protect violation
176	Error detected by read after write
177	No EOF mark found
200	Cassette not in position
201	Illegal function code
202	Time-out (no data block found)
203	Paper fault
204	Device not ready
205	Device already reserved
206	Not peripheral file
207	No such queue entry
210	Not so much space left
211	No spooling for this device
212	No such queue
213	Queue empty
214	Queue full
215	Not last used by you
216	No such channel name
217	No remote connection

ND–60.116.01

Page 86¶

Error Codes¶

Error Code	Meaning
220	Illegal channel
221	Channel already reserved on remote computer
222	No remote file processor
223	Formatting error
224	Incompatible device sizes
225	Remote processor not available
226	Tape format error
227	Block count error
230	Volume not on specified unit
231	Not deleted record
232	Device error
233	Error in object entry
234	Odd number of bytes (right byte in last word insignificant)
235	Error in backspace/forward space print
236	Block format error
237	Overflow in write

Page 87¶

3.6 TEST AND UTILITY PROGRAMS¶

There exists a range of test and verification programs for testing memory, CPU, mass storage and I/O devices. Most of these programs are described in the two manuals:

NORD-10 Verification Programs
Test Program Descriptions

An information sheet describing the purpose of the tests, their names and the loading/operating procedures follows each program. In addition, a chapter in the System Supervisor's guide contains information about the test and utility programs available and some information on their use.

Page 88¶

3.6.1 Test Program Summary¶

In this chapter we have listed the most used programs, divided into different types.

CPU
MEMORY
INPUT/OUTPUT
MASS STORAGE
UTILITY PROGRAMS FOR DISK/MAGTAPE

CPU Test Programs¶

Program Name	Test Program Diskette	Purpose
ONE-CHECK-1192	ND — 10111	Instruction check
TWO-CHECK-1190	ND — 10111	Instruction check
THREE-CH-1528	ND — 10111	Instruction check
FOUR-CH-1418	ND — 10111	Instruction check
EXTEN-ONE-1519	ND — 10111	Instruction check, all levels
RGCHK-1543	ND — 10111	Register
CACHE-2063	ND — 10111	Cache
TEST-PAG-1358	ND — 10111	Paging
TREAL-1399	ND — 10111	Real-Time clock
FLOATING-1529	ND — 10111	48 bit floating
T-32B-FLOA-1860	ND — 10111	32 bit floating
PFAIL-1355	ND — 10111	Power fail restart

Memory Test Programs¶

Program Name	Test Program Diskette	Purpose
MULTI-1820	ND — 10111	Memory
T8KMOS-1821	ND — 10111	8K MOS modules
T32KMOS-2178	ND — 10111	32K MOS modules
ERRCR-2112	ND — 10111	Error correction (memory)
MPM-MAINT-2177	ND — 10111	Big multiport memory log
MOVER-1863	ND — 10111	Memory

ND—60.1.16.01

Page 89¶

Test Programs for Input/Output Devices¶

Program Name	ND Number	Description
TTEST-1206	ND-10113	Terminals
TNCT-2039	ND-10116	Nord colour terminal
FLOPPY-FU-1986	ND-10114	Floppy disk
TESTMONO-1534	ND-10116	NORDCOM
TLINE-1541	ND-10113	Synchronous modem
CARDR-1642	ND-10113	Card reader
TERMBUF-1751	ND-10113	Terminal interface ND 253
FLOPPY-RAN-1988	ND-10114	Floppy Disk
CHATA-1832	ND-10113	Asynchronous inter computer link
CONFI-INV-1672	ND-10113	Configuration Investigation
LP-TEST-1878	ND-10113	Line Printers
PARAL-BYTE-1942	ND-10113	Parallel Byte interface

Test Programs for Mass Storage¶

Program Name	ND Number	Description
SUPER-RAND-2222	ND-10115	To test the controller and 38/75/288Mb disks. Writes on disks.
ECCTEST-2224	ND-10115	Error correction facility test for 38/75/288Mb controller. Doesn't write on disks.
BIGFUNC-1824	ND-10115	Function test for 33/66 and 38/75/288Mb disks. Writes on disks.
BIG-RAND-1876	ND-10115	Random data and address test for 33/66Mb disks. Writes on disks.
DSERV-1395	ND-10114	Adjustment program for cartridge disks.
TECOD-1451	ND-10114	Test of cartridge disks and controller.
TANB-MAG-1559	ND-10114	Test program for Pertec/Tandberg Magnetic tape stations.

Utility Programs for Mass Storage¶

Program Name	ND Number	Description
GREMS-2231	ND-10115	Utility program for 37/75/288Mb disks.
COP-VERIFY-2035	ND-10113/15	To copy between disks, drums and floppies. Disks: cartridge, 33/66, 38/75/288Mb.
BIMS-1871	ND-10115	Utility program for 33/66Mb disks.
CDC-FORM-1449	ND-10114	Formatting program for cartridge disks.
DIMS-1453	ND-10114	Utility program for cartridge disks.
MCOPY-TANDB-1649	ND-10114	Copy program for backup of cartridge and 33/66Mb disks on Pertec/Tandberg Mag.
FILSYS-INV-2135	PRO-10022	To check and investigate the content of a directory on disks (all disks).

A cross-reference between test programs and the hardware that they test is given in Appendix D.

ND-60.116.01

Page 90¶

3.6.2 Memory Test by Using the Microprogram¶

For each NORD computer there is a memory test program located in the ROM (read only memory) to quickly test the memory. This is a very useful feature as it may quickly be decided whether a given error is to be blamed on the CPU or the memory. To use the test program do the following:

Press STOP and MASTER CLEAR
Give lower memory address, R3/ (usually 0)
Give upper memory address, R7/ (32K = 077777, 64K = 177777)
Start the test program by typing "start address"$

memory bank 0 = 101657$
memory bank 1 = 1B101657$
memory bank 2 = 2B101657$
memory bank 3 = 3B101657$

As long as it runs, the load button will light up. If errors occur, the MASTER CLEAR button will light up and a question mark will be printed on the console.

The following registers in level 0 give information about the error:

Register	Information
P register:	R2/ (address of location with error)
L register:	R4/ (correct bit pattern)
D register:	R1/ (wrong bit pattern)
T register:	R6/ (error bit(s))

Note: For the 4K microprogram the start address of the memory test is 102025. To test the memory in various banks, type:

102025$   for memory bank 0  (0-64K)
1B102025$ for memory bank 1  (64-128K)
2B102025$ for memory bank 2  (128-192K)
3B102025$ for memory bank 3  (192-256K)

ND–60.116.01

Page 91¶

3.6.2 Memory Test by Using the Microprogram¶

For each NORD computer, there is a memory test program located in the ROM (read-only memory) to quickly test the memory. This is a very useful feature as it may quickly be decided whether a given error is to be blamed on the CPU or the memory. To use the test program do the following:

Press STOP and MASTER CLEAR
Give lower memory address, R3/ (usually 0)
Give upper memory address, R7/ (32K = 077777, 64K = 177777)
Start the test program by typing "start address"S

  memory bank 0 = 101657S
  memory bank 1 = 1B101657S
  memory bank 2 = 2B101657S
  memory bank 3 = 3B101657S

As long as it runs, the load button will light up. If errors occur, the MASTER CLEAR button will light up and a question mark will be printed on the console.

The following registers in level 0 give information about the error:

Register	Function
P register:	R2/ (address of location with error)
I register:	R4/ (correct bit pattern)
D register:	R1/ (wrong bit pattern)
T register:	R6/ (error bit(s))

Note: For the 4K microprogram the start address of the memory test is 102025.
To test the memory in various banks, type:

  101025S for memory 0 (0-64K)
  1B102025S for memory 1 (64-128K)
  2B102025S for memory 2 (128-192K)
  3B102025S for memory 3 (192-256K)

Page 92¶

THE NORD-50 COMPUTER SYSTEM¶

4.1 INTRODUCTION¶

The NORD-50 Computer System is a completely integrated system of the NORD-10/S and the NORD-50 CPUs. The I/O system, file system and operating system are common to both processors.

The NORD-50 CPU is designed to be a fast floating point processor which is a total slave to the NORD-10/S.

NORD-50 does not have an I/O system or interrupt system by itself. This implies that NORD-10/S submits jobs to NORD-50 for execution in batch and acts as a system supervisor running the operating system SINTRAN III/VS and the NORD-50 monitor.

In a NORD-50 computer system, the NORD-10/S has the following functions:

Supervision and synchronization of the NORD-50s in the system.

Running the operating system, SINTRAN III.

Generating NORD-50 executable machine code via NORD-50 assembler or FORTRAN compiler.

Being the I/O system for the NORD-50s performing I/O transfer to/from the NORD-50 memory.

The four NORD-50s in the system perform execution of instructions with data supplied through the NORD-10/S I/O system from byte oriented devices such as terminals, general DMA devices such as disks and magnetic tapes, the universal DMA interface, and special high-speed DMA channels connected directly to ports in the multiport memory system.

The system architecture is such that NORD-50s can have their private memories including a high speed static memory in addition to the multiport memory system.

The NORD-50s themselves do not perform any tasks except for running the application programs.

The slave-processor NORD-50 is activated by the NORD-10/S and the NORD-50 executes programs in parallel with the activities in NORD-10/S. The NORD-10/S is interrupted when the NORD-50 comes to an end of its tasks.

ND–60.116.01

Page 93¶

NORD-50 Computer System Architecture¶

The architecture of the standard NORD-50 computer system is suitable for real-time applications needing large computational capacity because:

It has real-time and high volume computational system architecture in one integrated system.
Concurrent execution of large CPU bound jobs may take place on the NORD-50 together with real-time and time-sharing activities on the NORD-10/S.
The NORD-50 has a large address space of 4M bytes.

Some other important attributes of the NORD-50 CPU are as follows:

32 bit word length.
Physical addressing range of 4M bytes (20 address bits).
High data precision - 23 or 55 bit mantissa and 9 bit exponent plus a sign bit.
Extensive instruction set with single and double precision floating point instructions.
Multi-ported shared and private memory.
Static high speed, private memory for frequently used code and data.
Instruction look-ahead for increased performance.
Specialized arithmetic unit for floating multiply/divide and integer multiply/divide.
Specialized arithmetic unit for shift, bit operations and floating add/subtract.
2 identical blocks of 64 registers, each 32 bits, to obtain increased speed in register operations.

ND–60.116.01

Page 94¶

4.1.1 Electrical And Physical Specifications (NORD-50 Cabinet)¶

Power consumption: 1000W

Power requirements:


ND 1400	220VAC ± 10%, 50Hz ± 2Hz
ND 2400	110VAC ± 10%, 60Hz ± 2Hz

Operating temperature: +10°C to +35°C

Operating relative humidity: 10% to 90% non-condensing

Physical dimensions:


Width	58 cm
Height	160 cm
Depth	68 cm
Weight	100 kg

Page 95¶

4.2 NORD-50 COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE¶

4.2.1 Basic Configuration¶

The basic NORD-50 system always relies on the NORD-10/S as the system supervisor. The NORD-10/S runs the operating system, file system, editor, compilers, loader etc. and the NORD-50 monitor. The monitor acts as an interface between NORD-50 programs and the operating system, giving services to NORD-50 programs.

The NORD-10/S and the NORD-50 directly share the I/O system by having a common DMA channel for accessing block oriented devices such as the disk. The NORD-10/S with SINTRAN III/VS controls the I/O system but does not as such participate in the physical transfers.

Both processors have private memory and may also share the same memory together with the DMA channel.

To control the NORD-50, the NORD-10/S has a NORD-10/S—NORD-50 communication interface for starting and stopping the NORD-50. In addition, different control and status information is passed between the processors, such as specified break for overflow, underflow, divide by zero, memory protect error, etc. The communication interface also supports a memory examine/deposit function such that the NORD-10/S may reach all of NORD-50 memory even if this memory is larger than the normal maximum NORD-10/S addressable memory of 512K bytes. See figure 4.1.

4.2.2 Multiple NORD-50 Configurations¶

The internal architecture of the NORD-50 computer system allows two or more NORD-50s to be configured into the same system. The NORD-10/S will be the system supervisor and control all NORD-50s and supply them all with operating system services.

The NORD-50s and the NORD-10/S may be configured in many ways, allowing:

all peripherals to be shared (without bus switching)
all processors to have private memory
all or just some to access shared memory
two or more NORD-50s to have a memory to memory communication, thus reducing shared memory contention

[Diagram: Figure 4.1]

ND–60.116.01

Page 96¶

DUAL NORD-50 CONFIGURATION¶

flowchart TB
    A(NORD-50 CPU)
    B(Memory Bank) --> A
    C(Memory Bank) --> A
    A --> D(NORD-10/S)
    E(Memory Bank) --> D
    F(Memory Bank) --> D
    G(NORD-50 Private Memory) --> A

    H(Bus Receiver)
    I(I/O System)
    J(Disk)

    A -->|Control/Status| H
    H --> I
    I --> J
    A -->|DMA Channel| D

    subgraph Private_Memories
        A
        D
    end

    subgraph NORD50_Detail
        K[NORD-50A]
        L(Bank) --> K
        M(Bank) --> K
        N(Private NORD-50A Memory) --> K
        O(Shared Memory) --> N
    end

    subgraph NORD50B_Detail
        P(NORD-50B)
        Q(Bank) --> P
        R(Bank) --> P
        S(Private NORD-50B Memory) --> P
        T(Shared Memory) --> S
    end

Figure 4.2: DUAL NORD-50 CONFIGURATION

ND–60.116.01

Page 97¶

A Multiple Configuration Example¶

Figure 4.3 shows the F-16 flight simulator computer complex. 5 processors are used, 1 NORD-10/S and 4 NORD-50s.

The computer complex consists of 6 cabinets, one for each processor plus a special I/O cabinet. The NORD-10/S with its private multiport memory and I/O system is contained in one cabinet. The 4 NORD-50s are in four separate cabinets.

In the I/O cabinet the following is found:

3 I/O crates for connecting the customer produced I/O interfaces. The interfaces will access the memory via UNIVERSAL DMA modules supplied by ND.

Shared memory
Multiport memory accessible from all the processors and in addition the DISK DMA channel.

16 and 32 bit multiplexors for accessing the 4 port shared memory.

Plug-panels for connecting the customer produced DMA channels directly to ports in the multiport memory system (LF11, LF12 and LF13).

Channel amplifiers for amplifying the DMA channel having access to the multiport memory located in all 6 cabinets.

Figure 4.3 shows the cabinet layout, while figure 4.4 shows the way the processors are interconnected.

Page 98¶

System Configuration F16¶

      +-------------+
      |             |
      |      N10S   |    
      |             |
      +-------------+
      |  PRIV.      |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM017     |
      +-------------+
      |  BITMAP     |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM020     |
      +-------------+
      |  CPU        |
      |  N50.1A     |
      +-------------+
      |  CPU        |
      |  N50.1B     |
      +-------------+
      |  CPU        |
      |  N50.1C     |
      +-------------+

      +-------------+
      |             |
      |      N10S.1 |
      |             |
      +-------------+
      |  PRIV.      |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM023     |
      +-------------+
      |  BITMAP     |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM026     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.2A     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.2B     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.2C     |
      +-------------+

      +-------------+
      |             |
      |      N10S.10|
      |             |
      +-------------+
      |  MUX 1      |
      |  AMP        |
      |  N50.6      |
      +-------------+
      |  MUX        |
      |  N40.7      |
      +-------------+
      |  NI/O E     |
      +-------------+
      |  NI/O F     |
      +-------------+
      |  SHARE MEM  |
      |  CNTLR      |
      |  N50.8      |
      +-------------+

      +-------------+
      |      N50.3  |
      +-------------+
      |  PRIV.      |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM029     |
      +-------------+
      |  BITMAP     |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM032     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.3A     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.3B     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.3C     |
      +-------------+

      +-------------+
      |      N50.4  |
      +-------------+
      |  PRIV.      |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM047     |
      +-------------+
      |  BITMAP     |
      |  MEMORY     |
      |  MEM050     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.4A     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.4B     |
      +-------------+
      |  N50.4C     |
      +-------------+

+---------+     +---------+
| 75 MB   |     | 75 MB   |
|         |     |         |
|         |     |         |
+---------+     +---------+

Figure 4.3: SYSTEM CONFIGURATION F16

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Page 99¶

flowchart TD
    subgraph FP1
        direction TB
        A[EPROM 1] -->|32 x 8 x 32| B[MPX x 3]
        C[EPROM 2] -->|32 x 8 x 32| D[MPX x 3]
    end

    subgraph FP2
        direction TB
        E[EPROM 3] -->|32 x 8 x 32| F[MPX x 3]
        G[EPROM 4] -->|32 x 8 x 32| H[MPX x 3]
    end

    B --> I{MUX 1}
    D --> I
    F --> I
    H --> I

    subgraph Unit_A
        direction TB
        J[5 x 16 x 32 Unit] 
        K[5 x 32 x 32 Unit]
        L[5 x 64 x 32 Unit]
    end

    J --> M{MUX 2}
    K --> M
    L --> M

    I --> N[NORD 40/41] --> O[2 of 8 OR GUN]
    M --> P[NORD 50/42] --> Q[6 of 64 OR GUN]

    O --> R["8 x 16 Shared Memory"]
    Q --> S["32 x 64 Shared Memory"]
    R --> S

    S --> T[Shared Memory Adapter]
    T --> U[NI8095 NRAM]

    U --> V["32 x 32"]
    U --> W["32 x 16"]
    U --> X[DSX]

    V --> Y[Channel Adapter]
    W --> Y
    X --> Y

    Y --> Z[CU 3]
    Z -->|CH 0| AA[MTU]
    Z -->|CH A| AB[IOC]
    Z -->|CH C| AC[DSX]
    Z -->|CH C| AD[Locate Your Vehicles]
    Z -->|CH E| AE[Flex/LCI/Alt Key]

Page 100¶

4.2.4 NORD-50 Construction Principles¶

The following pages contain diagrams showing the general construction of a NORD-50.

Figure 4.5 gives an overview of the placement of the various components in the cabinet.

The NORD-50 interconnections with NORD-10/S and memory are shown in figure 4.6.

Figure 4.7 shows the power distribution in a typical NORD-50 installation.

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Equipment Layout¶

Components List¶

Item	Description
1	k-1015 power supply unit no.1
2	Operator's panel
3	Crate A
4	Fan
5	Crate B
6	Crate C
7	Crate D
8	Crate B and C (with filter)
9	k-1015 power supply unit no.2
10	Crate for plug-in memory (KPM)
11	Crate M1 (includes memory KPM1)
12	Crate M2 (KPM2)
13	Crate for relays M1 and M2
14	Space for 5-100A power supply
15	Terminal and no.1 sub-unit
16	Frame for double KPM

Diagram¶

 __________________________  
|                          |
|          FRONT           |
|__________________________|

 __________________________  
|                          |
|         BACK VIEW        |
|__________________________|

Page 102¶

NORD-10 — NORD-50 Configuration¶

graph TD;
    A[Multiport Memory]
    B[NORD-10]
    C[NORD-50]

    A --> |Memory Data + Parity + Control| C
    A --> |Memory Address + Control Bit 18 + 12| C
    A --> |Memory Data + Parity + Control Bit 0 - 15| C

    B --> |N-10 / N-50 Communication| C
    B --> |I/O Address| A
    B --> |Data + Control 16 + 14| A

    B ==>|N-10 I/O Bus| B

    C --> |Mul/Div Unit| C
    C --> |Floating Add, Logic/Shift, Bit Operation| C

Figure 4.6: NORD-10 — NORD-50 CONFIGURATION

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Power Distribution in F-16 Configuration¶

Nord-50 Rear View¶

flowchart TD
    A[Elco Plug M1]
    B[EMI Power\nTriolab 150A 5V]
    C[Terminal strip #1]
    D[N50 Priv. memory]
    E[BMPM memory]
    F[Standby\nVoltage\nSTB]
    G[Elco Plug M2]

    A --> B
    B --> C
    C --> D
    D --> E
    E --> F
    D -.->|5V to Nord-50\nCPU| B
    D -->|5V150A| F
    D -->|5V STB| F
    D -->|5V 150A| F
    D -->|+12V| F
    D -->|-12V| F
    G --> F

Figure 4.7: POWER DISTRIBUTION IN F-16 CONFIGURATION (NORD-50 REAR VIEW)

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4.2.5 NORD-50 CRATES¶

The NORD-50 consists of three 19 inch crates. These crates are also referred to as crates A, B and C.

The A crate contains hardware logic for:

Integer multiply/divide
and
Floating multiply/divide
(both single and double precision)

The C crate contains hardware logic for:

Shift operations
Bit operations
Convert operations
(floating to integer and integer to floating)
Floating add/subtract
(single and double precision)
NORD-10/NORD-50 communication

The B crate contains logic for the administration of the A and C crates, also referred to as "External-Arithmetic". More information about the CPU is given in the next section.

Page 105¶

4.2.6 The NORD-50 CPU¶

The NORD-50 CPU contains the main registers and arithmetic, the communication registers NORD-10/NORD-50, memory address and data lines and line drivers/receivers for external arithmetic.

These functions are organized on three different circuit boards, each handling four bits:

Function	Code
Address Arithmetic	1501
Register	1502
Arithmetic Buffer	1503

The 32 bit CPU uses eight of each boards, making a total of 24 boards.

The timing and control section of the CPU uses eight different boards:

Function	Code
NORD-50 I/O Control	1500
NORD-50 Controller	1504
Register Address	1505
Cycle Counter	1506
Arithmetic Control	1507
Chip Select	1508
Instruction Control	1510
Timing Control	1519

Page 106¶

4.2.7 NORD-10/NORD-50 Connections¶

NORD-10 looks upon NORD-50 as an I/O device connected to the NORD-10 I/O system.

There are two NORD-50 interface modules in NORD-10, the 1071 card for data and control and the 1532.II card for addresses.

The communication between NORD-10 and NORD-50 in addition to common memory takes place on two differential lines, one for data (16 bits) + control (4 bits) and one for I/O address (6 bits).

At start-up time, the start address and stop conditions are transferred to NORD-50. When the NORD-50 stops, a status register indicates the stop reason. The status register is available on the communication lines.

If the interrupt system in the NORD-10 is turned on and the NORD-50 interface is enabled for interrupts, the NORD-10 may execute in parallel with the NORD-50.

Only when an interrupt occurs will the NORD-10 be engaged to identify the interrupt source.

In NORD-50, three modules take care of the communication with NORD-10, the 1532.II, 1531 and the 1532.I modules located in the C-crate.

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4.2.8 NORD-50 Memory Connections¶

NORD-50 may be connected to physically the same memory as NORD-10 via one port in the multiport memory system (shared memory) or to a separate multiport memory system as a private memory.

        +---------------+  +---------------+  +------------------+
        | PRIVATE NORD- |  | SHARED        |  | PRIVATE NORD-10/S| 
        | 50 CPU MEMORY |  | MEMORY        |  | MEMORY           |  
        +---------------+  +---------------+  +------------------+
          |                 |                  |
       32 bit Data     High speed           16 bit Data
                       Data channel
                       16 bit Data
          |                 |                  |
      +-----------+    +-----------+       +-----------+
      | NORD-50   |    |           |       | NORD-10/S |
      | CPU       |----|           |-------| CPU       |
      +-----------+    |           |       +-----------+
                       | I/O SYSTEM|
                       +-----------+

NORD-50 COMPUTER SYSTEM¶

NORD-50 supplies differential address lines of 20 bits + 2 control signals to the port via a 1 to 1 cable.

For carrying the 32 bit data word, two cables with differential lines are used, one for bits 0-15 plus 2 parity bits, and one for bits 16-31 plus 2 parity bits.

In memory (the multiport memory system), NORD-50 occupies one port out of four. The remaining three are used by NORD-10, DMA mass-storage devices, and the third may be used by a second NORD-50.

The address area each port can see is set up by lower and upper limit switches on the address module (1142) in the multiport system. In this way, NORD-10 and NORD-50 can have locations of private and shared memory.

The priority for NORD-10 or NORD-50 requests is fixed and determined by the physical position of the data receiver/driver module and the address receiver module in the multiport crate.

Page 108¶

Memory Configuration¶

The 32 bit memory word is divided between two 18 bit memory banks with identical memory addresses. The bank in the upper multiport crate takes care of bits 16-31, while the bank in the lower crate takes care of bits 0-15.

NORD-50 receives two sets of data ready/address ready signals from the memory modules in the two banks. These signals are supplied via the data module (1143) to NORD-50 where the signals are latched, waiting for the last one to appear.

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4.3 NORD-50 OPERATOR'S PANEL¶

4.3.1 Lights¶

The purpose of the lights on the operator's panel is to give the operator information about:

Whether the NORD-50 is active or not active.
Light in indicator STOP or indicator RUN.

STOP reason
Light in EXTERNAL STOP if stopped by NORD-10/S. Light in STATUS BREAK if error detected in NORD-50 (overflow, underflow or instruction hangup).

MODE of operation
Light in SIMULATE INSTRUCTION or SIMULATE DATA if NORD-50 instruction/data is supplied from the NORD-10/S via the input/output system.
Light in MEMORY EXAMINE/DEPOSIT if the NORD-10/S is examining or depositing into the NORD-50 memory.

Program execution address
Push DISPLAY PC and the program counter is displayed in the ACTIVE ADDRESS field (See figure 4.9). The address is displayed in 4K blocks (address from 0-4K = light in 1 etc. ---).

Data reference address
Push DISPLAY DATA REF and the memory data reference address is displayed as above.

Memory Parity error
Light in PARITY ERROR
The parity error occurred during one of the following types of read operation (a light will show which one):
- Instruction Read
- Indirect Reference
- Data Reference
The byte where the parity error occurred is also displayed (BYTE 3,2,1 and 0).

----------------------------------
|  31  |  24 23  |  16 15  |  8 7 0  |
| BYTE 3 | BYTE 2 | BYTE 1 | BYTE 0  |
----------------------------------

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4.3.2 Push Buttons And Key¶

Two push buttons were described under program execution address and data reference address. These were the following buttons:

DISPLAY PC
DISPLAY DATA REF

In addition, the button:

POWER ON/OFF

is used to turn on and turn off the power supply for the NORD-50. This button should not be used often since the power should be turned off only in special cases.

Finally, the:

PANEL KEY LOCK

is used to lock the panel and disable the push buttons. The operator’s panel is illustrated in figure 4.8.

Page 111¶

Operator's Panel¶

+-----------------------------+
|  ACTIVE ADDRESS BLOCK NO    |
|                             |
|  O     0                    |
|  IM    1                    |
|  X     2                    |
|  O     3                    |
|  X     4                    |
|  O     5                    |
|  X     6                    |
|  O     7                    |
|  X     8                    |
|  O     9                    |
|  X    10                    |
|  O    11                    |
|  X    12                    |
|  O    13                    |
|  X    14                    |
|  IM    15                   |
+-----------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
|            BYTE             |
|                             |
|  07M&s    0                 |
|  17M&s    1                 |
|  27M&s    2                 |
|  37M&s    3                 |
|                             |
|            DATA REFERENCE   |
|  77M&s    REFERENCE         |
|                             |
|  57M&s    INSTRUCTION       |
|            INDIRECT         |
|            READ             |
|                             |
|  97M&s    PARITY            |
|            ERROR            |
+-----------------------------+

+-----------------------------+
|            STATUS           |
|                             |
|  [RUN]                      |
|  [STOP]                     |
|  [SING]                     |
|  [STEP]                     |
|  [MEMORY                    |
|  [SELECT]                   |
|  [PROGRAM]                  |
|  [WRITE]                    |
|  [EXAM]                     |
|  [START]                    |
|  [DELAY]                    |
|                             |
|  Lamp and switch            |
|  Single wire out and common |
|  write to -5V               |
+-----------------------------+

+-------------+
|  POWER      |
|             |
+-------------+
|    ____     |
|   |    |    |
|   |____|    |
|             |
+-------------+

Figure 4.8: OPERATOR'S PANEL

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NORD-50 MONITOR¶

The NORD-50 monitor is a sub-system in the SINTRAN operating system supervising execution of NORD-50 programs.

In order to use the monitor, it must have been loaded into the SINTRAN system as a real-time (RT) program. (For a description of how to do this, see the SINTRAN III User’s Guide and the RT-Loader Manual.) The monitor is then started under SINTRAN by typing:

@N-50

on a terminal connected to the system.

The main tasks of the monitor are:

Loading programs from files into NORD-50 memory. These programs must have an executable format prepared by the NORD-50 loader. (:NORS)
Starting the programs.
Reporting errors during program execution.
Examining the NORD-50 registers/memory after the programs have come to a stop (normal or abnormal stop).

Command Summary¶

The * is written by the monitor

Command	Description
*PLACE `<file name or number>`	Load a program
*RUN	Start execution of the placed program
*LOAD `<file name or number>`	Load and start execution of a program, i.e., PLACE and RUN
*GO TO `<address>`	Start in given address

See the NORD-50 Monitor User’s Guide for more details about the NORD-50 monitor.

Page 113¶

4.5 NORD-50 MAINTENANCE¶

The malfunctioning of a NORD-50 will normally be reported to the operator via the NORD-50 monitor program running in the NORD-10/S. The next step then is to run test programs.

The test programs for the NORD-50 can be divided into three groups:

Test programs running in the NORD-10/S.
Test programs running in the NORD-50. For running this group of programs the NORD-50 monitor must be working.
Verification programs (timing programs, benchmarks, etc.).

Common for the test programs in the first two groups is that there are two categories; one for testing the NORD-50 CPU and the other for testing the NORD-50 memory.

Page 114¶

4.5.1 Test Programs Running In The NORD-10/S¶

Testing the CPU¶

The NORD-50 TEST-SYSTEM is a stand-alone program that will test all the NORD-50 instructions. The program will set the NORD-50 in SIMULATE MODE and instructions and data will be supplied via the NORD-10/S I/O system. The result of the test is read back to the NORD-10/S and compared with an "EXPECTED TABLE" located in the NORD-10/S memory.

LOAD and RUN Procedure:¶

STOP the NORD-10/S
Insert the floppy diskette in the floppy drive
Write 1560& on terminal number 1
Write LOAD-N50TEST-SYS on terminal number 1 and the test program is loaded from the floppy and started

Testing the Memory¶

a) For testing the memory shared between the NORD-10/S and the NORD-50, all the NORD-10/S memory test programs are available (MOVER, MULTI, etc., see chapter 3).

b) Built into the NORD-50 monitor is a command that tests the NORD-50 memory:

*TEST-MEM

When the command is given, NORD-50 is set in MEMORY EXAMINE/DEPOSIT MODE by the monitor. Data and addresses are then supplied automatically from the NORD-10/S via the NORD-50 CPU to the NORD-50 memory, private or shared. The test is performed by reversing the data flow and checking the received data. More information about the test is found in Appendix C-1.

c) For testing the memory shared between the universal DMA interface and NORD-50, a stand-alone test program is available:

MEM-TEST-2304

d) For examining the memory configuration (i.e., determining the parts of memory that are shared and what they are shared between), a stand-alone program can be used:

MEMORY-MAP-2317

ND--60.116.01

Page 115¶

4.5.2 Tests Running In The NORD-50¶

Testing the CPU¶

The test programs listed below test the NORD-50 CPU. These programs are loaded from disk and started with the NORD-50 monitor using the *LOAD command.

Program	Description
TINST	% NORD-50 instruction test
TREG	% Register test
ITEST	% Integer multiply/divide test
HAMBURG	% Floating add/subtract and multiply/divide test
FTEST	% Floating multiply/divide test
DFTEST	% Double precision multiply/divide test

Testing the memory¶

The NORD-50 memory is tested with the program:

TMEM

loaded and started with the *LOAD command to the NORD-50 monitor. Addresses are specified so that all or any part of the shared memory, the high speed static memory or the NORD-50 private memory can be tested. More information about this test is found in Appendix C-2.

4.5.3 Verification Programs¶

If the test programs indicate that everything is OK, it may be interesting to run the verification programs:

Program	Description
SEKUND	times the various instructions
BM2	ASEA benchmark
TCOR-NGO	NGO benchmark

These are also run under the NORD-50 monitor with the *LOAD command. They are described in Appendix C-3.

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Page 116¶

4.5.4 NORD-50 Test-Sequence¶

flowchart TD
    A[Call the NORD-50 monitor by giving a N-50 command on the terminal] --> B{NORD-50 monitor Properly initiated, i.e. N-50 monitor READY sign given?}
    B -- YES --> C[Test N-50 memory with the TEST-MEM command in the monitor]
    C --> D{OK?}
    D -- YES --> E[Load TMEM Memory test]
    E --> F{Loaded OK?}
    F -- YES --> G{Run OK?}
    G -- YES --> H[Then run:\n- TINST\n- TREG\n- TTEST\n- HAMBURG\n- F TEST\n- DF TEST]
    H --> I{OK?}
    I -- YES --> End
    D -- NO --> K
    F -- NO --> K
    G -- NO --> K
    I -- NO --> K
    B -- NO --> L[Run MOVER memory test program in NORD-10/S (for testing shared-memory with SINTRAN up)]
    L --> M{If still problems then:}
    M --> N[Stop SINTRAN: Run N-50 TEST SYSTEM]
    N --> O{If still problems then:}
    O --> P[Run stand alone test programs testing NORD-50 memory via universal DMA-interfaces]
    P --> Q{If still problems then Call ND}
    Q --> R[Run verification programs as:\n- SEKUND\n- BM2\n- TCOR-NGO]
    R --> S{Happy end?}
    S -- YES --> End
    S -- NO --> K
    K[NO* = CALL ND or CHANGE FAILING MODULE IF NEW MODULE AVAILABLE AND REPEAT THE TEST]

NO = CALL ND or CHANGE FAILING MODULE IF NEW MODULE AVAILABLE AND REPEAT THE TEST

ND–60.116.01

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APPENDIXES¶

DETAILED CONTENTS¶

Section	Description	Page
A	DOCUMENTATION REVIEW	A-1
B	NORD-10/S TEST PROGRAMS	B-1
C	NORD-50 MEMORY TEST PROGRAMS	C-1
C.1	TEST-MEM Monitor Command	C-1
C.2	TMEM N-50 Memory Test Program	C—
C.3	Verification Programs	C—
D	TEST PROGRAM OVERVIEW	D-1

ND-60.116.01

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APPENDIX A¶

DOCUMENTATION REVIEW¶

The following manuals will be of interest to the operator. They are listed in order of priority, i.e. the SYSTEM SUPERVISOR is the most important, etc.

NORD-10/S Manuals¶

1. SINTRAN III SYSTEM SUPERVISOR¶

This is the main handbook for an operator who has the main responsibility for managing a NORD-10 installation. It contains information about the hardware and software necessary for running a NORD installation, explanations of error messages, instructions on how to set up SINTRAN and associated system files, how to change switch settings on interface boards, etc.

The system supervisor should be familiar with this manual and know what information may be found there.

2. TEST PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS¶

This contains instructions for the running of such programs as:

Program	Description
MOVER	Memory test program
TECOD	Test program for 10Mb disks
DIMS	Utility program for 10Mb disks
BIMS	Utility program for 33/66Mb disks
MCOPY	Mag-tape to/from disk utility
CACHE	Test program
ERRCOR	Test program for error correction logic
GREMS	Utility program for 38/75 and 288Mb disks
FILE SYSTEM INVESTIGATOR	Program

NOTE:
The descriptions of other test programs will be found in the documentation accompanying the test-diskettes they come on.

3. NORD 10 VERIFICATION PROGRAMS¶

This gives detailed instructions on how to run the CPU test programs:

ONE-CHECK
TWO-CHECK
THREE-CHECK
FOUR-CHECK
IO-FLOATING
NORD-10 MICRO-PROGRAMMED MEMORY TEST

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Page 119¶

NORD-10/S Documentation¶

4. NORD-10/S GENERAL DESCRIPTION¶

This contains a short description of the main components of the NORD-10/S, followed by a description of the circuits found on each printed circuit board.

5. NORD-10/S FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION¶

This manual contains information about the way the NORD-10/S works. The system architecture, I/O system, interrupt system, memory management system and operator communication are described in detail.

6. NORD-10/S INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM¶

This describes the I/O system for the NORD-10/S in detail, I/O bus architecture, programmed input/output, the I/O interrupt system and direct memory access transfers.

NORD-50 Manuals¶

1. NORD-50 TEST SYSTEM¶

This manual contains a detailed description of the stand-alone test program running in the NORD-10/S to test the NORD-50 CPU.

2. NORD-50 GENERAL DESCRIPTION¶

This contains a short description of the main components of the NORD-50, followed by a description of the circuits found on each printed circuit board.

3. NORD-50 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION¶

This manual contains information about the way the NORD-50 works. The floating point number representation, the CPU, and the external arithmetic crates are described in detail.

4. NORD-10/NORD-50 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM¶

This contains a detailed description of the communication hardware used in a NORD-10/NORD-50 system.

ND–60.116.01

Page 120¶

Appendix B¶

NORD-10/S Test Programs¶

Printouts from NORD-10/S test programs will be included in the next version of this manual.

Page 121¶

Appendix C¶

NORD-50 Memory Test Programs¶

C.1 Test-MEM Monitor Command¶

NORD-50 memory test program in the NORD-50 monitor (command in the monitor)

NORD-50 memory tested by depositing/examining the memory via the NORD-10/S Input/Output System

NORD-50 memory tested in decimal increments of 1K

Patterns:

0

-1

252525252525
1252525252525
37700177400
37777600000
00000177777

Address in address test (2 x 16 bits address)

Error printouts:
- Pattern test failing
- Address test failing

Looping possible if this command is given before program start

*LOOP-ON

Program will loop and if error, failing pattern will be repeated

*LOOP-OFF

*NB! Remember Break Conditions

Examples of Error Printout:

*LOOP-ON
*TEST-MEM
START ADDRESS: 0
NUMBER OF 1K BLOCKS TO BE TESTED : 10
ADDRESS IN ADDRESS TEST FAILING
ADDRESS         WRITTEN           READ
0000000      000000000000  00004000002

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C.2 TMEM — N-50 MEMORY TEST PROGRAM¶

NORD-50 Memory Test Program: — TMEM — 1841

Test program testing and running in NORD-50 memory
Loaded and started via the NORD-50 monitor
The following tests may be specified:

Test	Description
Test 1*	Store/Read 0
Test 2*	Store/Read — 1
Test 3*	Address in address test (2 x 16 bits address)
Test 4*	Address in address test with inverse address
Test 5**	Walking tests: a) writes a pattern in the test area b) writes a pattern inverted in the first location c) check that no other locations are changed d) rest inverted pattern

- = Fast tests
** = Overnight test
Start address = 0
Examples of Printout:

*LOAD TMEM
THIS IS YOUR N-50 MOS MEMORY TEST PROGRAM
THE PROGRAM OCCUPIES LOCATIONS: 0000000 TO 0001227
LOWER TEST ADDRESS(OCTAL): 1230
UPPER TEST ADDRESS(OCTAL): 37777
SPECIFY TESTS TO BE RUN BY OCTAL
NUMBERS TERM. BY CR. STOPS WHEN 0 IS TYPED
77 MEANS ALL TESTS
1
2
3
4
0

WANT TESTS TO LOOP? 0:NO 1:YES
0

ERRORS WILL BE REPORTED IN THE FOLLOWING FORMAT
TEST1,2,3: A;<FAILING ADDR>;<FOUND DATA>;<EXP.DATA>,<TEST NO>
TESTS: <WALK FATT. ADDR.>;<SAME AS ABOVE>,<READ/WRITE>
0000340 377737777777 377737777777 0000002
0003001 377737777777 377777777777 0000002
0003023 377737777777 377737777777 0000002
0003773 377737777777 377777777777 0000004 
0004302 377737777777 377737777777 0000002

TEST1,2,3: A;<FAILING ADDR>;<FOUND DATA>;<EXP.DATA>;<TEST NO>
TESTS: <WALK FATT. ADDR.>;<SAME AS ABOVE>,<READ/WRITE>
0100302 0100000 3000<0000000 25252525252 0000005 WRITE ERR0R
0100302 0100001 0000100116 25252525252 0000005 WRITE ERR0R
0100302 0100002 00023050000 25252525252 0000005 WRITE ERR0R 
0100302 0100003 00272040001 25252525252 0000005 WRITE ERR0R
0100302 0100004 24004001000 25252525252 0000005 WRITE ERR0R

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C.3 Verification Programs¶

In this appendix a printout of a successful run of the following verification programs is found:

SEKUND
BM % ASEA BENCHMARK
TCOR-NGO % NGO BENCHMARK

Page 124¶

Appendix C3-1¶

NORD-50 Verification Program — SEKUND¶

Each instruction is run 10^7^ × 10^6^ times
Example of printout:

*LOAD SEKUND
LDR  1.38
STR  1.51
ADD  1.37
LDF  2.13
STF  2.25
FAD  1.92
FAD  2.51
RAF  1.08
RAFD 1.08
FMU  4.43-
RMF  3.52
RMFD 6.71
FDV  4.44
FDVD 8.17
RDF  3.53
RAL  0.61
ADDA 0.61
MPY  5.34
DIV  2.33
ADM  2.12
SLR  1.07
SLRL 1.07
JFM  0.62
EXC  1.14
EXC  1.92
JFMH 1.20
- *** END *** - AT: 000015

ND–60.116.01

Page 125¶

Appendix C3-2¶

*OPEN TERM S W¶

*LOAD BM2¶

BENCHMARK 2¶

Value	Column1	Column2
0.86474	66	22
0.00000	66	22
0.90886	66	22
0.00000	66	22
0.91508	66	22
1.00378	66	22
1.01144	66	22
1.01069	66	22
1.00942	66	20
1.00840	66	22
1.00758	66	22
1.00694	66	22
1.00645	66	22
1.00602	66	22
1.00563	66	22
1.00533	66	22
1.00506	66	22
1.00481	66	22
1.00462	66	22
1.00443	66	22

TOTAL TIME(S/100) 1800¶

*** END *** - AT: 0000015
*CC: FIRST RESULT SHOULD BE 0.86474
*CC: LAST RESULT SHOULD BE 1.00443
*CC: TIME SHOULD BE APP. 25.5 S

ND–60.116.01

Page 126¶

Appendix C3-3¶

Index	Station	Latitude	Longitude	Elevation	Terain Frequency	Bouguer Anomaly	Number
1	6151015	15.056	16.217	12.042	192.564	-52.146	-39.398
2	6151016	15.060	16.218	12.043	192.567	-52.146	-39.398
3	6151018	15.063	16.220	12.043	192.568	-52.146	-39.399
4	6151020	15.068	16.221	12.044	192.570	-52.145	-39.398
5	6151022	15.071	16.221	12.046	192.571	-52.145	-39.398
6	6151026	15.078	16.223	12.045	192.572	-52.144	-39.398
7	6151030	15.084	16.225	12.046	192.573	-52.144	-39.399
8	6151032	15.089	16.226	12.048	192.574	-52.143	-39.398
9	6151034	15.091	16.227	12.049	192.575	-52.143	-39.398
10	6151036	15.094	16.228	12.049	192.576	-52.142	-39.398
11	6151040	15.097	16.229	12.050	192.577	-52.141	-39.398
12	6151044	15.100	16.230	12.051	192.578	-52.141	-39.398
13	6151046	15.104	16.230	12.052	192.579	-52.140	-39.398
14	6151050	15.107	16.231	12.053	192.580	-52.139	-39.398
15	6151052	15.110	16.232	12.054	192.581	-52.138	-39.398
16	6151056	15.113	16.233	12.054	192.583	-52.137	-39.398

Notes¶

 4 0.00                                                                           
 3 0.93°   90 1.10     2.0    0.2    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0 
60 0.36     8 162 214  8.0    1.3    3.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0 
   6.0      7 000 008  0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0    0.0 
 4 1.37                   
 -*****
 9 0.01     2 0.00    *****                                                 

F = LAST 7 NUMBERS.
UNIT SHOULD BE 'E'.

*CENT TIME 4/24/84 817 "K"
MERCK P/N ND-60.1166.01

# ELEVATION K.M. RADIUS.
CHECK: AGAINST LUNAR NORMAL VALUES.

TERRAIN REFERENCE LAYERS: 2, 3
BOUGUER ANOMALY: 8, 9

Calculations¶

Elevation K.M. Correction	Increment P.R.	Values Check
0.0	1.2	*
0.1	0.3	2.439
0.2	0.4	1.500

Correction Factors

Terrain frequency and Bouguer anomaly factors included as per Gaussian integration methods.
Reference points aligned with Chapman’s method calculations.

Page 127¶

Appendix D¶

Test Program Overview¶

On the next page a cross reference between the ND-test programs and the hardware they test is given.

Both NORD-10 and NORD-50 test programs are included.

ND—60.116.01

Page 128¶

Test Matrix for RLC Configuration¶

Software EC No	Test	1192	1519	1190	1526	1418	1543	1860	1358	1355	1892	1892	1892	1892	1840	1842	1206	1205	1996	1990	1986	1986	1986	1642	1878	2233	1399	1672
No Hardware	PROG	ONE CHECK	EXTEN ONE	TWO CHECK	THREE CHECK	FOUR CHECK	RG CHECK	T-32B-FLOAT	PEAL	TEST PAGE	NS1-TSYS	NS2-TSYS	NS3-TSYS	NS4-TSYS	TINST-50	TREG50	rTEST	fTEST	QFTEST	SEKUND	CACHC	MOVER	MULTI	T32K MOS	MPM-MAINT	TMEM-50	MEM-TEST	S1172-HAR

         | D:1  | D:2   | D:3 | D:04  | DIAG.LIN.CHECK  | DIO.LINE.CTRLIN                               | 300CPU-          | 50                         | MEM:02       |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B:2   | AA+                           | PF  | V.  | PC-ISVL-:AALIMCN .DINEMA:EAI:3IM.N+H.DIPLEU--URONRRM | (INPUT    (D)   RAW Outputs)                             |
| ACC130D:                                 | NS                               |-LIR(-LES                    =CO
                         -AML:DM:A+YHC OSP                                 3EAD1RMITION+10 +                     P1AM1EN3/-0YUL)  
                  |P1A:     |    |]                                  |    3-A
     | P I/C     | AAOLI   NO B:             |WEAR |CM                           M:RBOM               
| FirmwareA E | DC110 | Digital_boxx | MOVIE                                                                                               
                         M     RLIATM_No | SEC0/7DA  + GC :113 | MAIOEW-CWIOOS:AIINE

Page 129¶

[ASCII Art of the ND logo]


     * * * *       * * * *              
   * * * * * *   * * * * * *            
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *          
 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *          
 * * * * * * * *      * * * *          
 * * * * * * *        * * * *         
 * * * * * *            * * *          
 * * * *                * *            
                       *

NORSK DATA A.S¶

P.O. Box 4, Lindebeg gård
Oslo 10, Norway

COMMENT AND EVALUATION SHEET¶

NORD-10/NORD-50 Operator's Guide ND—60.116.01
August 1979

In order for this manual to develop to the point where it best suits your needs, we must have your comments, corrections, suggestions for additions, etc. Please write down your comments on this preaddressed form and mail it. Please be specific wherever possible.

FROM ...................................
........................................
........................................

Page 130¶

Page Information¶

we make bits for the future

NORSK DATA A.S BOX 4 LINDEBERG GÅRD OSLO 10 NORWAY PHONE: 39 16 01 TELEX: 18661

Page 1¶

NORD-10/NORD-50¶

Operator's Guide¶

Page 2¶

NORD-10/NORD-50¶

Operator's Guide¶

Page 3¶

NOTICE¶

Page 4¶

Printing Record¶

Page 5¶

Manual Update Information¶

Page 6¶

PREFACE¶

Page 7¶

Prerequisite Knowledge¶

The Manual¶

Related Manuals¶

Page 8¶

TABLE OF CONTENTS¶

Page 9¶

Section: 2¶

Operating the NORD-10/S¶

Section: 3¶

Preventative Maintenance and Error Handling¶

Page 10¶

Section¶

4 THE NORD-50 COMPUTER SYSTEM¶

4.1 Introduction¶

4.2 NORD-50 Computer System Architecture¶

4.3 NORD-50 Operator's Panel¶

4.4 NORD-50 Monitor¶

4.5 NORD-50 Maintenance¶

Page 11¶

Appendixes¶

Page 12¶

INTRODUCTION TO THE NORD-10/S¶

1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS¶

Page 13¶

Input/Output and Interrupt Systems¶

Page 14¶

1.2 SPECIFICATIONS¶

1.2.1 Processor¶

1.2.2 Memory¶

1.2.3 Interrupt System¶

Page 15¶

1.2.4 I/O System¶

1.2.5 Physical¶

Page 16¶

System Architecture¶

Single-Processor System¶

Page 17¶

Input/Output System¶

Page 18¶

1.3.2 Multi-Processor Systems¶

Page 19¶

NORD-10/S Two-Processor System¶

Page 20¶

NORD-10/S Four-Processor System¶

Page 21¶

1.3.3 Remote Operation¶

Page 22¶

Example of Remote Load via Telephone Line and HDLC Protocol¶

Page 23¶

1.4 CONSTRUCTION PRINCIPLES¶

Page 24¶

1.4.1 Cabinet Overview¶

Page 25¶

NORD-10/S Layout¶

1.4.2 NORD-10/S Layout¶

Front View - Max. Configuration¶

Page 26¶

1.4.3 NORD-10 115/230 VOLTS MAINS DISTRIBUTION¶

Page 27¶

1.4.4 NORD-10 5V and 24V Distribution¶

Page 28¶

NORD-10 Fans Location and Air Flow¶

Page 29¶

1.5 NORD-10/S POWER UNIT¶

1.5.1 General¶