Page 1¶

DOMINO and NUCLEUS Software Guide¶

ND-820026.1 EN

Comma¶

Page 2¶

Page 3¶

DOMINO and NUCLEUS¶

Software Guide¶

ND-820026.1 EN

Page 4¶

Contact Information¶

For more information contact:

Comma Data Service AS
Postboks 6448 Etterstad
0605 OSLO, NORWAY

Page 5¶

Preface¶


The manual	This manual describes DOMINO and NUCLEUS. Most of the modules are documented in separate chapters.
The reader	This manual is intended for maintenance personnel and system developers.
The Products	The OS-kit consists of several software modules to be used for running and developing system software on the DOMINO IO-controllers. DOMINO is only available on ND-5000 computers with MF-Bus memory (former MPM-5), whereas NUCLEUS is also available on ND-500-II with OCTOBUS. The DOMINO controllers are based on the Motorola MC-68020 microprocessors.

The OS-kit consists of:

DOMINOS
DOMINO Monitor and a "gateway" to OCTOBUS (BOPCOM Server).
DOMINO Debugger (slightly modified Symbolic Debugger)
DOMINO OPCOM (firmware)
NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS Monitor


Prerequisite knowledge	The user should be familiar with general program development on ND computers. It is not necessary to know much about the Motorola assembly language as most of the programs can be written in PLANC.

Page 6¶

Important Program Development Objects¶

The following objects are important for program development under DOMINO/NUCLEUS:

SINTRAN RT-programs and ND-5000 applications
PLANC programming language
ND-500 Linkage Loader

Related Manuals	Code
MPM-5 Technical Description	ND-810004
DOMINO Standard Hardware	ND-814001
SINTRAN III Commands Reference Manual	ND-860128
SINTRAN III Real Time Guide	ND-860133
SINTRAN III Monitor Calls Guide	ND-860228
PLANC Reference Manual	ND-860117
Symbolic Debugger User Guide	ND-860158
LED User Guide	ND-860266
ND-500 Loader/Monitor	ND-860136
Linkage Loader User Guide & Reference	ND-860182

Manuals for the MC68xxx microprocessors (published by Motorola Inc)

Page 7¶

Table of contents¶

1 Introduction ............................ 1

2 DOMINO Operation ......................... 9

2.1 DOMINO Overview .......................... 9¶

2.2 Configuration .......................... 11¶

2.2.1 Automatic configuration ............. 11¶

2.2.2 Manual configuration ................ 15¶

2.3 Image files ............................. 16¶

2.4 Use of LEDs on DOMINO controllers ........ 17¶

2.5 DOMINO selftests ........................ 19¶

2.6 DOMINO reset. Algorithm .................. 20¶

2.6.1 PROMAN SERVER. Algorithm .............. 21¶

2.6.2 Booting of DOMINO. Algorithm .......... 22¶

2.7 Event reporting and event log ............ 23¶

2.7.1 How to operate the event log file ..... 25¶

2.7.2 How to investigate the Event Log ....... 26¶

2.7.3 How to use the event log ............... 27¶

2.8 PROMAN Service port .......................... 28¶

2.9 PMA-Monitor .................................. 28¶

2.9.1 Commands in PMA-Monitor .................. 29¶

LIST-CONFIGURATION ........................ 29
REBOOT-DOMINO .............................. 32
RECOVER-DOMINO ............................. 32
TERMINATE-DOMINO ........................... 33
LOAD-DOMINO ................................ 33

2.10 Interface to configuration data and boot functions 34¶

LIST CONFIGURATION .......................... 34
BootStatus .................................. 36
REBOOT ...................................... 36
RECOVER ..................................... 37
TERMINATE ................................... 38

Page 8¶

DOMINO Monitor¶

3.1 Miscellaneous commands¶

Command	Page
3.1.1 EXIT	41
3.1.2 HELP	41
3.1.3 SET-ABORT-BATCH-ON-ERROR	42
3.1.4 CC	42
3.1.5 COMPUTE	43
3.1.6 NEW-USER-CONTEXT	44
3.1.7 OUTPUT-FILE	44

3.2 Communication commands¶

Command	Page
3.2.1 OPEN-PATH	46
3.2.2 CHANGE-PATH	48
3.2.3 TEST-COMMUNICATION	50
3.2.4 USE-MAILBOX	52
3.2.5 LIST-MAILBOX-PARAMETERS	52
3.2.6 TRANSPARENT-MODE	53
3.2.7 SET-BREAK-CHARACTER	54
3.2.8 LIST-BREAK-CHARACTER	54
3.2.9 SET-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS	55
3.2.10 LIST-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS	55
3.2.11 SET-MICE-PARAMETERS	56
3.2.12 LIST-MICE-PARAMETERS	57

3.3 Execution commands¶

Command	Page
3.3.1 SOFT-RESET	57
3.3.2 HARD-RESET	58
3.3.3 STOP-TARGET	58
3.3.4 PLACE-DOMAIN	59
3.3.5 DOWN-LOAD	60
3.3.6 GO	61
3.3.7 RUN	61
3.3.8 ATTACH-DOMAIN	62

3.4 Macro commands¶

Command	Page
3.4.1 DEFINE-MACRO	63
3.4.2 EXECUTE-MACRO	65
3.4.3 RESUME-MACRO	67
3.4.4 ERASE-MACRO	67
3.4.5 DUMP-MACRO	68
3.4.6 LIST-MACRO-NAME	68
3.4.7 LIST-MACRO-BODY	69

Page 9¶

3.5 Debugging commands¶

Section	Title	Page
3.5.1	DEBUGGER	70
3.5.2	BREAK	77
3.5.3	TEMPORARY-BREAK	78
3.5.4	STEP	78
3.5.5	RESET-BREAKS	79
3.5.6	RESET-LAST-BREAK	79
3.5.7	DEBUG-STATUS	80
3.5.8	SET-SPECIFIC-ACCESS	80
3.5.9	MAIN-FORMAT	80
3.5.10	EXTRA-FORMAT	81
3.5.11	LOOK-AT-PROGRAM	81
3.5.12	LOOK-AT-STACK	82
3.5.13	LOOK-AT-RELATIVE	87
3.5.14	LOOK-AT-REGISTER	87
3.5.15	LOOK-AT subcommands	88

3.6 DOMINOS process monitoring¶

Section	Title	Page
3.6.1	PROCESS-STATUS	92
3.6.2	LIST-TIME-QUEUE	94

3.7 DOMINO controller commands¶

Section	Title	Page
3.7.1	SET-PROTECTION	95
3.7.2	USE-PROTECTION	96
3.7.3	LIST-PROTECTION	96
3.7.4	USE-CACHE	97
3.7.5	TARGET-IDENTIFICATION	97
3.7.6	TARGET-STATUS	98
3.7.7	SCOPE-LOOP	99

4 Applications in DOMINO¶

Section	Title	Page
4.1	Getting started	101

5 DOMINOS¶

Section	Title	Page
5.1	DOMINOS configuration	105
5.2	DOMINOS Services	117
5.3	Process Management	120
5.3.1	Create service	121
5.3.2	Modify service	124
5.3.3	Begin service	126
5.3.4	End service	128
5.3.5	Abort service	129

Page 10¶

Contents¶

5.3.6 Kill service ........................................................... 131¶

5.3.7 WhoAmI service ...................................................... 133¶

5.3.8 ProsNo service ...................................................... 134¶

5.3.9 PrName service ..................................................... 135¶

5.4 The Event System ...................................................... 136¶

5.4.1 SetEv service ..................................................... 137¶

5.4.2 ReadEv service .................................................... 138¶

5.4.3 WaitEv service .................................................... 138¶

5.4.4 SelWaitEv service ................................................. 142¶

5.4.5 UniWaitEv service ................................................. 142¶

5.5 Time Scheduled Events .................................................. 144¶

5.5.1 InterEv service .................................................... 144¶

5.5.2 InterDel service ................................................... 145¶

5.6 Buffer Management ...................................................... 146¶

5.6.1 GetBuffer service .................................................. 148¶

5.6.2 RelBuffer service .................................................. 149¶

5.7 Exported system data ................................................... 149¶

5.7.1 Fatal service ...................................................... 150¶

5.8 DOMINOS for advanced programmers ....................................... 151¶

5.8.1 The MC68K in supervisor mode ....................................... 152¶

5.8.2 Disable and enable interrupts ..................................... 154¶

5.8.3 Access rights in supervisor mode ................................... 155¶

5.8.4 PLANC compiler ..................................................... 157¶

5.8.5 Special rules for interrupt handlers .............................. 162¶

5.8.6 Special rules for trap handlers .................................... 163¶

5.8.7 Rules for UDS and PME .............................................. 165¶

5.8.8 Implementing exception handlers .................................... 165¶

5.8.9 PIRCreateDriver Service ............................................ 166¶

5.8.10 UDSE scheduling primitives ........................................ 167¶

UFindPD UDSE-primitive ........................................... 167
UBlocPr UDSE-primitive ........................................... 168
UdeBlocPr UDSE-primitive ......................................... 168

5.8.11 Implementing UDS .................................................. 169¶

5.8.12 Implementing PME ................................................... 170¶

5.8.13 System processes .................................................. 171¶

6 NUCLEUS Overview .......................................................... 173¶

6.1 NUCLEUS library files .................................................. 175¶

6.2 Including NUCLEUS in an application ................................... 175¶

6.3 Communication Concepts ................................................ 177¶

Page 11¶

6.4 Protection in NUCLEUS¶

179

6.5 Configuration of NUCLEUS¶

181

6.6 NUCLEUS in ND-100¶

182

6.7 NUCLEUS in DOMINO Controller¶

182

7 NUCLEUS library¶

183

7.1 Summary of NUCLEUS calls¶

183

7.2 Parameters in NUCLEUS calls¶

185

7.2.1 NUCLEUS status codes¶

186

7.3 NUCLEUS Call Interface¶

189

7.3.1 Create port¶

189

7.3.1.1 Delayed abort for NUCLEUS¶

191

7.3.2 Create port name¶

192

7.3.3 Open port¶

194

7.3.4 Open return port¶

195

7.3.5 Delete port name¶

197

7.3.6 Create message¶

198

7.3.7 Read or write a message¶

200

7.3.8 Send message¶

202

7.3.9 Receive message¶

204

7.3.10 Get Info¶

205

7.3.11 Close port, message or sendreference¶

207

7.3.12 Get Version¶

209

7.4 Brief introduction to tables in NUCLEUS kernel¶

210

7.4.1 NUCLEUS call sequence - an example¶

213

8 PLANC Programming example¶

219

9 Error handling in NUCLEUS¶

227

9.1 NUCLEUS start up (system booting)¶

227

9.2 NUCLEUS fatal errors¶

227

9.3 NUCLEUS nonfatal errors¶

229

9.4 Power failure handling¶

229

9.5 Verifications tests during start up¶

230

9.6 NUCLEUS verification program¶

230

9.7 Debugging and tracing of NUCLEUS¶

233

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NUCLEUS Monitor¶

10.1 Installation of NUCLEUS Monitor¶

235

10.2 The command system¶

236

10.3 NUCLEUS monitor commands¶

237

10.3.1 NUCLEUS monitor - common commands¶

Command	Page
Exit	237
Main-format	237
Get-port-name	238
Help	238
List-messages	238
List-names	239
List-ports	239
Verify	240

10.3.2 NUCLEUS Monitor - high-level commands¶

Command	Page
Advanced-mode	240
Close	240
Create-message	241
Create-name	241
Create-port	241
Fill-data-buffer	242
Open-port	242
Print-data-buffer	242
Receive-message	243
Read-message	243
Send-message	243
Write-message	243

10.3.3 NUCLEUS Monitor - low-level commands¶

Command	Page
Connect-file	244
Display-descriptor	244
Display-kicklist	244
Display-masterblock	245
Display-messages	246
Display-port	246
Dump-kernel	246
Extra-formats	247
Force-display	247
Get-Nucleus-memory	247
List-trace	248
List-quota	248
Look-at	248
Set-trace	248

Page 13¶

Table of Appendices¶

Appendix	Title	Page
A	Image files	249
B	DOMINO selftests	251
C	Error and status codes	261
	Index	273

Page 14¶

List of Figures¶

DOMINO hardware components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
DOMINO SW components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
DOMINO Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
DOMINO controllers in the MF-bus crate . . . . . . . . . 15
Event reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
SERVER path to DOMINO controller . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
ASYL path to DOMINO controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
SERVER path using MAILBOX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
PLANC-MC ordinary stack frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
PLANC-MC native stack frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Structure of a DOMINOS configuration program . . . . . 107
DOMINOS configuration. USER ADDRESS PART . . . . . . . 109
DOMINOS configuration. EXTENSION PART . . . . . . . . . 111
DOMINOS configuration. PROCESS PART . . . . . . . . . . 111
DOMINOS configuration. ROUTINE LIST . . . . . . . . . . 111
DOMINOS configuration. LOAD LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
DOMINOS configuration. INSERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
DOMINOS configuration. SKIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Round-robin scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
DOMINOS relative memory layout . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
DOMINO memory protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Processes communicating via NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . 173
Tables in NUCLEUS kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Record layout for a message in descriptor table . . . 210
Record layout for a homeport in descriptor table . . . 211
Record layout for a sendref in descriptor table . . . . 212
Message buffer layout in bufferarea . . . . . . . . . . 212
Creating ports and names in NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . 213
Create message and open port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Write a message into the message buffer . . . . . . . 215
Send a message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Receive a message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Read a message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Pointers in descriptor table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Error in NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
NUCLEUS verification program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
NUCLEUS verification program - screen picture . . . . 231
Image file header versus image area . . . . . . . . . . 250

Page 15¶

List of Tables¶

No.	Description	Page
1.	DOMINO module names	14
2.	PIOC-compatible memory protection	96
3.	Memory protection not allowed	96
4.	DOMINOS error codes	119
5.	Function numbers and names in NUCLEUS calls	185
6.	NUCLEUS status/error codes	187
7.	NUCLEUS calls and error/status codes	188
8.	PROMAN (Processor Manager) error codes	263
9.	DOMINOS, DOMINO Operating System errors	265
10.	DOMINO Services (HW-LIB/OPCOM) error code	266
11.	DOMINO Services (BOPCOM) error codes	267
12.	NUCLEUS operation error/status codes	272

Page 16¶

Appendix Table of Contents¶

Appendix	Title	Page No.
A	The System Network Architecture: Concepts and Objectives	559
B	Character Code Tables	573
C	Glossary of Terminology	577
D	Bibliography of System/370 Principles	587
E	Summary of Instructions -- Table of Instructions by Function	593
F	Summary of Instructions -- Opcode Tables of Instructions	599
G	Index	615

Page 17¶

Chapter 1 Introduction¶

DOMINO
The basic idea of DOMINO is to have a range of powerful IO-controllers able to support the IO-needs for the ND-5000 CPUs. DOMINO introduces new hardware and software architecture for this purpose. DOMINO contains a standard environment for DOMINO IO-controllers, which make development easier for new applications.

Hardware
The manual deals with DOMINO, as seen from a software point of view. Only a short overview is given of the hardware architecture. (See the manual "DOMINO Standard Hardware" (ND-814001)).

The DOMINO controllers are connected to the common MFbus (Multi Function) memory. Each controller is able to transfer data to and from this memory (Direct Memory Access), which is the main data path. The MFbus, and all CPUs attached, support semaphore cycles to allow for process synchronizing. The MFbus has 32-bits data and address buses.

OCTOBUS
The OCTOBUS is a serial bus intended for sending short messages. It is mainly used for process synchronization. During initialization it passes configuration parameters. The DOMINO Monitor uses it as a communication path through the BOPCOM server.

MFbus
The MFbus Controller initializes the DOMINO controllers at power-up. OCTOBUS parameters and address space for the DOMINO controller in the MFbus memory are set. The very first time, this must be done by ND System Integration staff or ND service/support staff running the MFbus Controller Maintenance program.

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Chapter 1 Introduction¶

DOMINO controller¶

The DOMINO controller supports dedicated IO-processes (applications) to run within a common environment. Device-dependent hardware and software are added for each DOMINO-based development project.

Local memory¶

A Controller can have from 1/2 to 8 MB of local memory. There is a parity bit for each byte in the 32-bit word.

Memory protection¶

Memory protection is needed in the software architecture where many tasks run concurrently. The protection system in hardware supports such needs. A bus error is generated if attempting to refer an address with wrong privileges.

Timers¶

The MFP (Multi Function Peripheral) has four timers. One of them is used for generating clock interrupts. The MFP has also the USART for the terminal interface.

Debugging tools¶

Some parts of the controller are present to ease developing and maintenance.

Breakpoint¶

A breakpoint can be defined for each memory location. This ensures fast program execution even when running with a debugger, as checking for breakpoints is handled by hardware. Local CPU processing power is not used for breakpoints.

Trace connectors¶

The bus signals are available on trace connectors. A logic analyzer can be attached to the target via these.

RS232 part¶

An RS232 C terminal interface allows for attaching a terminal directly to the controller.

Page 19¶

Chapter 1 Introduction¶

inside host computer
OCTOBUS controller / MFbus adapter
MC-68020
local RAM
OPCOM PROM
device PROM
memory protect
USART / timers
Terminal and trace interface
Operator terminal

Figure 1. DOMINO hardware components

DOMINOS and DOMINO monitor¶

The dedicated applications handling I/O inside the DOMINO controller are run under the control of DOMINOS. DOMINOS is an operating system kernel common to all DOMINO controllers. Several applications may run concurrently as separate processes.

The DOMINO Monitor is an ordinary SINTRAN user-program, which is used for down-loading and debugging of applications in the DOMINO controllers.

Both stand-alone applications and applications controlled by DOMINOS can be run. DOMINOS and its application processes are loaded at the same time into one domain. Code (for new processes) cannot be added to the DOMINO controller while it is running.

Page 20¶

Chapter 1 Introduction¶

USER
   |
   | ND-500
   |
┌───────────────┐
| DOMINO Monitor|
| ------------- |
|  Super kernel |
└───────────────┘
   |
   | XMSG
   |
┌───────────────┐
|               |
|  BOPCOM server|
| (RT-program)  |
| ------------- | Ring 2
|      MPIT     | ---------
|      MPIT     |
└───────────────┘
   |
   | OCTOBUS
   |
┌───────────────┐
|               |
|    DOMINO     |
|               |
|  DOMINO OPCOM |
└───────────────┘

Figure 2. DOMINO SW components

DOMINO communication¶

The DOMINO Monitor communicates with the PROM-based OPCOM module in the controller (OPCOM means DOMINO OPerator COMmunication). It contains interrupt drivers for OCTOBUS and its local terminal interface. There is also code for performing hardware-related tests and code for execution of the commands via the DOMINO Monitor.

Page 21¶

Chapter 1 Introduction¶

Several commands for debugging and maintenance are available in the DOMINO Monitor. OPCOM is mainly invisible for the programmer.

Debugging may continue even after an application has crashed, as the firmware code remains intact. The DOMINO Monitor contains hardware-related debugging commands, while the integrated DOMINO Debugger operates on source level.

The DOMINO Monitor may communicate with DOMINO OPCOM in three different ways:

ASYL - ASYnchronous Line (terminal interface). Communication from terminal line on ND-100 to terminal line on DOMINO.

SERVER - BOPCOM server. This is by far the most used way of communication. Both ND-100 and the DOMINO controller need an OCTOBUS station.

MICE - Micro-In-Circuit Emulator replacing the MC68xxx processor. This is mainly used for debugging during hardware development of the controller.

Mailbox¶

A mailbox may be used in addition to terminal line and the server. The mailbox consists of a fixed part of physical MFbus memory (MPM). It must be accessible from both the DOMINO Monitor and the DOMINO controller. The data transfer becomes faster when using mailbox instead of serial transmission (terminal line and OCTOBUS).

Page 22¶

Chapter 1 Introduction¶

NUCLEUS¶

NUCLEUS is a library for fast message passing.

NUCLEUS use¶

NUCLEUS is intended to be used only for all Norsk Data System applications requiring fast and reliable message passing between processes within one computer. The processes may for instance be one server with several clients. NUCLEUS cannot be used for communication between computers.

All processes communicating via NUCLEUS have to be within the same computer. By computer is meant one or several main CPUs and DOMINO controllers with access to the same physical memory and OCTOBUS.

NUCLEUS Kernel¶

NUCLEUS data structure reside in shared memory (MPM), operated upon by specific rules. Parts of physical memory are reserved for the data structure used by NUCLEUS.

NUCLEUS library¶

The services provided by NUCLEUS are independent of the CPU and operating system where the process is running.

NUCLEUS monitor¶

The NUCLEUS Monitor is a tool for inspection of tables and queues in NUCLEUS kernel.

Page 23¶

Chapter 1 Introduction¶

Communication Concepts¶

Communication between processes in NUCLEUS is based on ports and messages. Their descriptions reside in physical memory shared between the CPUs. (The NUCLEUS kernel)

Term	Description
Port	A port is an address (reference), where you can contact others, and vice versa. Ports may have a name. A port contains among other things an identification of the port owner and a pointer to received messages. Messages can be linked to a port, where they are queued in the same sequence as they arrive.
Message	A message is a physical buffer, which is sent (linked) between ports. A message consists of a physical buffer for data and a header containing for example a buffer descriptor and link to other messages.

Page 24¶

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Page 25¶

Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.1 DOMINO Overview¶

![DOMINO Overview Diagram]

Figure 3. DOMINO Overview

Page 26¶

Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

PROMAN¶

The Processor Management server (PROMAN) is a system server running on ND-100. (See also page 21). The server is started immediately after system start and is responsible for:

Automatic booting of DOMINO-controllers at restart/power up

When the system is running, the server provides the following services:

Reboot DOMINO with default software on request
Reboot DOMINO with given software on request
Give DOMINO configuration data on request
Terminate DOMINO-controllers on request
Power-fail handling of DOMINO-controllers

Requests to PROMAN are sent by NUCLEUS. These requests are described in the section "Interface to configuration data and boot functions".

PROMAN Error Codes¶

Error codes returned from PROMAN, are found in Appendix C. See page 261-263.

Page 27¶

Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.2 Configuration¶

Configuration in this context, is information given to the system about the kind of hardware (DOMINO controllers) that has been installed, and about the software that can be run on it.

The DOMINO hardware consists of cards that fit into the MF-bus crate. They are recognised by the MF-bus controller. It is possible to attach a console to the MF-bus controller for configuration and maintenance purposes. The hardware part of the configuration is described in the manual "MPM-5 Technical Description" (ND-810004.01).

A minor change is made to the configuration procedure to allow for software configuration. This is the normal way of telling the system which software to run on the controllers. This method is described under "automatic configuration". The other way, done by means of a configuration file, is described under "manual configuration".

2.2.1 Automatic configuration¶

This is the normal way that the operating system is told which software to place onto the controllers.

The software for a controller is contained in an image file. See page 16.

As a general rule, a DOMINO-controller is downloaded with a predefined image according to Module Number. This is a hardwired number on each card fetched by the MF-bus controller, (module/model number). See table on page 14.

Page 28¶

Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

However, as there will be a need for different software to execute in several DOMINOS of the same type in the same system, changes have been made in the configuration procedure of the MF-bus controller. (MF-bus controller software version E00 or later, contained in 4 EPROMS, is prerequisite for DOMINO Operation).

This procedure is used during system integration to suit the customers needs. The configuration may also be changed by qualified service personal on-site by means of the MF-bus controller console. The software configuration is placed by the MF-bus software into the EEPROM in the back-wiring of the MF-bus.

An additional parameter may be entered during the normal hardware configuration of a DOMINO card on the MF-bus controller console. (the parameter is asked for, but is not mandatory). It is called "Basic Software Identification", and consists of a string of up to four characters, specifying the image to be downloaded.

An additional question is asked:

| Basic Software Module identifier (4 characters): |

All alphanumeric characters are permitted. More than 4 characters are ignored, missing characters are assumed blank. Default value is all blank (SPACE or NUL). The four byte string is saved among with the hardware parameters in the backwiring-EEPROM.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

The image name is then constructed as follows:

<product id> - <hardware id> - <basic software id> : IMAG

Identifier	Description
`<product id>`	Standard part to identify product relationship, the product here being the Processor Manager-server, PROMAN, which has the product prefix PMA
`<hardware id>`	Identifier for h/w module number (4 chars). This identifier is looked up by the PROMAN program as a function of the hardware module number, see table 1 on page 14.
`<basic software id>`	Software type identifier (max 4 chars). Necessary when more than one type of product runs on processors with the same module number. Examples are TCP/IP, COSMOS and SIBAS-communication, all running on Ethernet-III. This field is NOT intended to take care of version control.

If Basic Software Identifier is omitted, the image file name will be:

<product id>-<hardware id>:imag

Examples¶

PMA-GRAPH:IMAG      % default image name for graphical controller.
PMA-ETH3-TCPI:IMAG  % for communication TCP/IP
PMA-ETH3-COSM:IMAG  % for communication COSMOS
PMA-ETH3-SIBR:IMAG  % for SIBAS
PMA-SCSI-BDIO:IMAG  % for BDIO etc.

Standard part for images
Defined at configuration (Basic Software Id)
Given by Module Number (see table)
Standard part, prefix for PROMAN = PMA

Page 30¶

Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

User-area¶

The PMA-files are stored on the user-area of user UTILITY.

Module Number	Hardware-id	Type of module
5B	VMEI	VME-bus interface
20B	IPI3	IPI level III controller
21B	SCSI	SMDE controller (SCSI)
22B	ETH3	Ethernet III
23B	FPS5	FPS-5000 controller
24B	TERM	Terminal controller
25B	GRAP	Graphic controller
26B	MFCC	Multi function comms controller
27B	VMEC	VME-bus controller
30B	DMAC	MF-DMA controller

Table 1. DOMINO module names

DOMINO modules, not mentioned in the table above, with Module Number in the range 5 to 76(octal), will get their hardware identifier as shown in the table below:

Module Number	Hardware-id
6B	006B
7B	007B
.	.
.	.
.	.
75B	075B
76B	076B

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.2.2 Manual configuration¶

It is possible to override the automatic configuration by using a configuration file.

Configuration file¶

The file must be named PMA-CONFIG:SYMB and placed under user SYSTEM. Configuration is not intended to be done this way under normal circumstances, but is for testing, debugging and exception cases.

An example of a configuration file is shown below:

12 (UTILITY)PMA-ETH3-TEST
13 (SYSTEM)TEST-DOMINO

Image file name to be downloaded. Default user is RT, and default file type is :IMAG.
OCTOBUS Station number to DOMINO controller (MUST be octal).

OCTOBUS Station number (=Configured number)
20

Terminal (For configuration purposes)	MF-bus
Controller

Slot number (Physical no. in crate)

1 2 3

Figure 3. DOMINO controllers in the MF-bus crate.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.3 Image files¶

Image files are used because they occupy less space on the disk, and are faster to place than domains.

Image file description

An image-file is the program and data to be placed into a DOMINO-controller, called Basic Software Module. The file has a one-page header containing execution start address, bitmap and other information describing the image both in size and layout, (see figure in Appendix A, on page 250). The rest of the file, from page one onward, is the initial content of the DOMINO's memory. Address zero in DOMINO physical memory corresponds to the start of page one on the image-file. The image area is very often scattered, thus the file is likely to contain "holes". The image is created by the tool "PMA-CRE-IMAGE". It takes a standard MC68xxx domain and converts it into an image file (:IMAG).

More information

In Appendix A, page 249-250, you will find a more thorough description of the image file.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.4 Use of LEDs on DOMINO controllers¶

Each DOMINO controller has at least three LED (light emitting diode) in three different colors:

Yellow¶

The yellow LED is by hardware connected to the MC68K processor such that it indicates whether it is running or idle (waiting inside the STOP instruction).

Green¶

This LED indicates from release C of DOMINO OPCOM and DOMINOS, whether the application is running or not. It is lit just before the first process is started by DOMINOS and switched off when the application terminates or aborts or when DOMINO aborts. Possible user defined process management extension callable on process begin, are executed before the LED is switched on.

Red¶

The red LED is used to indicate error situations. There exist several situations when a DOMINO controller is unable to communicate via OCTOBUS. In such a situation, the controller will hang. The red LED is used to display at least some information about the reason of the fault. Different flashing patterns are used, and are interpreted as described below:

LED Status	Description
The LED is off all the time	Everything seems to be OK.
The LED is on all the time	This means that the selftest after reset has found some fault. The controller may be used if the hardware can be avoided. (For instance the protection system).

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

Fast regular flashing: OPCOM receives a NAK when suspecting an ACK. ON-time = OFF-time ≈ 0.5 sec. Timing for the following patterns are corresponding to this.

Pattern Descriptions¶

Pattern	Description
	Regular flashing long OFF/short ON: Something unusable received from OCTOBUS.
	Two short ON/one long OFF: Error returned when connecting to OMD.
	Three short ON/one long OFF: MPROTSET returns error when initially setting up memory protection.
	One long ON/two short ON: The host switch stack is empty; nobody to send to.
	Three short ON/one long ON: OCTOBUS driver interface called with invalid function code.
	Four short ON/one long ON: OCTOBUS driver returns error when connecting to emergency message 177B or 176B.
	Seven short ON/one long ON: The path to be used is unknown in OPCOM.
	Regular very slow flashing: Error returned from OCTOBUS driver when sending.
	Regular flashing long ON/short OFF: Overflow on the host switch stack.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.5 DOMINO selftests¶

After power up, MCL and before booting, all DOMINO controllers perform a set of selftests to verify the hardware. These selftests are divided into two main groups:

Preboot tests
Postboot tests

The preboot tests runs in EPROM, and verifies all necessary hardware to be able to boot and run in DRAM (DOMINO Local Memory). The postboot tests consists of two parts:

Standard postboot tests
Device dependant postboot tests

The 'Standard postboot tests' is executed on all DOMINO controllers and test all the standard hardware parts such as MFP, interrupt system, protect system, BADAP, OBCON, etc. The 'Device dependant postboot tests' are tests specific for each type of DOMINO controllers, and tests all the special hardware functions of the different controllers.

All standard tests (Preboot tests and Standard postboot tests) is located in the DOMINO OPCOM prom, while the device tests are located in the device prom.

More information
In Appendix B you will find a detailed description of the selftests. I.e.:
● Test numbers
● Selftest reporting to test connector
● How to use a TDF
● Exception handling in selftests
● Description and names of preboot and postboot tests

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.6 DOMINO reset. Algorithm¶

Step	Description
1	RESET
2	NON-Destroying (applies to memory) so-called "preboot test"
3	Power fail recovery?
	Yes: Enter "WAITCONT" state. Wait for DOMINO OPCOM-command. WAITCONT: see page 98
	No: Post boot tests
4	Initialize controller HW and OPCOM structures
5	Enter "aborted" state
6	Wait for DOMINO OPCOM command

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.6.1 PROMAN SERVER. Algorithm¶

Check for right configuration (ND-5000)
Setup ERS-log file
Setup lamu-buffers
Initialize time-queue
Initialize internal data structures
Initialize octobus and nucleus communication
Start threads for ERS-gateway and service interface
Get configuration..
- find all MF-bus controllers (one for each card-crate)
- DO FOR each MF-bus-controller
- get crate-configuration (investigate-bank)
- DO FOR each DOMINO-Controller in crate
- get and save config data (list-configuration)
- ENDDO
- ENDDO
- get configuration from config-file (pma-config)
- redefine configuration for those found on file
Start boot-thread for each DOMINO-Controller

DO WHILE FOREVER
get head of time queue
wait for event
IF event = timeout THEN
find tread associated with timeout event occurred
start tread
ELSE % Communication receive event
IF powerfail-event THEN
handle powerfail
ELSE
DO WHILE something received
case receive type
incase OCTOBUS
find thread associated with station number
incase NUCLEUS-Service-port
find service thread
Incase NUCLEUS-ERS-gateway-port
find ers-gateway thread
ELSE
report unexpected event
ENDCASE
IF legal thread THEN
collect event information
start thread associated with receive event
ENDIF
ENDDO
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDDO

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2.6.2 Booting of DOMINO Algorithm¶

Perform hard reset of DOMINO
Open image file
Get and save boot time
Perform echotest (EchoTest)
Get DOMINO-ident (IdentY), report selftest status
Perform stop (Stop)
DO
- Get block from image
WHILE blocks left in image
- Fix block in buffer
- Set mailbox pointer in DOMINO (SetBxP)
- Download block from buffer to DOMINO local memory (BxDoLd)
- Unfix block in buffer
ENDDO
CLOSE image file
Get image execution start address
put start address in DOMINO's program counter (RegMod)
Start DOMINO (Go-On)
Report DOMINO started
DO
- Start watchdog timer and wait
- Perform watchdog check
ENDDO

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.7 Event reporting and event log¶

ERS-reports from the DOMINO operations software are logged on a ring-file on the system disk. These reports have three different origins:

Reports from the Processor Manager itself.

Reports sent from OPCOM in DOMINO (sent via OCTOBUS to PROMAN). These reports are normally fatal-errors from low-level functions in DOMINO such as bus-error and unexpected traps and interrupts.

Reports from application software running in the DOMINO (sent via NUCLEUS to PROMAN, using the "PMAreport" call.)

The ring-file buffer always contains the last ERS-messages sent by the system, and may be recalled with the "PMA-DUMP-LOG" program.

Applications in DOMINO may report standard ERS events to the Watchdog in Sintran (ERS3WD). This is done by using the routine "PMAreport" included in DOMINO Programmers Kit. (ND number: 250297).

ROUTINE VOID, VOID
( INTEGER2,
BYTES POINTER)
: PMAreport
& SEC (Standard Error Code)
& EventData(User parameter part & of standard event report)

The routine will provide the interface to NUCLEUS, and send the report to the ERS-gateway server (part of PROMAN), which in turn will send the message to the Watchdog.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

Event Reporting¶


	ERROR		PMA-dump-log
	device		program

	S3WatchDog		Inspect
			ERS-msg

	PROMAN
	Event msg
	gateway	OCTOBUS
	server		DOMINO
			controller
---------	-------------------------------	--------------	-------------------------
NUCLEUS	"PMAreport"
		OPCOM
		DOMINOS

		PIRfatal
---------	-------------------------------	--------------	-------------------------
	ERS	DOMINO
	LIB	application
		software

Figure 4. Event reporting

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.7.1 How to operate the event log file¶

The operation of the event log file (ring-file) is fully automatic. The PROMAN server will create it if it does not exist. The file may be deleted to empty the contents, or it may be recreated with new size to suit. Default size is 5 pages, which is enough to store a few hundred ERS-reports. The file must be at least two pages in size, and it must be contiguous. The file resides under user SYSTEM with the name PMA-ERS-BUFFER:DATA.

NOTE!
The file must not be deleted or tampered with when the PROMAN server is active. If you wish to change the size or delete it, please do this before the server is started, or immediately before restarting the system. If the server is unable to log to the ring file, a message will report this to the system error console.

Page 42¶

2.7.2 How to investigate the Event Log¶

To investigate the Event Log, simply use the program PMA-DUMP-LOG:PROG supplied in the DOMINO Maintenance Kit (ND no. 211322). Start the program under user SYSTEM and give a file name on which to dump the like this:

PROCEDURE:¶

@PMA-DUMP-LOG        % call the program
Output file: "MY-LOG"% give dump file name
Bye!
@PED MY-LOG:SYMB     % investigate the file in an editor

OR:¶

@PMA-DUMP-LOG "MY-LOG"

Bye!
@PED MY-LOG

The format dumped on the file "MY-LOG" is the same as the Watchdog server (ERS3WD) presents on the error device.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.7.3 How to use the event log¶

The PMAreport-routine is supplied as a :NRF file. The routine must be imported into a module where it is used as follows:

| IMPORT (ROUTINE VOID,VOID(INTEGER2,BYTES POINTER): PMAreport) |

The file "PMA-ERS:NRF" must be included in the load session.

For details about ERS in general, see SINTRAN III Release information, L-version. (ND-860230)

Page 44¶

2.8 PROMAN Service port¶

The server will have a NUCLEUS service port (system port) accepting requests from other system servers.

Port name
The name of the port is PMAservicePort.

Several requests may be sent to the server using NUCLEUS messages. The server will acknowledge requests. Some requests may return data. The user is responsible for providing a large enough message for return of data.

| NOTE | Acknowledgements and return data will always be sent back to the request-message's home port. |

2.9 PMA-Monitor¶

The PMA-Monitor provides an interactive command interface to the service port functions in the Processor Manager (PROMAN). The monitor is supplied in DOMINO Maintenance Kit (ND-211311), as a :PROG file (PMA-MONITOR:PROG).

The monitor is started by means of the command:

@PMA-MONITORJ

The PMA-Monitor prompts with PMA: whenever it is ready to accept a command.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.9.1 Commands in PMA-Monitor¶

The following commands are direct implementations of the service port's corresponding functions. The messages "Request acknowledged" and "Request not acknowledged" are printed as a consequence of ACK or NAK from the Processor Manager.

See also the section "Interface to configuration data and boot functions". Page 34-38.

LIST-CONFIGURATION¶

Purpose
Display statistics for all the Domino controllers in a system, eg:

PMA: LIST-CONFIGURATION
SLOT 11 : Crate id 3 Octobus station 13B ---> SCSI CONTROLLER
  Module 21B Model 0B Print A Eco B
  Image file: "(UTILITY)PMA-SCSI-BDIO"
  Boot status: Domino started
  Boot time: 1988-08-28 21:09:22

SLOT 10 : Crate id 3 Octobus station 12B ---> ETHERNET III CONTROLLER
  Module 22B Model 0B Print D Eco D
  Image file: "(UTILITY)PMA-ETH3-TCP!"
  Boot status: Domino started
  Boot time: 1988-08-28 21:09:22
PMA:

The output from the LIST-CONFIGURATION command is explained on the following pages.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

In this example, Two DOMINO controllers are present in the system.

|---------------------|-------------------|
|                     |                   |
|     MF-bus Crate    |                   |
|---------------------|-------------------|
  Slot 1     Slot 10      Slot 11   Slot 26

Description of output from the LIST-CONFIGURATION command:

SLOT¶

The slot location in a card crate where the DOMINO is installed.

Crate id¶

DOMINO controllers reside in a card crate (card bank). Crate id is a unique identifier of the card crate's position. If your system has just one MF-bus crate, you may ignore this parameter. If there are more than one MF-bus bank, it is useful to know that the Crate id is actually the station number of the MF-bus controller in the Crate/Bank in question.

OCTOBUS station¶

The OCTOBUS station number to the DOMINO controller.

Module¶

Hardware Module Number tells what kind of card (type of DOMINO in this context) is present in the slot. This is the origin for determining the hardware identifier in the image name, (see section about Automatic configuration, page 11).

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

Model¶

Hardware model number.

Print/Eco¶

Engineering Change Order level is an official code for the status of hardware modifications performed on the card.

Image file¶

The image file name currently used (Basic Software Module). Normally this file name is the default one, or from the configuration file (PMA-CONFIG). It may also be the image name given in a RECOVER or LOAD command.

Boot status¶

Tells the status of a DOMINO controller as the Processor Manager (PROMAN) sees it. These states may be one of the following:

STATE	MEANING
Undefined state	No operation yet performed
Booting	Initial booting in progress
Rebooting	Rebooting in progress
Domino started	Program in Domino controller started
Error received from Opcom	Fatal error occurred in DOMINO
Booting aborted	Booting, rebooting or load aborted due to error in load
Terminated	Domino controller terminated due to request
Image placed	Image place performed

Boot time¶

The time and date when the last boot, reboot or load started.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

REBOOT-DOMINO¶

Purpose
Reloads and starts the controller using the default image, or the one given in the configuration file (PMA-CONFIG:SYMB).

Parameter
<station number> = OCTOBUS station number to DOMINO controller (default octal)

The request is acknowledged if the station number is known by the system ie. the controller is configurated.

RECOVER-DOMINO¶

Purpose
Reloads and starts the controller using the given image.

Parameters
| Parameter | Description | |-----------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | <station number> | OCTOBUS station number to DOMINO controller (default octal) | | <image file> | Name of image file, default file-type is :IMAG, default user is RT |

The request is acknowledged if the station number is known by the system ie. the controller is configurated. The syntax of the filename and the presence of the file is not checked at this point.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

TERMINATE-DOMINO¶

Purpose¶

To stop the DOMINO controller.

Parameters¶

<station number> = OCTOBUS station number to DOMINO controller (default octal)

The following functions are performed, in listed sequence:

Opcom stop
Nucleus close on behalf of controller, (releases all Nucleus resources held by controller).
Hard reset (selftests starts)

LOAD-DOMINO¶

Purpose¶

Reloads and starts the given controller using the given image. (Same as RECOVER-DOMINO command, except that the final GO command is not issued).

Parameters¶

<station number> = OCTOBUS station number to DOMINO controller (default octal)

<image file> = Name of image file, default file-type is :IMAG, default user is RT

The image will be placed ready to run in the controller. Boot status in LIST-CONFIGURATION (page 31) will take value Image placed when the function has been performed.

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

2.10 Interface to configuration data and boot functions¶

See also the PMA-MONITOR on page 28. A type-definition may be found on the file:

PMA-SERVICE-COM:DEFS

The command specifications are given below:

LIST CONFIGURATION¶

Request	TYPE tConfigRequest = RECORD PACK
	BYTE: PMcommand % = 1 for config request
	ENDRECORD
	![table-line]
	Size: 1 byte

Response	TYPE tConfigEntry = RECORD PACK
	BYTE: BankIndex, SlotIndex % range = 2..7 % and 1..26
	INTEGER2: ModuleModel % (see MF-bus controller % documentation)
	INTEGER2: OctStation % OCTOBUS station number
	INTEGER2: BootStatus % (see below)
	INTEGER2: CEecoLevel % Module's ECO-level % (0 if undefined)
	BYTES: ImFileN(0:61) % Image file name
	INTEGER2 ARRAY: BootTime(0:6) % Time of last boot
	ENDRECORD
	TYPE tConfigResponse = RECORD PACK
	BYTE: PMCRmessack, NoOfDOMINOes
	tConfigEntry ARRAY: ConfigEntry(0:15)
	ENDRECORD

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

0=ack / 377B=nak

messack	NoOf (0..16)
Bank (2..7)	Slot (1..26)

Bit 10:5 Module no.
Bit 4 (always 1)
Bit 3:0 Model no.

REPEATED
Module/Model
OCTO STATION
Bootstatus
ECO-LEVEL
IMAGE FILE NAME (62 bytes)

16 TIMES	BOOT	TIME
Second	B
Minute	O
Hour	O	T
Day	T	I
Month		M
Year		E

Size: 2 + NoOfDOMINOes * 86 bytes.

Page 52¶

BootStatus¶

Bootstatus is an enumeration value telling the status of a controller, these are:

Code	Status	Description
0	pmUndef	Found in configuration, no action yet performed
1	pmBooting	Initial booting in progress
2	pmRebooting	Reboot in progress due to request
3	pmStarted	Controller has been started after boot/reboot
4	pmError	An error has been received from Opcom after start
5	pmAborted	Boot or reboot aborted due to error
6	pmTerminated	Controller has been terminated due to request

REBOOT¶

Request¶

TYPE tReBootRequest = RECORD PACK
BYTE: PMcommand % = 2 for reboot request
INTEGER2: ReBootStation
ENDRECORD

Field	Description
2	Reboot station number

Size: 3 bytes

The parameter is the OCTOBUS station number of the DOMINO card you wish to reboot.

Response¶

TYPE tReBootResponse = RECORD PACK
BYTE: PMRBRmessack ENDRECORD

Field	Description
messack	0=ack / 377B=nak

Size: 1 byte

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Chapter 2 DOMINO Operation¶

NOTE¶

An acknowledgement here means that the controller is found in the configuration, and that a reboot is in progress. It is not an acknowledgement that a reboot has performed satisfactorily. One way confirming this is by polling the list-configuration function and watching the "BootStatus" field. A better way is to put this in the design on a higher level by sending acknowledgement from the DOMINO software when it wakes up in the controller.

RECOVER¶

Request¶

TYPE tRecRequest = RECORD PACK
  BYTE: PMcommand %= 3 for recover request
  INTEGER2: RecStation
  BYTES: RecImageName(0:61)
ENDRECORD

3
Recover station number
Image file name (62 bytes)

Size: 65 bytes

Response¶

TYPE tRecResponse = RECORD PACK
  BYTE: PMRECmessack ENDRECORD

messack	0=ack / 377B=nak

Size: 1 byte

NOTE¶

See note for Reboot.

Page 54¶

TERMINATE¶

Request¶

TYPE tTermRequest = RECORD PACK
BYTE: PMcommand % = 4 for terminate request
INTEGER2: TERMstation
ENDRECORD

+---+
| 4 |
+---+
| Terminate station number |
+--------------------------+
Size: 3 bytes

Response¶

TYPE tReTermResponse = RECORD PACK
BYTE: PMTERMmessack
ENDRECORD

+----------+----------+
| messack  | 0=ack    |
|          | 377B=nak |
+----------+----------+
Size: 1 byte

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

This chapter describes the commands in the DOMINO Monitor. The purpose of the DOMINO Monitor is to debug and maintain DOMINO IO-controllers. The program supervises the DOMINO controller through the OPCOM module inside the target, or via an inter-circuit emulator (MICE-II).

The descriptions of the commands are grouped into sections according to function.

Starting¶

The DOMINO Monitor is a program that can be run in the ND-500/5000 computers. It can be started as follows:

@ND-500-MONITOR DOMINO-MONITOR
DOMINO-MONITOR Version C of: <Month Day>, <Year>
   Entered: <Month Day>, <Year>. Time: <Ho:Min>

DM: HELP
Command: //

......

DM: EXIT
DOMINO-MONITOR session terminated at:
   <Month Day>, <Year>. Time

Prompt¶

The DOMINO Monitor prompts with DM: whenever it is ready to accept a command.

Notation¶

When describing the commands available in the DOMINO Monitor, the following rules apply:

All parameter names are enclosed in < > brackets.

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

If a parameter that is asked for has a default value, the default value is enclosed within slashes //

The names of optional parameters are enclosed in () brackets.

If more than one value must be specified, the right bracket is followed by three dots, as in ...

Command entering	ESCape	@	&	Radix
All commands, domains and file names may be abbreviated as long as they are unambiguous. The abbreviation rules are as for SINTRAN. The full range of SINTRAN editing characters is available. The DOMINO Monitor will prompt for missing default parameters.	A Command and parameter collection can be aborted by pressing ESCape. The user returns to the command level in the Monitor. Command execution may also be interrupted in this way. Special NOTIS keys generating ESCape characters are therefore also harmless to the program.	If the first character of a command line is @, the rest of the line is taken to be a SINTRAN command. The command is checked before being sent to SINTRAN. This safeguards against starting another program unintentionally and thus causing automatic termination of the Monitor.	The character & means that the input line is continued on the next line.	Numeric arguments may be given in octal, decimal or hexadecimal format. The default radix is octal, but it may be changed by use of the MAIN-FORMAT command. A trailing B (octal) D (decimal) or H (hexadecimal) may override the current format except if it is hexadecimal. Hexadecimal numbers must start with a digit.

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

3.1 Miscellaneous commands¶

This command group is general in the sense that it is not related to any function of the DOMINO controller. Some of these commands affect the program environment.

3.1.1 EXIT¶

| Purpose | Terminates the execution of the DOMINO Monitor. Note that EXIT cannot be used within a macro. This command is used for releasing reserved resources (for example the DOMINO controller). All breakpoints - if any - are released, and if possible the control is given back to the Processor Manager. |

3.1.2 HELP¶

HELP <Command>

Purpose	All commands matching `<Command>` will be written together with their parameters to the output file.
Command	Any command abbreviation, ambiguous or nonambiguous. Default is all commands.
Parameters	Note that HELP may also be used for some parameters to obtain a list of legal choices.

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

3.1.3 SET-ABORT-BATCH-ON-ERROR¶

SET-ABORT-BATCH-ON-ERROR <ON/OFF: /ON/ >

Purpose
When the DOMINO Monitor is invoked from a batch job, it usually does not make sense to continue after an error has occurred. The Monitor therefore, by default, aborts the batch job in error situations. This command is used for changing this condition. Non-critical sequences in a batch job can ignore the error conditions by using this command.

ON/OFF
- ON: the batch job should be aborted after any error.
- OFF: only the current command should be ignored after error. Error messages are still output to the batch output file. This is similar to interactive execution mode.

3.1.4 CC¶

CC <any text string>

Purpose
This command is for writing comments in a batch or mode job. It does not affect the DOMINO Monitor.

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

3.1.5 COMPUTE¶

COMPUTE

Purpose¶

Evaluate and display the value of a simple arithmetic expression. The result is displayed in octal, decimal and hexadecimal format. Negative numbers are shown as two's complement for the octal and hexadecimal format.

Operations available are addition (lowest priority), subtraction, multiplication and division (highest priority). Parentheses may be used to force parts of the expression to be evaluated out of the normal priority sequence. There are no practical limitations to the number of nesting levels allowed. Unary plus and minus, real numbers and exponents are not implemented.

Example
DM: COMPUTE 1+2-34/(5+6-78D/9D)
1B 1 1H

Page 60¶

3.1.6 NEW-USER-CONTEXT¶

Purpose
Changes the current SINTRAN user-area without losing any context within the DOMINO Monitor. This is particularly useful for getting necessary access to files on several user-areas. The command is for security reasons restricted to users who originally have been logged in as user SYSTEM.

User
The name of the new SINTRAN user-area.

Example
DM: NEW-USER-CONTEXT DOMAINS-500
Now entered as user: DOMAINS-500

3.1.7 OUTPUT-FILE¶

OUTPUT-FILE <File name> /TERMINAL/ >

Purpose
This command is used for directing the information stream from the DOMINO Monitor to a file. Initially this information appears on the user's terminal. Commands, parameter prompts and error messages will continue to appear on the terminal after switching. The <File name> is used as output file until EXIT or a new OUTPUT-FILE command is given.

File name
The name of the file where output is desired. A new file can be created by giving the name within double quotes ("). Default file type is :SYMB.

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

3.2 Communication commands¶

These commands are related to establishing communication with the target, and for inspecting and altering parameters describing communication behaviour.

The DOMINO Monitor has to access the DOMINO controller via communication media. This can be achieved in three ways:

Through a terminal line to an inter-circuit emulator (MICE-II). The logical name for this path is MICE.

Through a terminal line to the OPCOM module running inside the controller (ASYnchronous Line). The logical name for this path is ASYL.

Through BOPCOM SERVER to the OPCOM module. The logical name for this path is SERVER.

The terminal lines are treated as files, so they must be defined as peripheral files in SINTRAN. The path which is used for performing commands at the moment is displayed within parentheses when the DOMINO Monitor prompts for a command. This path is called the current path.

A command may be prefixed with a path-name inside parentheses. The path given will then be used for this command, but the current path is restored after the command is performed.

Example
DM(SERVER): (ASYL)LOOK-AT-STACK↵
DM(SERVER): LIST-MICE-PARAMETERS:↵

Page 62¶

3.2.1 OPEN-PATH¶

OPEN-PATH \<Path name /SERVER/ >,\<station number>

Purpose
It opens the path associated with \<Path name>, and an attempt will be made to connect to the target. This command must be given before any communication between a target and the DOMINO Monitor can start. Information about whether this has succeeded or not is displayed. The opened path is used as the current path for subsequent communication with the target.

At the most one path of each type can be opened at the same time. This is to permit several communication media to reach the same target without losing any opened path.

Path name
The logical name of the path. If the \<Path name> is MICE or ASYL this takes place via the peripheral file. If the \<Path name> is SERVER, it takes place via the Bopcom server to the given station number.

Station number
Station number associated with the given path.

Example
DM: OPEN-PATH SERVER 30
Connected to MC68020 based controller
DM(SERVER):

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Chapter 3 DOMINO Monitor¶

The figure below illustrates the path from DOMINO monitor to DOMINO controller using the BOPCOM server. Path name is SERVER.

        +----------------+
        | DOMINO         |
        | monitor        |
        +----------------+
               |
              XMSG
               |
        +----------------+
        | BOPCOM         |      RT-program
        | server         |      in ND-100.
        +----------------+
               |
            OCTOBUS
               |
     +-----------------------+
     | DOMINO controller     |
     |                       |
     |  +-------------------+|
     |  | DOMINO OPCOM      ||
     |  +-------------------+|
     |         |             |
     |     DOMINOS           |
     |         |             |
     |  +-------------------+|
     |  | DOMINO "application" |
     |  | SW                  ||
     |  +-------------------+|
     |         |             |
     |       Device          |
     +-----------------------+

Figure 5. SERVER path to DOMINO controller

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3.2.2 CHANGE-PATH¶

CHANGE-PATH \<Path name /SERVER/ >

Purpose
This command requires that the parameter \<Path name> is open. The path will from now on be used as the current path, and \<Path name> will appear between parentheses in the prompting text.

Path name
The name of an already opened path.

Example
DM: OPEN-PATH SERVER 2↓
Connected to MC68020 based controller %connection established
DM(SERVER): OPEN-PATH ASYL ASYL-DISC↓ %Opening another path
Connected to MC68020 based controller %ASYL becomes current path
DM(ASYL): CHANGE-PATH SERVER↓ % Switch back to SERVER path
DM(SERVER):

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The figure below illustrates the path from DOMINO monitor to DOMINO controller using the ASYnchronous Line. Path name is ASYL.

![ASYL Path Diagram]

Figure 6. ASYL path to DOMINO controller

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3.2.3 TEST-COMMUNICATION¶

TEST-COMMUNICATION

Purpose	Tests communication between the DOMINO Monitor and the target via the standard path. The test is performed by writing and reading several bit patterns. The communication cannot be tested via MICE.
Number of times	The number of times to run the communication test.

If there are no errors during the tests, two communication parameters are reported:

Elapsed time used on sending 100 bytes 100 times.
Communication overhead, measured as the time used for sending 0 bytes 100 times.

If an error occurs during transmission, the following is reported:

Bits lost, and in which direction.
Whether data received is different from data expected or not.

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Diagram

Figure 7. SERVER path using MAILBOX¶

Transparent-mode (see page 53) must be used to give input to an application running inside target (OPCOM or MICE-II).

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3.2.4 USE-MAILBOX¶

USE-MAILBOX

Purpose

A mailbox can be used in addition to the terminal line or Bopcom server paths to speed-up communication. It resides in physical memory and has installation-dependent characteristics.

This command turns the use of the mailbox OFF or ON for communication in subsequent commands. Communication between DOMINO Monitor and DOMINO controller is tested if the use of it is turned ON. The mailbox definition remains even if the use of the mailbox is turned OFF.

| NOTE! The reset commands will turn off the use of the mailbox as the DOMINO controller loses information about where the mailbox is after this command is given. |

3.2.5 LIST-MAILBOX-PARAMETERS¶

Purpose

List the parameters defining the mailbox.

Example
DM(SERVER): USE-MAILBOX ON
DM(SERVER): LIST-MAILBOX-PARAMETERS
Use-Mailbox
ND-100 page number for MF page zero
MF page number for mailbox

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3.2.6 TRANSPARENT-MODE¶

TRANSPARENT-MODE ()¶

Purpose
This command connects the user directly to the target. If the standard path is ASYL or SERVER, this is the OPCOM module. If the path is MICE, this is the MICE-II command processor.

All characters typed by the user go directly to the target, and the DOMINO Monitor only registers the transfer. The same applies to data sent from the target to the user. This command is terminated by typing the break character. Default value for the break character is @ (ASCII 100B), but it may be changed with the SET-BREAK-CHARACTER command.

Transparent mode must be used for giving input to an application running inside the target.

Path name
If the optional parameter is not given, the current path is used. It has to be given if it is impossible to open a path to the target.

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3.2.7 SET-BREAK-CHARACTER¶

SET-BREAK-CHARACTER

Purpose
Change the character that terminates the transparent communication mode initiated by the TRANSPARENT-MODE command.

Break character
The ASCII value of the break character. Select a value not used by the application running inside the target.

Control characters can be used as long as they are not used by the application. This is because the SINTRAN line-editing characters do not apply when the DOMINO Monitor is in transparent mode.

3.2.8 LIST-BREAK-CHARACTER¶

LIST-BREAK-CHARACTER

Purpose
This command displays the break character that terminates the TRANSPARENT-MODE command.

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3.2.9 SET-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS¶

Purpose
Several parameters concerning the communication between DOMINO Monitor and the target may be changed using this command. The unit of measure for time parameters is BTU. One Basic Time Unit is 20 ms.

Parameter	Description
SOH-TO	SOH timeout. The maximum time to wait for receiving the Start Of Header message from the DOMINO controller after a function has been asked for.
Succ*	Successive timeout. The maximum time to wait for reading the next data unit within a message.
IniHold*	Initial hold. Not used in the present version of the DOMINO Monitor.
DLoad#	Download retries. The number of unsuccessful retries to make before aborting when downloading a domain to the DOMINO controller.
General#	General retries. The number of retries to make after a communication error (e.g. the DOMINO Monitor gives an unexpected answer, or a message has been destroyed during transmission).

3.2.10 LIST-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS¶

Purpose
List the parameters that determine the communication behaviour between the DOMINO Monitor and the DOPCOM module. They are displayed in the same order as they appear in the SET-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS command.

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3.2.11 SET-MICE-PARAMETERS¶

Purpose¶

Several parameters concerning the communication between DOMINO Monitor and the MICE-II may be changed by using this command. The unit of measure for time parameters are either ms or BTU (1 BTU = 20 ms). Several parameters are needed for this communication, as the DOMINO Monitor requests functions on MICE by simulating operator input directly to the MICE command processor.

Parameter	Description
Clear*	Clear timeout. The maximum time (ms) available for clearing the MICE output buffer.
Mem*	Memory timeout. The maximum time (ms) to wait after requesting a memory location a breakpoint change from MICE, or after giving the GO command.
Reg*	Register timeout. The maximum time (BTUs) to wait after requesting a register from MICE.
IStep*	IStep timeout. The maximum time (BTUs) to wait after requesting the single-step execution mode from MICE.
Step*	Step timeout. The maximum time (BTUs) to wait for data about a single step.
Type*	Type timeout. The maximum time (BTUs) to wait when opening a path to MICE and requesting target identification.
Dld*	Download timeout. The maximum time (BTUs) to spend on downloading a domain for emulation in MICE. The timeout value includes all successive retries.
Dld#	Download retries. How many retries to make after an unsuccessful download of a domain to the DOMINO controller.
EscDel	ESCape delay. The time to wait (BTUs) between receiving the results of a requested function and sending ESCape to acknowledge MICE.

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3.2.12 LIST-MICE-PARAMETERS¶

Purpose

List the parameters that determine the communication behaviour between DOMINO Monitor and MICE-II.

3.3 Execution commands¶

The commands in this category are used for loading, starting and stopping execution of an application.

3.3.1 SOFT-RESET¶

Purpose

This command will perform a software reset on the target. The target enters aborted state. The reset is performed by sending a specific command to the target, which means that the effect of this command depends on whether the target is running and able to receive the SOFT-RESET command or not. This command is only available when using ASYL or SERVER as the current path.

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3.3.2 HARD-RESET¶

HARD-RESET

Purpose

This command performs a hardware reset on the target. The target state becomes aborted. Both the processor and the device hardware on the target will be put into an initial state. This command is particularly useful after a software crash in the controller. This command is only available when using MICE or SERVER as path.

NOTE!

Even if OPEN-PATH to a controller does not work, it is possible to send a HARD-RESET to that controller. After HARD-RESET, the user should wait until the selftest has terminated (5-15 seconds depending on memory, SCSI and controller type).

3.3.3 STOP-TARGET¶

Purpose

The execution of the current application stops, and the target state becomes stopped.

If the application, for example goes into an endless loop, and is outputting something on the terminal, user commands will still be received by the DOMINO Monitor. Only echo from what the user types, and output from the Monitor may disappear between the application output. In this case both the DOMINO Monitor and the application may be temporarily stopped by XON/XOFF. CTRL+S halts the program, while CTRL+Q resumes execution.

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3.3.4 PLACE-DOMAIN¶

PLACE-DOMAIN

Purpose

The domain is placed in the target's memory and made ready for execution. The program counter is set to the start address of the domain. The target state must be stopped or aborted before this command is given.

Domain

Name of the domain. It may be preceded by a SINTRAN user-area in parentheses. COSMOS Remote File Access is also supported, so the complete domain specification becomes: System(Remote-user(Password)).(User)Domain Both old and new domain format are supported.

Example
DM(SERVER): SOFT-RESET!
DM(SERVER): STOP-TARGET!
DM(SERVER): PLACE MY-APPLICATION!

Placing (PACK-ONE:DOMINO-USER)MY-APPLICATION:DSEG
1042000B is current address.
243306B bytes transmitted.
Placing (PACK-ONE:DOMINO-USER)MY-APPLICATION:PSEG
410000B is current address.
10420B bytes transmitted.

% The application is now ready to be started

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3.3.5 DOWN-LOAD¶

DOWN-LOAD

Purpose¶

Down-load a file from the SINTRAN file system into the controller.

File to download¶

The file must contain Motorola S-record format. S7, S8, or S9 records will modify the PC-register according to the given start address when the RUN command is used.

The Object Converter can be used for making S-records from :NRF format. It can save some time during downloading, as program variables with no initial values (for example stacks, heaps) are not loaded. On the other hand, S-records are in ASCII format which must be converted into binary format during loading. Debug information is not supported by the Object Converter.

Example¶

Command	Description
`% use Object Converter to make Motorola format`
`DM(SERVER): SOFT-RESET`	Initiates a soft reset
`DM(SERVER): STOP-TARGET`	Stops the target
`DM(SERVER): DOWN-LOAD MY-APPLICATION:MOBJ`	Downloads the application

300 is the current record number
Downloading finished. 318 records transmitted.

% The application is now ready to be started by RUN command

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3.3.6 GO¶

GO (

)

Purpose:
Start execution of a program from

.

Address:
The

is loaded into the PC-register and execution started. If no

is given, execution starts from current value of the PC-register.

Example
% Assumes that domain in Motorola format is loaded. Its S8 % record is S804020204F3 giving start address 020204H.
DM(SERVER): GO 020204H^

3.3.7 RUN¶

Purpose:
The current domain in the target is started at its start address (main entry). This command requires that a domain has already been loaded by use of either PLACE-DOMAIN or the DOWN-LOAD command.

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3.3.8 ATTACH-DOMAIN¶

ATTACH-DOMAIN

Purpose	This command is used when a domain is already placed in the target's memory and has been aborted during execution. The command allows investigation of the aborted domain.
Domain	The name of a domain in the specified description file. The may be prefixed with COSMOS RFA notation: System(Remote-user(Password)).(User)Domain

3.4 Macro commands¶

Macros provide a convenient mechanism for executing the same set of commands repeatedly. As macros may have parameters, they can be regarded as user-defined commands.

Macros are particularly useful for programs requiring certain initialization commands to be given before execution starts, or for executing a set of debug commands.

Each user may in fact build his own set of macros from:

DOMINO Monitor commands
SINTRAN commands
other macros

Macros may be saved permanently in files, or they may just be temporary, vanishing when the DOMINO Monitor is left.

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3.4.1 DEFINE-MACRO¶

DEFINE-MACRO <Macro name> <Macro body> END-MACRO

Purpose	Compose a new macro from the basic commands or other macros. Macros defined by this command are temporary. Permanent macros may be prepared by an editor on a file. The DOMINO Monitor expects file type :MACR. The number of temporary macros that may be defined are only limited by internal storage (heap) reserved for macros.
Macro name	The name of the new macro. It can consist of any number of visible characters except space or comma.
Macro body	Every line following the DEFINE-MACRO command is taken as the macro body until the END-MACRO is encountered. It must be written on the beginning of a new line. It can be abbreviated to just E. The macro contents will not be checked before execution.
Parameters	It is possible to define formal parameters within the macro body. They are replaced by actual parameters when the macro is called. A parameter is defined by `PARAMETER <Parameter name> <Default value> <Prompting text>`. `PARAMETER` is a keyword that cannot be abbreviated or used for other purposes. If spaces or commas are part of any of the parameter's parameters, they must be enclosed in single quotes ('). Quotes are permitted but not required otherwise.

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The first actual parameter supplied in the macro call line replaces all occurrences of the <Parameter name> used in the first PARAMETER definition. The second actual parameter replaces <Parameter name> used in the next PARAMETER definition, and so on. Excessive parameters are ignored.


Default value	If the actual parameter is empty, the default value is used when expanding the macro. Parameters without default are replaced with an empty string when not specified.
Prompting text	When a macro is executed, all parameters are prompted for. That means successive parameters cannot be specified on the same line.
Parameter scope	Parameter declarations are legal anywhere in the macro body. This means that parameters can be declared after some macro statements. The scope of the declaration is from the declaration point to the end of the macro (provided that it is not redeclared).

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3.4.2 EXECUTE-MACRO¶

EXECUTE-MACRO \<Macro name>, (\<Parameters> ...)

Purpose	The macro with the specified name is processed. Formal parameters are substituted with actual parameters.
Macro name	The name of an existing (temporary or permanent) macro.
Parameters	Actual parameters to replace the formal parameters in the macro. Each parameter must be specified on a separate line. The parameter may contain any character except space or comma.

The words EXECUTE-MACRO can often be left out. The search strategy used for looking up a command or macro is as follows:

Search through list of DOMINO Monitor commands. If a match is found, the corresponding command is processed.
Search through list of temporary macros. If any matching macro is found, it is processed.
Test for permanent macro. If a file matches the specified string (default file type :MACR), it is taken to be a permanent macro and processed. The file system will ensure that, if a file with the specified name is not found under the current user, user SYSTEM's default directory is searched.
If not yet found, it is assumed not to exist.

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Note that the extension (directory:user) cannot be put in front of a file name specification, as it is taken to be a path specification. Consequently a macro must either reside on the current user-area or on user SYSTEM. File type extension may be used to overrule the default :MACR.

Temporary macros may be defined within permanent macros. Such temporary macros will be erased when the processing of the permanent macro is finished. This feature may only be used if the macro is prepared by an editor.

If a macro is given the name of (or a legal abbreviation of) a DOMINO Monitor command, EXECUTE-MACRO may not be left out.

Example
DM: DEFINE-MACRO ?↵
@WHO % a simple SINTRAN command
END-MACRO↵
DM: ?
===> 768 YOUNG-HACKER

Example
DM: DEFINE-MACRO START-DOMAIN↵
PARAMETER P1,,'User name ' % Enter user-area for application
NEW P1
OPEN-PATH ASYL ASYL-DISC
USE-MAILBOX ON 1100B % Use ASYL and mailbox
PARAMETER P2,,'Domain '
PLACE-DOMAIN P2 % Place and start application
RUN
END-MACRO

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3.4.3 RESUME-MACRO¶

Purpose
If the DOMINO Monitor is not able to carry out a statement in the body, the macro is aborted. This command makes it possible to force the processing of it to continue. The macro is resumed at the statement following the one where it was interrupted.

Example

Command
DM: EXECUTE-MACRO UNRELIABLE↵
DM: OUTPUT-FILE LOG-FILE:SYMB
NO SUCH FILE NAME
CURRENT MACRO ABORTED
DM: RESUME-MACRO↵
DM: PLACE-DOMAIN MY-APPLIC
DM: RUN
....

3.4.4 ERASE-MACRO¶

ERASE-MACRO

Purpose
The temporary macro is erased (deleted). Permanent macros are erased by using the SINTRAN command:

@DELETE-FILE <Macro name>:MACR

Macro name
The name of an existing temporary macro;

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3.4.5 DUMP-MACRO¶

DUMP-MACRO <Macro name>

The named temporary macro is written to a file with the same name as the macro. The macro becomes permanent and can at a later time be executed by using the macro name as a command. If the file does not exist, it will be created. The default type of the file is :MACR. The macro name must therefore be an acceptable file name (any combination of letters, digits and hyphens of maximum 16 characters).

| Macro name | The name of an existing temporary macro. If it does not exist, an empty permanent macro is created. |

3.4.6 LIST-MACRO-NAME¶

LIST-MACRO-NAMES <Macro names>

Purpose	The names of the macros with names matching the specified name are listed on the output file. Only temporary macros are listed. Permanent macros are listed by the SINTRAN command: `@LIST-FILES <Macro name>:MACR,,`

| Macro names | Macro names or abbreviations of names of the macros to be listed. Default is all macros defined. |

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3.4.7 LIST-MACRO-BODY¶

LIST-MACRO-BODY <Macro name>

Purpose	The bodies of the macros matching the specified name are listed on the output file. Only temporary macros may be listed. Permanent macros have to be inspected in an editor.
Macro name	Macro name of macro body to be listed.

3.5 Debugging commands¶

The DOMINO Monitor has several facilities for debugging an application. The basic commands in the DOMINO Monitor allow for hardware-oriented debugging at the assembly level. In addition, a special version of the Symbolic Debugger has been made available in the DOMINO Monitor. It allows inspection of the program by symbolic variables and routine names as used in the source code.

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3.5.1 DEBUGGER¶

Purpose¶

Enter the integrated Debugger in the DOMINO Monitor.

The commands of the Debugger are documented fully in the manual Symbolic Debugger User Guide (ND-860158).

The DOMINO Debugger can only be started if a domain has been placed in the controller with the command PLACE-DOMAIN, and this domain is the one to be debugged. The Debugger communicates with the target in transparent mode. The target state must be stopped or aborted when entering the Debugger.

In order to use symbolic names, the program must be compiled with the DEBUG-MODE option in the compiler turned ON. If the DEBUG-MODE option is OFF, the DOMINO Debugger may be used, but no symbolic references can be made. All debugger information is stored together with the object code.

It is possible to exit and reenter the Debugger without losing any context (for example for performing other Monitor commands).

Command
DM(ASYL): PLACE-DOMAIN MY-APPLICATION
...
DM(ASYL): DEBUGGER
DOMINO Symbolic Debugger.
PLANC PROGRAM. MY_MODULE.MY_MAIN.186
% Main entry at line 186 in source program
$RUN
Connecting to target. Break character is: 100B

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The following gives an overview of the available commands in the DOMINO Debugger.

Command	Description
ACTIVE-ROUTINES	List current call hierarchy.
ALIGN-LISTING	Adjust line numbers of current program to correspond to an old listing.
BREAK	Set break point at one of the items routines, labels or source line numbers. A line number is given relative to the start of the program. The previous break point defined by this command (if any) is reset. An optional parameter is present. It allows for specification of either `<Count>` or `<Condition>`. `<count>`, tells how many times program control shall pass the breakpoint before execution halts. The execution halts just before performing any statements of the specified item. `(<condition>)` is for giving a Boolean expression constructed of constants, variables and the operators (`+-<>></*=`); which must be true when the breakpoint is reached, for execution to halt.
BREAK-ADDRESS	Set break point at program address. This command resets any previous breakpoint.
BREAK-RETURN	Break at return from current routine. Error code is displayed. Note that program execution continues.

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Command	Description
CLOSE-HISTOGRAM	Erase information accumulated in the histogram.
COMPARE-DATA	Compare data of running program with :DSEG file of source program. Differences are reported.
COMPARE-PROGRAM	Compare program code with :PSEG file of running program. Differences are reported.
CONTINUE	Resume execution of program.
DISPLAY	Display variables in current scope.
EXIT	Resume DOMINO Monitor.
FIND-SCOPE	Find scope corresponding to a program address. Returns name of module, routine and line number relative to start of routine.
FORMATS-DISPLAY	Set format(s) used by DISPLAY command.
FORMATS-LOOK-AT	Set format(s) used by LOOK-AT commands.
HELP	List commands and parameters.
INCLUDE-COMMANDS	Make all permanent macros on a file available.
LOOK-AT-XXXX	Inspect DATA, PROGRAM, REGISTER or STACK. Subcommands similar to those in the DOMINO Monitor's LOOK-AT. Use HELP within LOOK-AT to get a list of subcommands.

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Commands¶

Command	Description
LOOK-AT-LIST	Displays records in a single-linked list (linear list). The data structure is identified by a pointer to head of the list, `<start>`, and a pointer within the record to next, `<link>`. The parameter `<count>` gives the number of records to be displayed. Type CR to display next record.
MACRO	Erase, list or build a macro. The macro is listed if no parameters given. It is erased if no body is given as 2. parameter.
PRINT-HISTOGRAM	List the information accumulated in the histogram on an \.
RESERVE-TERMINAL	Reserve an additional, free terminal. The user communication with the Debugger switches to this terminal. Communication with the application still goes via the first terminal.
RESET-BREAKS	Reset current breakpoints.
RUN	Start program at specified program address. Execution continues if no address is given. The DOMINO Monitor connects to the target. The break character must be typed to return to the Debugger's command processor.
SCOPE	Switch observation scope to specified, active module or routine. Default is the current scope. This command does not affect the program execution, only the set of variables that may be inspected.
SET	Assign value to a variable. The value may be a constant or an expression. The variable may be simple or composite.

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SET-HISTOGRAM¶

Define a program area to logged in the histogram. The histogram gives the percentage of CPU time spent on different program parts. The program area is identified by the parameters and . The program area is divided into equal partitions, logged individually. The maximum is 64 intervals.

This command can be repeated several times to cover several program fractions in the histogram.

STEP¶

Step through the program instruction-by-instruction. The parameter must be -1. The optional parameters and specify the program area where the step mode is active. If not given, step mode is used on the entire program. The instruction executed is output. Each CR typed causes execution of the next instruction.

PROGRAM-MAP¶

Print a map of a specified module or routine. The following is output: Program area (addresses), entry point, stack demand, variables with type and initial values. This is very useful when doing assembly-related debugging. By giving this command in a mode job, you may obtain a list to be printed on paper.

USE-HISTOGRAM¶

Switch the use of the histogram ON or OFF. Information is only accumulated in the histogram when this switch is ON. No information is erased before CLOSE-HISTOGRAM is given.

Operators¶

The following operators are available in most expressions: + -Shift Addr Mod TypeOf * / ** . (dot). Symbolic names cannot be abbreviated as they have to be unique.

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Some examples¶

Command	Description
$BREAK-ADDRESS Addr( )	% same effect as BREAK
$BREAK-ADDRESS Addr( )	% ---- " ----
$DISPLAY	% inspect pointer
$DISPLAY Ind( )	% inspect data element
	% of pointer
$DISPLAY Addr( )	% address of variable

Integer : i
% somewhere in source

13 =: i
...

Command	Description
$DISPLAY ADDR(I)	% verify I has changed
ADDR(I) = 00000400044B
$COMPARE-DATA
Low: 400044B	% segment no ' address
Low: 400044B
D 00000400044B: 00B CHANGED TO 015B

$DISPLAY
MaxChar=127 NoBytes=0
Prompt= (00000532364B;0:14) Default= (Nil;0:0)%byte pointers

Command	Description
$SET NoBytes = 125	% SET using constant
$SET NoBytes = MaxChar-2	% SET using simple variable
$SET Default = Prompt	% SET using composite data

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$DISPLAY
MaxChar:127 NoBytes:125
Prompt= (00000532364B;0:14) Default= (Nil;0:0)%byte pointers

$SET Ind(Prompt) = 0 % clear buffer
$SET Ind(Prompt) = 'Hello'
$DISPLAY Ind(Prompt)
IND(PROMPT)=HELLO

% Suppose you want a histogram from line 20 to 34

$DISPLAY ADDR(20); DISPLAY ADDR(34)
ADDR(20)=0..400036B ADDR(34)=0..400242B
$SET-HISTOGRAM 400036B 400242B 14
$USE-HISTOGRAM ON
$BREAK 35
$RUN

$PRINT-HISTOGRAM


APPLIC.20	0..400036B	5.80
APPLIC.22	0..400060B	0.00
....
APPLIC.33	0..400234B	0.00

% CPU-time per interval
In this example is almost all CPU-time spent outside the logged program area.

NOTE! LOG-LINES and LOG-CALLS and some others commands are not available, as DOPCOM does not support multiple breakpoints

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3.5.2 BREAK¶

BREAK <Address> (<Count> /1/ ) (<Commands>)...

Purpose

Set breakpoint at a program address. When the breakpoint is reached, execution terminates and control is passed to the command processor.

It is possible to set new breakpoints as long as DOMINO Monitor has memory space to store information about them. The breakpoints are active until reset by the RESET-BREAKS command.

Address

The program address where a breakpoint is to be set.

Count

How many times the program control shall pass the breakpoint before breaking. The execution stops just prior to executing the instruction at the breakpoint address.

Commands

DOMINO Monitor commands to be performed when the breakpoint is reached. Default is none. Maximum 7 commands can be given. It is legal to invoke macros.

After a breakpoint has been reached, program or data locations or the registers may be displayed or modified. The next instruction to be executed is by default the instruction pointed to by the PC-register, but this may be overridden by the GO command or the optional <Start address> parameter of the STEP command.

Example
DM(SERVER):BREAK 400136B 1 LOOK-AT-DATA 67716OB
DM(SERVER):RUN

% Execute until breakpoint is detected, application
% terminates or application is aborted due to error.

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3.5.3 TEMPORARY-BREAK¶

TEMPORARY-BREAK <Address> ((<Count> /1/ ), (<Commands>))...

Purpose
Similar to BREAK except that, when the breakpoint is reached, the breakpoint is reset.

Address
The program address where the breakpoint is to be set.

Count
The number of times the program control should pass the breakpoint before breaking. The execution stops just prior to executing the instruction at the breakpoint address.

Commands
DOMINO Monitor commands to be performed when the breakpoint is reached. Default is none. A maximum of 7 commands can be given.

3.5.4 STEP¶

STEP <Start address> ((<Count> /1/ ) (<Commands>))...

Purpose
Enter single step mode. If no parameter is given, the instruction pointed to by the program counter is disassembled and displayed.

By typing CR, the instruction pointed to by the PC-register is executed. CR can be repeated several times. Typing anything else causes return to the DOMINO Monitor's command processor.

Start address
The program address where single-step execution should start. Default is the current value of the program counter.

Count
The number of times the program control should pass the before entering single step mode. The execution stops just prior to executing the instruction at this address.

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Commands¶

DOMINO Monitor commands to be automatically executed in single-step mode. Default is none. A maximum of 7 commands can be given. The commands are executed between each step. The STEP command must not be called again.

Example
For i In 1:100 Do % source program area to be stepped
$* NOP % is a wait loop
Endfor

DM(SERVER): STEP 
401016B: MOVE.Q  #1,D0          % Initial value of i
401020B: EXT     D0; EXT.L D0   % Sign extend D0
401024B: MOVE.L  D0,677160B     % Save current i
401030B: NOP                    % Body of loop
401032B: MOVE.L  677160B,D0     % Restore current i
401036B: ADDQ.L  #1,677160B     % ++ i (next valid i)
401042B: CMP.L   #14B,D0
401050B: BNE.S   *-20B          % Repeat if i > 100

3.5.5 RESET-BREAKS¶

Purpose¶

All breakpoints are removed by using this command.

3.5.6 RESET-LAST-BREAK¶

When a breakpoint is encountered during execution, this breakpoint may be removed and the original instruction restored by executing this command.

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3.5.7 DEBUG-STATUS¶

Purpose
List information about defined breakpoints.

3.5.8 SET-SPECIFIC-ACCESS¶

SET-SPECIFIC-ACCESS <ON/OFF: OFF>

Purpose	Turn on or off the specific memory access mode used during debugging. If it is OFF when the LOOK-AT command is used, the Monitor will prefetch a whole block of data from the DOMINO controller's memory. This happens even when only a single memory location is to be displayed. If it is ON, only the unit of information (byte, halfword or word) actually needed at the moment will be fetched.
ON/OFF	It is a good rule to let the switch be OFF if several locations are to be investigated at the same time in the same memory area, and to let it be ON for sporadic investigation.

3.5.9 MAIN-FORMAT¶

MAIN-FORMAT <Format: /OCTAL/ >

Purpose	Set the numeric format to be used when displaying numbers. Octal is set as main format when the DOMINO Monitor is entered.
Format	OCTAL, HEXADECIMAL or DECIMAL or abbreviation of one of these.

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3.5.10 EXTRA-FORMAT¶

EXTRA-FORMAT (\<Formats>)...

Purpose
Sets additional, numerical format(s) to be used when displaying numerical values.

Formats
Any of the formats BYTE, HALFWORD, ASCII, OCTAL, DECIMAL, HEXADECIMAL. The names of the formats can be abbreviated.

If no \<Formats> are given, the extra formats are switched off.

3.5.11 LOOK-AT-PROGRAM¶

LOOK-AT-PROGRAM \<Address /0/ >

Purpose
Display and modify program data. Several subcommands are available.

Address
The memory address from where inspection should start.

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3.5.12 LOOK-AT-STACK¶

Purpose¶

The current local data field is displayed. This is the memory area pointed to by the current A6-register (used as stack pointer), and contains routine call information, such as address to local data field and return address to calling routine.

Several subcommands are available. The subcommands PREVIOUS and NEXT are only related to LOOK-AT-STACK.

Subcommand PREVIOUS¶

Display the previous local data field (for example the local data field of the calling routine). This command may be repeated until reaching the local data field of the main program, which has the lowest stack frame.

Subcommand NEXT¶

Display the next local data field (for example the local data field of the procedure called by the current one). It is only valid to do this after PREVIOUS. It is not possible to move beyond the data field of the routine currently being executed (the uppermost stack frame) of the current call hierarchy.

Stack format¶

The stack frame format for ordinary routines (valid from H-version of the PLANC-MC compiler) is as follows:

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Byte offset
0B	STP
4B	Unused
10B	SMAX
14B	SYST
20B	ERRCODE
24B	Parameters & local data
	free stack area
	PREV
	RETLINK

Figure 8. PLANC-MC ordinary stack frame

STP - STack Pointer¶

Points to the first free location of the stack. The stack grows both upwards and downwards.

Unused¶

Reserved word for future extension.

SMAX - Stack Max¶

Points to the top of the free stack. This is the same as the A7-register for the current stack. The variable is needed as there may be several stacks in use. The value of A7-register changes after each stack initialization (Inistack).

SYST¶

Reserved word for PLANC runtime SYSTem.

ERRCODE¶

The value of ERRCODE of current routine.

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Parameters¶

Actual parameters are placed on the stack in the same order as they are declared. A routine with in-value or out-value is passed in another way: Simple variables and constants not exceeding 32 bits are passed via the DO-register. All other variables and constants as pointer to the actual parameter are passed via the A0-register.

PREV¶

The previous value of the A6-register. The previous value of A7-register is A7 - 2 words. Both registers are restored with previous values at routine termination.

RETLINK¶

The return address of the calling routine. If the routine terminates normally (not ErReturn), this address is incremented by two (bytes) when returning (also called skip return).

ErReturn¶

If a routine makes error return (ErReturn), a jump is made to the PLANC runtime routine #XRET. The address of #XRET is always in the A5-register. The #XRET routine performs error return to the previous level. The current stack frame is popped on the stack. The DO-register keeps the ERRCODE value.

The instruction following a routine call (content of address RETLINK) holds either a subroutine call to the local exception handler, or a new jump to #XRET if no local handler is defined (On RoutineError Do ... Endon). In this way control passes to the next higher routine in the call hierarchy. All routines at lower call levels than the one having the exception handler are terminated.

Special Routine¶

The Special routine cannot have parameters, except for the in-value and out-value. No local stack is initiated for the routine when called. The routine has to do this itself if any local data is to be used.

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Native Routine¶

The Native routine is well suited for use by exception handlers. It can have in-value and out-value (which an interrupt routine usually does not need), but no formal parameters. The local stack is initiated when activated, allowing for local variables. A slightly different stack frame is used:

Byte Offset	Free Stack Area
-4B
0B	STP
4B	Unused
10B	SMAX
14B	SYST
20B	ERRCODE
24B	Local data

	PREV
	RETLINK

Figure 9. PLANC-MC native stack frame

STP - STack Pointer¶

STP points to 1. free location after local data (PREV). The stack grows only from high to low memory addresses. This is similar to how the CPU uses the stack.

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PREV
The previous value of the A6-register. The previous value of the A7-register is STP - 2 words. Both registers are restored with previous values on termination of the routine.

RETLINK
Return address to calling routine.

Native restrictions

It is not possible to make an error return from a native routine.

An ordinary routine can call a native routine but not the opposite way around.

A native routine can call other native routines.

A native routine can have ordinary routines as inner routines.

No inner PLANC routine can be called recursively.

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3.5.13 LOOK-AT-RELATIVE¶

LOOK-AT-RELATIVE /A6/

Purpose
Start listing of contents in memory relative to either the contents of a register or absolute address. Both absolute and relative addresses are displayed. Several subcommands are present.

Relative to
Any register or a numeric address. Default is A6-register (PLANC stack pointer).

3.5.14 LOOK-AT-REGISTER¶

LOOK-AT-REGISTER /PC/

Name
The name of one of the registers. The specified register is displayed in current main format. If CR is typed, the next register in the sequence is displayed. Several subcommands are present.

The registers are: PC, D0:D7, A0:A6, USP, SR, SSP, ISP, MSP, VBR, SFC, DFC, CACR, CAAR. The A7-register is at any time one of the stack pointer registers: USP (User SP), SSP (Supervisor SP), MSP (Master SP) ISP (Interrupt SP). Only MC68020 has the registers MSP, ISP, CACR and CAAR.

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3.5.15 LOOK-AT subcommands¶

This set of subcommands can be used to inspect several items in succession, change displayed format, change items to be inspected, modify contents of registers or memory.

EXIT¶

Return to DOMINO Monitor command processor. In addition to the command EXIT, both a full stop (.) or a semicolon (;) terminate the LOOK-AT subcommands.

HELP¶

All subcommands matching are output together with their parameters.

PERMIT-DEPOSIT¶

In order to avoid unintended modification of the memory or a register, the command PERMIT-DEPOSIT must be typed before the depositing of a new value can take place. An exception is when the CODE command is used.

↵¶

Carriage return causes display of the next item (register, instruction or memory location).

, / ↵¶

Dump bytes starting at address . may also be a register name. If is given, the dump is written into this file.

Any of the parameters may be omitted, causing the default values to be used. Default value for is the current address inspected, default value for is the number of bytes within the current format, while omitting will cause the output to be written to the standard output file (for example, terminal).

↵¶

Modifications of memory or registers are made by typing the new value followed by CR. is deposited into the current memory address or register inspected. The current address can be altered by typing / CR.

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Example¶


DM:	LOOK-AT-REGISTER PC↵
PC:	700000B PERMIT-DEPOSIT↵
PC:	700000B 400000B ↵
	Ↄ % PC is changed
PC:	400000B↵
	% Verify change

'<string>' ↵ The memory can be modified by an ASCII string by enclosing the <string> in single quotes. Two successive quotes are interpreted as one single quote (for example ''' becomes ').

CODE ¶

Assemble symbolic assembler instruction and deposit into memory. Several instructions can be given simultaneously by separating each with a semicolon (;). The instruction(s) will be assembled and stored, starting at the current location. Program memory may also be modified numerically by first typing BYTE, and thereafter modifying bytes in the main format (see the MAIN-FORMAT command on page 80).

Example¶

% Removing a test by patching

DM(SERVER): LOOK-AT-PROGRAM 400160B↵
400160B: BNE.B *-22B CODE↵
Instruction: NOP↵
400160B: NOP↵

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BREAK¶

Sets a breakpoint in the current address. The command is similar to the BREAK command. Parameters are \<Count> and \<Commands>.

Example
DM(SERVER): LOOK-AT-PROGRAM 400160B
400160B: NOP BREAK
400160B: BKPT #7 BREAK
% The original instruction is copied to the breakpoint
% table inside OPCOM, before being replaced by the BKPT
% instruction

TEMPORARY-BREAK¶

Sets a temporary breakpoint at a current address. The command is similar to the TEMPORARY-BREAK command in the DOMINO Monitor. Parameters are \<Count> and \<Break>.

Change format¶

When displaying memory it is possible to use BYTE, HALFWORD (16 bits), or WORD (32 bits) as main display format. DISASSEMBLE can be used for getting symbolic assembler instructions (for example when moving into a memory area containing instructions when using LOOK-AT-DATA).

Additional display formats may be obtained by typing EXTRA-FORMAT followed by a list of formats. This command is similar to the global EXTRA-FORMAT command, except that the extra formats are only valid within LOOK-AT.

COMPUTE \<Expression>¶

Evaluates and displays the result of an arithmetic expression. It is displayed in all numeric formats. The command is similar to the global COMPUTE command.

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Command	Description
ABSOLUTE	Displays an item from an absolute address. Addresses are otherwise taken as relative addresses.

Change mode

In a LOOK-AT command, it is possible to change to one of the other LOOK-AT commands by typing one of the subcommands below. This is equivalent to EXITing from LOOK-AT and typing another LOOK-AT command. This feature saves some typing work. The modes available are:

DATA
PROGRAM
REGISTER
STACK
RELATIVE

3.6 DOMINOS process monitoring¶

These commands are only relevant when running applications under control of DOMINOS.

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3.6.1 PROCESS-STATUS¶

PROCESS-STATUS

Purpose¶

Print status of the processes matching on the output file.

Process name¶

Any abbreviation for a process name. Default is all processes.

The information given for each process is:

Process name
Process state (DORMANT, BLOCKED, READY or RUNNING)
Process priority
Event buffer (events set but not yet read by the application)
Program Counter
CPU time used, measured in units of 5 ms.

If the parameter matches exactly the name of an active process (not DORMANT), the process context is displayed:

Data registers | D0...D7
Address registers | A0...A6
User Stack Pointer | USP
Status Register | SR

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Note that the register contents is undefined for a DORMANT process.

If the process is scheduled after a round-robin strategy (among processes with equal priority), time limit is displayed. That is, how many time units to use before being moved backwards in the ready queue. 0 is interpreted as 2**32 time units (244 days 15 hours).

If the processor is running in supervisor mode at the moment (for example, DOMINOS service is being executed for a process or an exception handler is active after an interrupt), SSP (Supervisor Stack Pointer) is displayed.

If the process is BLOCKED when waiting for event(s) to occur, the event mask is displayed.

The READY queue of DOMINOS is displayed, showing the processes ready to run by name in the order they will be assigned to the CPU. The first process is the currently executing one.

Example¶

DM(SERVER): PROCESS-STATUS:

process	state	prio	event buffer	p-counter	time used
PRO1	blocked	1	0	0	200
PRO2	dormant	6	0	20	90

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3.6.2 LIST-TIME-QUEUE¶

LIST-TIME-QUEUE ()

Purpose
List once or periodically all entries in the time queue.

Interval
Time in seconds between each report.

Each entry (if valid) contains the following information:

The name of the process to receive the time scheduled event(s) when the delay time expires.
The event(s) to be set.
The remaining delay time (in 5 msec units).
The interval time (in 5 msec units). The delay time to be used together with periodic scheduled events. 0 means no periodic scheduled events.

There may be entries in the queue which are no longer valid, since the service request has been cancelled. In this case the word "VOID" is displayed.

Example

process	events	delay	interval
PR01	2	250	0

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3.7 DOMINO controller commands¶

These commands are related to the hardware environment in the controller.

3.7.1 SET-PROTECTION¶

SET-PROTECTION <From address> <To address> <Supervisor mode> <User mode>

Purpose	The DOMINO controller has a flexible memory protection system. The memory protection can be changed dynamically while running programs. The microprocessor's user and supervisor mode of operation can be given separate access rights for the same memory area. The command can be repeated to protect several areas. When the controller starts, a default protection setting is made. This is modified if DOMINOS is loaded and started.
Address	The and give the memory area to be protected. Seen from hardware the local memory is divided into segments of 1024 bytes each which can be protected individually.
Supervisor mode	Access rights for area when the microprocessor runs in supervisor mode.
User mode	Access rights for area when the microprocessor runs in user mode. The basic legal access rights are: Fetch, Read-Write, Read-Only, No-Access. Fetch means that the contents of the memory area can be executed as instructions. Fetch should normally not be used together with Read and Write. Two PIOC-compatible modes are supported instead.

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Supervisor	User
Any-Access	Any-Access
Read-Fetch	Read-Fetch

Table 2. PIOC-compatible memory protection

There are four combinations of user and supervisor mode that are not allowed.

Supervisor	User
Fetch	Read-Write
Fetch	Read-Only
Read-Write	Fetch
Read-Only	Fetch

Table 3. Memory protection not allowed

3.7.2 USE-PROTECTION¶

USE-PROTECTION

Purpose

Switches the entire memory protection system ON or OFF. The memory protection is switched on during controller initialization, and after having started DOMINOS.

3.7.3 LIST-PROTECTION¶

Lists the memory-protected areas.

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3.7.4 USE-CACHE¶

USE-CACHE

Purpose:
Switches the use of the MC68020's cache ON or OFF. The use of the cache is switched on during controller initialization.

3.7.5 TARGET-IDENTIFICATION¶

Purpose	Gives mainly static information about the target by displaying the following:
CPU Type	MC68000, MC68010, MC68012 or MC68020.
PROM 1 version	Version and revision number of DOPCOM.
PROM 2 version	Version of optional (device-dependent) PROM.
RAM size	Size of controllers local memory in bytes and pages.
Standard tests	Indicates whether the self-tests have been correctly executed or not.
Device tests	Indicates whether the optional (device-dependent) tests have been correctly executed or not.
Trace module	Indicates whether trace module is present or not.
Trace PROM version	Version of the trace module if present.

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3.7.6 TARGET-STATUS¶

Purpose¶

Gives information about the current state of the target by displaying:

Controller State¶

The current state of the application program can be:

running: Application is running normally in the controller.

stopped: Application is suspended or has properly terminated.

aborted: Application has been stopped due to serious error.

Waitcount: A power drop has moved the controller to this state. "GO" will continue the application.

The following three states are internally used, and should not be visible with the TARGET-STATUS command:

prestep

stepping

PFoccured

Cache Mode¶

Indicates whether the MC68020's cache is being used or not.

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3.7.7 SCOPE-LOOP¶

SCOPE-LOOP

( )

Purpose
Defines and starts a short program loop. This is intended specifically for hardware debugging via oscilloscope, logic analyzer or tracer. The loop consists of two memory accesses followed by optional compare of data.

Loop type	Read, Read-Compare, Write, Write-Read, Write-Read-Compare
Data type	Byte, halfword or word (32 bits).
Address 1 and 2	The memory addresses to be accessed as defined by Loop type
Pattern 1 and 2	If the loop type includes write of data, Pattern 1 is written into Address 1, and similarly for the second pair of parameters. If the loop type includes Compare, the patterns are used as "the data expected".

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4.1 Getting started¶

In this section, you find a small example of how an application is written, loaded by the DOMINO Configurator and run in the controller. It shows what is required of a minimum DOMINOS configuration with one trivial application process. The application runs in an endless loop and prints a message on the terminal every second.

The routine ERRCHECK in the following example is to be imported in many of the subsequent examples for handling the return status of DOMINO services.

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Source Code for DOMINOS-TEST:PLNC¶

$Include DOMI-DEFINES:DEFS¶

Module Common¶

Export ErrCheck, WaitSeconds
Routine Integer, Void : Errcheck % display error code
If @ < PIOK Then
Output(1,'A','$Error occurred, errcode = ')
Output(1,'O',@), Output(1,'A','B')
Endif
Endroutine

PITUniWaitEv : WaitRec := (PIEvsel,(0,1),200,1,0)

Routine Integer, Void : WaitSeconds
% block (suspend) calling process @ no. of seconds
@ * 200 =: WaitRec.PITimeOut
Addr (WaitRec) PIRUniWaitEv ErrCheck
Endroutine
Endmodule

Module PRO2¶

Export PRO2
$Include DOMI-APPL-IE:IMPT
Import (Routine Integer, Void : WaitSeconds)
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Program : PRO2
IniStack S
Do % forever
Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running')
1 WaitSeconds
Enddo
Endroutine
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start¶

Export Auto_Start
$Include DOMI-APPL-IE:IMPT
Import (Routine Integer, Void : ErrCheck)
Import (Program : PRO2 )
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Constant Prior = 5
PITCreate : CreRec := (0,'PRO2',PIABegin+Prior,Addr(PRO2))
Program : Auto_Start
IniStack S
Output(1,'A','$Creating process PRO2')
Addr (CreRec) PIRCreate =: Errcode
Errcode Errcheck
Endroutine
Endmodule

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DOMINOS expects that the process Auto_Start is exported, and that it takes care of starting other processes. Auto_Start is automatically given the name PR01 by DOMINOS.

Auto_Start runs with priority 1, which is the lowest possible one. Each time a process is created and ready to run ("create and go"), the queue of runnable processes is scheduled. If the new process has priority > 1, it will immediately gain access to the CPU. Thus, Auto_Start does not get the chance to finish its work first. This may be avoided by giving Auto_Start higher priority than the processes it is going to start.

The PLANC compiler automatically includes a system call (MONO) to terminate the process at the end of the program. Therefore, it is usually not necessary to terminate the process by an explicit call.

There must be at least one separate module for each application process. Each process must have a main program and its own stack.

The include file with imported routines must be included in each module. The DOMINOS data types need only be included at the outermost level. These are PLANC restrictions.

Output can only be sent to the user's terminal when the DOMINO Monitor is run, or when a service terminal is attached to the controller.

Instructions for using DOMINOS services and for building records are given in the remainder of this section.

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Compiling DOMINOS-TEST:PLNC
@ND-500-MONITOR
ND-500 MONITOR Version H00
N500: PLANC-MC68J
- MC-68020 Planc Compiler - May 15, 1987
*DEBUG-MODE ON
*COMPILE DOMINOS-TEST:PLNC,,DOMINOS-TEST:NRF
335 Lines compiled. No diagnostics.
*EXIT

It is convenient to compile the application together with debug information, as there will be no need for recompilation before debugging when unexpected results occur. The debug information does not slow down the execution of the application. The only disadvantage is that the :NRF and :LINK files become a little larger.

DOMINOS has also been compiled together with debug information, so all code in the DOMINO controller (except OPCOM) can be referred to by symbols in the Symbolic Debugger.

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DOMINOS is an operating system common to all the DOMINO controllers. The functions offered by DOMINOS are described in this chapter.

DOMINOS is backwards compatible with PIOCOS on source level from the programmer's point of view, except for a new naming convention used in include files. DOMINOS is not an updated PIOCOS but a completely new implementation, incorporating a similar architecture but more efficient algorithms and tools.

5.1 DOMINOS configuration¶

From version B00 of DOMINOS the DOMI-GENERATOR is replaced by the so called Configurator. Both programs implement a similar solution: Depending on user defined input a mode file is produced and started. The input is now no longer the answer to a lot of questions but the configurator resembles a compiler which compiles a small "high-level programming language" into a mode file.

| Configuration language syntax | The diagrams show the current syntax version of the language. Words in lower case are reserved keywords, upper case refers to a different syntax diagram and <....> refers to user selectable file names, routine names and so on. Note the use of strings! The diagram on page 107 shows the overall structure of a configuration program. It starts always with the definition of the target hardware. For the time being only two device types are possible: VENUSGLUE or MPMSTDDOMINO (= MPM based STandarD DOMINO). |

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The next statement is optional and allows to specify a string which - executed as a SINTRAN command (the "@" must not be included into the string) - activates the linkage-loader to be used. If this statement is used, the programmer has to be aware that one of the next versions of the configurator will assume the use of the new ND-LINKER. A change in the configuration program will in this case become necessary.

The DOMAIN statement is NOT optional, however the WITH part can be omitted with the result that the same name is used for domain and segment. SINTRAN filename syntax can be used for both domain and segment.

THE PLACE statement defines the base address of DOMINOS, default is 400000B, which is the start of the area reserved by the OPCOM module for applications.

With the optional BUFFER statement the system buffer pool of DOMINOS can be increased by the amount of . No decrement is possible.

If the default name of the :NRF file containing DOMINOS can not be used for example because a SINTRAN user area will be included, the SYSTEM statement must be used.

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Configuration for `<controller type>`¶

linker is '<linkage-loader>'
domain is <domain> with <segment>
- place at <address> (def. 400000B)
- buffer + <value> (def. 0)
- system LOAD LIST
- USER ADDRESS PART
- EXTENSION PART
- PROCESS PART

endconfig

Figure 10. Structure of a DOMINOS configuration program

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USER ADDRESS¶

The User address part is a complex and optional statement which starts with the reserved word USERADDR. Here specific user entries/addresses can be specified. Each of the currently three entry/address specifications is optional.

The first - starting with the reserved word ENTRY allows to specify a different user entry. By default the user entry is a PLANC PROGRAM : AUTO_START. (This possibility is new in the configurator, no predecessor in the GENERATOR.)

The second specification - starting with "DATA AT" allows to specify where the user data should be located. Using this is necessary if user program and data overlaps or if the user wants to save memory space.

The last specification allows to change the address range where processes (in MC68K user mode) have read/write access (in addition to the user memory data area) on the MC68K bus if at least one of the processes is created with the "system" bit set. (Refer PIRCreate service in DOMINOS). The default is the range reserved for the device part on DOMINO controllers.

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useraddr¶

entry is	`<user entry point>` (def. AUTO_START)

data at	`<user and UDSE data address>` (def. 1000000B)

iospace from	`<address>` (def. 70000000B)

to	`<address>` (def. 77677777B)

endaddr¶

Figure 11. DOMINOS configuration. USER ADDRESS PART

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EXTENSION¶

The optional complex EXTENSION statement, specifies in the LOAD LIST all files which contain user defined system extensions (UDSE). (Even files which contain exception handlers must be included into this list, although the exception handlers are not specified here but at runtime with the service PIRCREATE.)

Four branches inside the EXTENSION statement allow to specify up to eight (2 x 4) process management extensions (PME) in the BEGIN/END ACTION branches, and up to eight user defined services (UDS) in the CALL branch.

The EXTENSION statement must be closed with ENDEXT. (Code and data of UDSE is now located in DOMINO memory, that it can be called/accessed in supervisor mode as well as user mode. The result is that it is no longer necessary to have two copies of the same part in memory, one in the UDSE area and one in the process area.

Libraries must be loaded twice¶

Libraries MUST be loaded with the UDSE first, and then once again with the processes. In the second load only those modules which are accessed by processes, and not by UDSE are placed in memory. To drop loading the library first with UDSE will not result in undefined references BUT IN MEMORY PROTECTION VIOLATION when the UDSE calls the library routines which then reside in process memory!) For a detailed description of user defined system extensions read the section DOMINOS FOR ADVANCED PROGRAMMERS on page 151.

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extension ─► LOAD LIST
  │
  ├─► begin ──┬─► action ─► ROUTINE LIST
  │           │
  │           ├─► up
  │           │
  │           └─► down
  │
  ├─► end
  │
  ├─► power
  │
  └─► call
  │
endext

Figure 12. DOMINOS configuration. EXTENSION PART

PROCESS PART¶

The PROCESS statement contains for the time being only a LOAD LIST specifying all files which contain process code. Concerning libraries refer to the EXTENSION statement above. The PROCESS statement is NOT optional.

process ─► LOAD LIST
  │
endproc

Figure 13. DOMINOS configuration. PROCESS PART

is ─► <routine name>
  │
  .

Figure 14. DOMINOS configuration. ROUTINE LIST

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LOAD LIST¶

Each file name in the LOAD LIST command is converted to one load command for the linkage loader. Between the load commands the user can insert anything he wants by using the INSERT command.

Figure 15. DOMINOS configuration. LOAD LIST

INSERT¶

The optional INSERT statement is used in connection with LOAD LIST and the SKIP TO statement (refer below). Its purpose is to enable the user to include special commands into the generated mode file to tailor it to his own needs. Each string in the INSERT statement is placed on a new line in the mode file.

NOTE!
The use of INSERT statements can result in incompatibility when larger changes in the generated mode file structure are introduced with a new version of the configurator.

Figure 16. DOMINOS configuration. INSERT

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SKIP¶

The following diagram illustrates the SKIP statement.

| skip to | linker    |
|         | domain    |
|         | place     |
|         | buffer    |
|         | system    |
|         | useraddr  |
|         | extension |
|         | process   |
|         | endconfig |
|         | INSERT    |

Figure 17. DOMINOS configuration. SKIP

The SKIP statement can be inserted into the configuration program such that its label (one of the keywords LINKER...ENDCONFIG, see diagram) appears before the statement which starts with the same keyword appears. The effect is that the compiler generates the mode file up to that statement (unless there is a non-default statement in between). This becomes important together with the use of the INSERT:

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

An example¶

CONFIGURATION FOR VENUSGLUE

    DOMAIN IS "DOMINOS-C"

    SKIP TO BUFFER
        INSERT 'cc inserted before the buffer increase'

    PROCESS ON DOMI-TEST-PROG, PLANC-MC ENDPROC
ENDCONFIG

The result is that the string 'cc ....' is inserted into the mode file just in front of the statement which defines the system buffer pool size. The buffer statement itself (BUFFER + ) need not to be used. Without the SKIP the string would be inserted in front of the commands compiled from the PLACE statement.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Another example¶

CONFIGURATION FOR MPMStdDomino

SKIP TO DOMAIN
    INSERT 'abort-batch-on-error off'
    ....
    ....
ENDCONFIG

Without SKIP the string would be inserted before the linkage-loader is called.

The following table shows where the strings are inserted when using one of the reserved words in the SKIP TO statement:

RESERVED WORD	WHERE STRINGS ARE INSERTED
LINKER	before the linkage loader is called (remember "@" inside the strings!)
DOMAIN	before the domain is opened, can for example be used to release and delete the domain first
PLACE	before the data load address for DOMINOS is set
BUFFER	before the program load address for DOMINOS is set
SYSTEM	before the DOMINOS file(s) are loaded
USERADDR	before the segment is closed after having loaded DOMINOS
EXTENSION	after the segment is opened again and the user/UDSE data load address is established
PROCESS	before process files are loaded
ENDCONFIG	before the segment is closed and END-DOMAIN is executed

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The Compiler¶

The configuration compiler is a subsystem for the ND-100 with only a few commands. Besides the standard commands HELP, EXIT and so on, the following are available:

CONFIGURE command with parameter "source-file" (default: terminal), "mode output file" (default: terminal) and "list file" (default: no listing). Using the default values and calling the compiler inside a mode file seems the best solution. If a separate source file is used the file type :DCNF is assumed.

Two other commands LIST-KEY-WORDS and LIST-CONTROLLER-TYPES display the reserved keywords and the possible controller types respectively.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.2 DOMINOS Services¶

Naming convention¶

Symbolic names in ND-products shall follow a convention to reduce the risk of conflicts with user-defined names. The prefix PI is reserved for DOMINOS. This has led to incompatibility with PIOCOS as for instance RealTime has become PIRealTime and U10K PIOK.

Call interface¶

DOMINOS has an exported routine for each service, including the user-defined services. The user has to import these routines by including the file DOMI-APPL-IE-C:IMPT into his source files, and optionally DOMI-UDSE-IE-C:IMPT for UDS. Type declarations are in the file DOMI-DEFINES:DEFS. The imported routines generally appear as follows:

| Import (Routine

option is a PLANC routine modifier (e.g. SPECIAL or NATIVE). The user need not worry about it as long as the routine is not called with assembler code. The option is subject to change from one DOMINOS version to another.

service is the name of the service (e.g. SetEv).

The invalue is a pointer to the parameter record unique for each service. It has the same name as the routine, except for the prefix PIP (PI Pointer), while PIR means PI Routine. There is also a corresponding record type called PIT (PI Type).

The outvalue is status from the service. There are predeclared constants for the different errors that can occur in the file DOMI-DEFINES.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Trapping of errors from the DOMINOS services using PLANC On Routinererror is not possible. If nothing else is mentioned, all out parameters in the record are undefined in case an error code is returned.

The appropriate call can be done as follows:

| Addr =: ReturnStatus |

NOTE! Most CPU registers (D0:D7, A0:A4) may be overwritten after the call. This is especially important in user userwritten interrupt handlers where all registers need to be saved. The PIOC compatible TRAP #2 sequence, where the registers are saved, can be used in interrupt handlers, or even better, the interrupt handler itself can save all registers on entry and restore them on exit.

The old TRAP #2 sequence of calling services in DOMINOS will remain available in the foreseeable future. It is however slower than the new way of invoking services. Only the registers D0 and SR are changed when returning from DOMINOS.

Completely new functions compared to PIOCOS have generally an additional parameter called PISubFunc (type Integer2). If nothing else is mentioned, this must be initialized to 1 (to eliminate the risk of "automatic initialization" by the compiler or loader). This parameter allows future extension of the function. For most of the functions already known from PIOCOS, some of the bits of the parameter PIProcess are reserved for this purpose (besides Create, WhoAmI and ProsNo, as PIProcess contains an out-value in these functions).

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Constant	Octal value
PITermination	6000B
PIILCAL	6001B
PIRANGE	6002B
PICONTX	6003B
PISupModeCall	6004B
PIntErr	6005B
PIDomFatal	6006B
PIUserFatal	6007B
PINOEXIST	6011B
PIEXIST	6012B
PIILPRI	6013B
PIILSTATE	6014B
PINOPROS	6015B
PINOFREE	6016B
PIEVNOEX	6021B
PIILVEC	6022B
PINOBUF	6041B
PIINCONSIST	6042B
PILLADDR	6043B
PINoRout	6051B

Table 4. DOMINOS error codes

Error codes¶

The DOMINO Operating System errors are found in Appendix C on page 264-265.

The DOMINO Services (HW-LIB/OPCOM) error codes, are found in Appendix C on page 266.

The DOMINO Services (BOPCOM) error codes, are found in Appendix C on page 267.

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5.3 Process Management¶

Processes are application programs which can run virtually in parallel under DOMINOS process management. Each process is in one of the following states:

State	Description
Dormant	Dormant means that the process exists but is completely passive.
Blocked	Blocked means that the process is in wait state. For the time being, only "waiting for event" is a possible reason. User-defined services may create more reasons.
Ready	The process is in the ready queue because it is ready to execute. The process is not executing because there are other process(es) with higher or equal priority in the queue.
Running	That process in the set of ready processes which has the highest priority, and thus is the current executing one.

All processes which are ready for execution are linked to the ready queue in the order of their priority, highest priority at the head of the queue. The scheduler always selects process at the head of the queue, sets its state to running and executes it.

Each process has a time limit. This is the maximum CPU time it can use before being moved backwards in the ready queue. The value of the limit is determined during creation of the process and can be changed with the Modify service. Default (maximum) is 244 days 15 hours. The time limit is restored each time a process becomes running.

If a process stays in the running state when the time limit expires, it is moved behind the last process in the ready queue with the same priority. This is partial round-robin scheduling.

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NOTE! The basic time unit in DOMINOS is 5 msec.

Process	Priority	Status
Process A	20	Running
Process B	20	Ready
Process C	20	Ready
Process D	17	Ready

When time limit of A expires, A is moved after C and B becomes running. D keeps its relative position.

Figure 18. Round-robin scheduling

5.3.1 Create service¶

Explanation Create a process. This means in particular:

Memory space for the process description is allocated from the system buffer pool.
The process description is initialized according to default values and parameters given by the service.
A new entry is allocated in the process table and given to the process description.
The time limit is set to maximum (244 days, 15 hours).
If the "create and go" option is selected, the process is set into the ready state, otherwise it becomes dormant.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

PITCreate Record¶

IN	OUT
PIProcess	Integer2
PIName (0:3)
PITypePrio
PIStartAddr

PIProcess¶

The process number is returned. Most process-related functions need the value as input. The number of processes that may be created is mainly limited by buffer space in DOMINOS.

PIName¶

User-chosen process name of four characters. If a shorter name is used, fill up with spaces. It must not be in use by another process.

PITypePrio¶

PITTypePrio contains in fact several parameters:

The PIFullAcc bit defines whether the process has write access to the device-dependent IO-space of memory or not. If set, the process is allowed to do so, and if not, only user data is accessible. However, the memory protection is global for all processes. If one process has access to the IO-space, the IO-space cannot be protected. Thus this option should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary!

If the "create and go" bit is set to one (PIABegin), the process is started, otherwise the service Begin has to be called explicitly.

Bits 0:7 contain the process priority within the range 1:255. A process with priority 0 is illegal, while 255 is reserved for future extension.

All other bits must be zero in order not to conflict with future extensions of the create service.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

PIStartAddr¶

Points to the first instruction to be executed by this process after it has been started.

Example of starting a process

$Include DOMI-DEFINES:DEFS

Module Common
  Export ErrCheck, WaitSeconds
  % as in previous example
Endmodule

Module PRO2
  Export PRO2
  % as in previous example
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start
  Export Auto_Start
  $Include DOMI-APPL-IE:IMPT
  Import (Routine Integer, Void : ErrCheck)
  Import (Program : PRO2)
  Integer Array : S (0:1023)
  Constant Prior = 13
  PITCreate : CreRec := (0,'PRO2',PIABegin+Prior,Addr(PRO2))
  Program : Auto_Start
    IniStack S
    Output(1,'A','$Auto_Start is creating PRO2')
    Addr (CreRec) PIRCreate ErrCheck
  Endroutine
Endmodule

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5.3.2 Modify service¶

Explanation
The Modify service can change the parameters of a process. The parameter record is a variant record of PITCreate. The process number is IN parameter and specifies the process to be changed.

All parameters supplied in the Create service can be modified. The process name, memory access and priority affect the process immediately, while start address will be used when the next Begin service is called for the process.

If the new process priority is equal to the old one, and the process being modified is actually the running one, the process state is affected. The process is moved in the ready queue behind all processes with same priority.

The extra parameter PITimeLimit is used to give an individual time limit to the process for round-robin scheduling. That is the maximum number of CPU time units to have exclusive access to the CPU. The parameter is interpreted as a 32-bit unsigned integer. Zero means in fact the maximum time limit, which is used when the process is created.

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PITModify record of PITCreate¶

IN	OUT
Integer2	PIProcess
Bytes	PIName (0:3)
Integer2	PITypePrio
Program Pointer	PIStartAddr
Integer4	PITimeLimit

Example of a process which changes its priority¶

Module PRO2 
Export ModRec % used by Auto_Start when creating process 
$Include DOMI-APPL-IE:IMPT 
Import (Routine Integer, Void : ErrCheck) 
Integer Array : S (0:1023) 
Program : PRO2? % predeclaration 
PITModify : ModRec := (0, 'PRO2', 0, Addr(PRO2), 0) 
Program : PRO2 
  IniStack S 
  Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running with unknown priority') 
  Output(1,'A','$I will now set it to 10') 
  10 =: ModRec.PITypePrio 
  Addr (ModRec) PIRModify ErrCheck 
Endroutine 
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start 
Export Auto_Start 
Import (PITModify : ModRec) 
% code as for previous example, except using ModRec 
Endmodule

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.3.3 Begin service¶

Explanation
Set a process to the ready state. This means in particular that the scheduler can take care of it, and start execution of it (set it into the running state) as soon as there is no other process ready with higher priority. The start address is the one given when the process was created if it has not been modified in the meantime. See also the services END and ABORT.

IN	PITBegin record	OUT
Integer2		PIProcess

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Example of creating and starting a process by two services

Module PRO2
Export PRO2
% code as before
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start
Export Auto_Start
$Include DOMI-APPL-IE:IMPT
Import (Routine Integer, Void : ErrCheck)
Import (Program : PRO2 )
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Constant Prior = 13
PITCreate : CreRec := (0, 'PRO2', Prior, Addr(PRO2) )
PITBegin : BegRec := (0)
Program : Auto_Start
IniStack S
Output(1,'A','$Creating PRO2 without starting it')
Addr (CreRec) PIRCreate ErrCheck
Output(1,'A','$Starting PRO2')
CreRec.PIProcess =: BegRec.PIProcess
Addr (BegRec) PIRBegin
Endroutine
Endmodule

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5.3.4 End service¶

The process executing this call is taken from the running to the dormant state. Only a new BEGIN service (issued by a different process) can start it again. All entries in the timer queue concerning the dormant process are removed. The pointer being the in-value to this service is dummy, so NIL should be used.

Example of a process which stops itself
Module PRO2
$Include DOM1-APPL-IE:IMPT
Import (Routine Integer, Void : ErrCheck)
Export PRO2
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Program : PRO2
IniStack S
Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running')
Output(1,'A','$I will now make myself dormant')
Nil PIRF.nd ErrCheck % Usually never reached !!
Endroutine
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start
Export Auto_Start
% code as before
Endmodule

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.3.5 Abort service¶

This service has the same effect as END, but the process to be made dormant is specified in the parameter record.

	PITAabort record
	IN	OUT
Integer2	PIProcess

Page 146¶

Example of starting and stopping a process several times¶

Module PRO2¶

Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Program : PRO2
IniStack S
Do % infinite loop
  1 WaitSeconds
  Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running')
Enddo
Endroutine
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start¶

Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Constant Prior = 6
PITCreate : CreRec := (0, 'PRO2', Prior, Addr(PRO2) )
PITAbort : AboRec := (0)
PITBegin : BegRec := (0)
Program : Auto_Start
IniStack S
Output(1,'A','$Creating process PRO2')
Addr (CreRec) PIRCreate ErrCheck
CreRec.PIProcess =: AboRec.PIProcess =: BegRec.PIProcess
Do
  Output(1,'A','$Starting process PRO2')
  Addr (BegRec) PIRBegin ErrCheck
  5 WaitSeconds
  Output(1,'A','$Stopping process PRO2')
  Addr (AboRec) PIRAbort ErrCheck
  3 WaitSeconds
Enddo
Endroutine
Endmodule

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.3.6 Kill service¶

The process given in the parameter record is made dormant. The process description is returned to the buffer pool and its entry in the process table is cleared. The process no longer exists (i.e. its process number becomes undefined).

IN	PITKill record	OUT
Integer2	PIPprocess

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Example of creating and deleting a process several times¶

Module PRO2¶

Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Program : PRO2
IniStack S
Do While True
% infinite loop
1 WaitSeconds
Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running')
Enddo
Endroutine
Endmodule

Module Auto_Start¶

Integer Array : S (0:1023)
Constant Prior = 2
PITCreate : CreRec := (0,'PRO2',PIABegin+Prior,Addr(PRO2))
PITKill : KilRec := (0)
Program : Auto_Start
IniStack S
Do
Output(1,'A','$Creating process PRO2')
Addr (CreRec) PIRCreate ErrCheck
7 WaitSeconds
Output(1,'A','$Deleting process PRO2')
CreRec.PIProcess =: KilRec.PIProcess
Addr (KilRec) PIRKill ErrCheck
4 WaitSeconds
Enddo
Endroutine
Endmodule

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.3.7 WhoAmI service¶

Obtain the process number of the calling process. The process number is needed as parameter in several services.

	PITWhoAmI record
IN	OUT
PIProcess	→ Integer2

Example of a process calculating its process number

Module PRO2
...
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
PITWhoAmI : WhoRec := (0)
Program : PRO2
IniStack S
Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running with process number ')
Addr (WhoRec) PIWhoAmI ErrCheck
Output(1,'I',WhoRec.PIProcess)
Endroutine
Endmodule

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5.3.8 ProsNo Service¶

Obtain number of a process with a given name.

	PITProsNo record
IN	PIProcess
Bytes	PIName(0:3)	OUT
		Integer2

Another example of how to get the process number

Module PRO2
...
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
PITprosNo : ProRec := (0,'PRO2')
Program : PRO2
IniStack S
% I know my name, but not my process number
Addr (ProRec) PIRProsNo ErrCheck
Output(1,'A','$PRO2 running with process number ')
Output(1,'I',ProRec.PIProcess)
Endroutine
Endmodule

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5.3.9 PrName service¶

Obtain name of a process with a given process number.

IN	PITPrName record
Integer2
	PIProcess
	PIName(0:3)
OUT
	Bytes

Example of getting the process name¶

Module PRO2
...
Integer Array : S (0:1023)
PITPrName : PrNRec := (0,'  ')
PITWhoAmI : WhoRec := (0)
Program : PRO2
  IniStack S
  % I neither know my process number nor name
  Addr (WhoRec) PIRWhoAmI ErrCheck
  % I still do not know my name
  WhoRec.PIProcess =: PrNRec.PIProcess
  Addr (PrNRec) PIRPrName ErrCheck
  Output(1,'A','$')
  Output(1,'A',PrNRec.PIName)
  Output(1,'A',' running with process number ')
  Output(1,'I',PrNRec.PIProcess)
Endroutine
Endmodule

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5.4 The Event System¶

Event system

The event system is used for synchronization purposes between processes (two way synchronization), and between interrupt handlers and processes (one way synchronization). It is a very general concept which may be used for solving a broad range of problems regarding the signalling part of interprocess communication.

Driver to process (one way)	Process to process (both ways)
Interrupt	Ack event
event	Server process → Client process
Driver → Process	Req event

Event buffer

Each process has an event buffer containing the current events set for it. The buffer is an integer variable where each bit corresponds to a discrete event.

Event agreement

The communicating processes must agree in advance upon which events (bits) to use and upon their semantic values. Events are normally used in combination with additional information exchanged between the processes (e.g. a message residing in a mailbox). The event just says that 'something has occurred', but not what or which process caused it.

A process can set events for any other process (including itself) as long as it knows its process number. Events can only be sent to processes in the same DOMINO controller. NUCLEUS must be used if communication with remote processes is needed. NUCLEUS uses events 30 and 31 (decimal bit number).

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5.4.1 SetEv service¶

Set event(s) for a process. The events given by PIEvents are added (ORed) to the event buffer of the receiving process. There is no event queuing in case some of the events already are set for it. An event may only be sent to one process at a time (no broadcast possibility).

This can lead to events being lost (overwritten) in the receiver's event buffer if the receiving process is slow compared to the senders. Careful design of an event protocol between the communicating processes removes the problem.

IN	PITSetEv record	OUT
Integer2	PIProcess
Integer4	PIEvent

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.4.2 ReadEv service¶

The events currently set for the process are returned in the variable PICurrEvents. The process will return immediately (never enter blocked state) even if there are no events. The returned events are cleared in the process' event buffer.

IN	PITReadEv record	OUT
PICurrEvents		Integer 4

5.4.3 WaitEv service¶

The process will wait for events given by the variable PIWaitEvents. The process continues when any of these events are set (one or more). All events set are then returned in the variable PICurrEvents, and the event buffer of the process is cleared.

If the events to wait for are equal to zero, the process will never return. If there are already events in the buffer which match PIWaitEvents when WaitEv is called, the process continues immediately.

IN	PITWaitEv record	OUT
PICurrEvents		Integer 4
Integer 4	PIWaitEvents

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Example of signalling ('kicking') a process¶

MODULE MASTER	% This example is only relevant when loss of
EXPORT MASTER	% events is acceptable, or there is a certain
	% maximum delay before the receiver reacts.
PITProsNo : ProRec := (0,'SLAV')

PROGRAM : MAST  % Master process (kicking slave)
PITSetEv : SetEvRec
INTEGER : KickCount
..
% wait for creation of SLAVE process
ProRec.PIProcess =: SetEvRec.PIProcess  % ProRec of slave
1 =: SetEvRec.PIEvent; 0 =: KickCount   % Bit/Event 0 set

DO
  ++ KickCount
  Output(1,'A','$MAST : Kicking SLAV for ')
  Output(1,'I',KickCount)
  Output(1,'A','th time')
  Addr(SetEvRec) PIRSetEv   % kick partner
  1 WaitSeconds              % ensure slave gets
                             % time to react
ENDDO
ENDROUTINE
ENDMODULE

MODULE SLAVE
EXPORT SLAVE

PROGRAM : EVE2
PITWaitEv : WaitEvRec
INTEGER : KickedCount
..
0 =: KickedCount
% return when any event occurs
-1 =: WaitEvRec.PIWaitEvents  % return when any event

DO
  Addr(WaitEvRec) PIRWaitEv
  ++ KickedCount
  Output(1,'A','$EVE2 : I have been kicked for ')
  Output(1,'I',KickedCount); Output(1,'A','th time')
ENDDO
ENDROUTINE
ENDMODULE

Page 156¶

Example of signalling events with positive feedback¶

MODULE MASTER	% The kicking process waits for acknowledge
EXPORT MASTER	% from the slave in this example. If the slave dies, the master is stuck!

TYPE EventKind = ENUMERATION (None,Kick,Ack)
PITProsNo : ProRec := (0,'EVE2')
PITSetEv : SetEvRec

PROGRAM : MASTER
    PITWaitEv : WaitEvRec
    PITSetEv : SetEvRec
    INTEGER : KickCount
    ..
    ProRec.PIProcess =: SetEvRec.PIProcess
    Kick CONVERT INTEGER =: SetEvRec.PIEvent  % prepare kick
    0 =: KickCount; -1 =: WaitEvRec.PIWaitEvents

    DO
        ++ KickCount
        Output(1,'A','$MAST : Kicking SLAV for ')
        Output(1,'I',KickCount); Output(1,'A','th time')
        Addr(SetEvRec) PIRSetEv ErrCheck  % kick slave
        Addr(WaitEvRec) PIRWaitEv ErrCheck  % wait acknowledge
        CASE ( WaitEvRec.PICurrEvents CONVERT EventKind )
            INCASE Ack
                Output(1,'A','$MAST : Ack')
            ELSE % protocol violation
        ENDCASE
    ENDDO
ENDROUTINE
ENDMODULE

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

MODULE SLAVE
EXPORT SLAVE
TYPE EventKind = ENUMERATION (None,Kick,Ack)

PROGRAM : SLAVE
PITSetEv : SetEvRec
PITWaitEv : WaitEvRec
INTEGER : KickedCount

ProRec.PIProcess =: SetEvRec.PIProcess
0 =: KickedCount; -1 =: WaitEvRec.PIWaitEvents

DO % forever
Addr(WaitEvRec) PIRWaitEv ErrCheck % wait acknowledge
CASE ( WaitEvRec.PICurrEvents CONVERT EventKInd )
INCASE Kick
++ KickedCount
Output(1,'A','$SLAV : I have been kicked for ')
Output(1,'I',KickedCount); Output(1,'A','th time')
Ack CONVERT INTEGER =: SetEvRec.PIEvent
Addr(SetEvRec) PIRSetEv ErrCheck
INCASE Ack
Output(1,'A','$SLAV : Ack')
ELSE % protocol violation
ENDCASE
ENDDO
ENDROUTINE
ENDMODULE

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5.4.4 SelWaitEv service¶

This service does basically the same as WaitEvents. The difference being that only those events the process is waiting for are cleared in the event buffer. PICurrEvents contains however all events at return (selective wait).

IN	OUT
PICurrEvents	Integer 4
PIWaitEvents

5.4.5 UniWaitEv service¶

The UniWaitEv (universal) service provides all the functions that are possible with SelWaitEv and WaitEv, and some additional.

The parameter PISubFunc parameter may contain the sum of any of the constants PIEvSel and PIEvComp.

PIEvSel¶

Only those events the process is waiting for (WaitEvents parameter of PIWaitEv) are returned in the variable PICurrEvents and cleared in the event buffer.

PIEvComp¶

The process is continued only when all the events given by WaitEvents parameter have occurred.

PITimeOut¶

If the PITimeOut parameter is different from zero, this indicates the time to wait (basic time units) before giving the process timeout. The event(s) given by PITimeEvent are returned in this case. A bit should normally be reserved for signalling timeout. Otherwise it will not be possible to distinguish timeout from other events as no more events...

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

distinguish timeout from other events as no more context accompanies it. If any of the WaitEvents occur before timeout, the process returns and the timeout is cancelled.

PITUniWaitEv Record¶

IN	OUT
Integer2	PISubFunc
	PIWaitEv
Integer4	PICurrEvents -> Integer4
Integer4	PIWaitEvents
Integer4	PITimeout
Integer4	PITimeEvent
Integer4	PIReserved = 0 (future extension)

Example of Halting a Process for a Given Time¶

PITUniWaitEv : WaitUniRec := (PIEvsel,(0,1),200,1,0)

ROUTINE INTEGER, VOID : WaitSeconds
1 =: WaitUniRec.PIWaitEv.PIWaitEvents % wait for timeout
@ * 200 =: WaitUniRec.PITimeOut % set timeout event
Addr (WaitUniRec) PIRUniWaitEv ErrCheck % wait
ENDROUTINE

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5.5 Time Scheduled Events¶

Timer queue

DOMINOS uses a timer queue in order to provide time-scheduled events. Each entry in the queue gives information about the process requesting the service, and when it wants it.

PIOCOS

The clock process in PIOCOS is replaced by a more sophisticated clock driver in DOMINOS. The length of the timer queue is only limited by the size of the system buffer pool.

5.5.1 InterEv service¶

This service provides time related events at regular intervals.

PIDelay

After a number of time units, given by PIDelay, the events in the PIEvent parameter are set. The value 0 (zero) is invalid.

PIInterval

If PIInterval is different from zero, it gives the delay interval before the events are set again. The events are set repeatedly until the service is cancelled by the InterDel service.

PIModifier

PIModifier may contain the sum of any of the constants PICISecond and PICIRelative.

PICISec

The parameters PIInterval and PIDelay are by default taken to be given in basic time units. This constant changes the time unit to seconds.

PICIRel

By default, the delay before setting the events are scheduled absolute to the DOMINOS system clock. This constant causes the event to be scheduled relative to the time when this service is called. The DOMINOS clock is exported in the parameter PIRealTime into the application program.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

PITInterEv record
IN	OUT
Integer2
Integer4
Integer4
Integer4
Integer2

PITSetEv
PIPROCESS
PIEVENT
PIINTERVAL
PIDELAY
PIMODIFIER

5.5.2 InterDel Service¶

Each requested InterEv service can be cancelled with this call. The parameter PIEVENT cancels services according to the following rule:

If the PIEVENT is equal to zero, all time services belonging to PIProcesses are cancelled.

If PIEVENT > 0 then all time services matching both the PIEVENT and the PIProcess parameter are cancelled.

PITInterDel record
IN	OUT
Integer2
Integer4

(PITSetEv)
PIPROCESS
PIEVENT

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5.6 Buffer Management¶

Buffer pool¶

The buffer management supplies utility functions for administrating shared pools between the processes. There is one pool for the user processes and another only accessible from supervisor mode (e.g. DOMINOS and device drivers). The buffer management is of general purpose. The data kept in a buffer is not interpreted by DOMINOS. A common pool makes it possible to save memory space, as it is no longer necessary to allocate one buffer heap per process. A buffer in the pool is at any time either free to be used, or allocated to a process. The use of the pools is allocated at load time.

PIOCOS¶

The buffer management was also implemented in PIOCOS. However, the services have been revised to include a pool of user buffers and are now available for the user too.

Memory layout¶

The system buffer pool is defined by the memory gap between data and code part of DOMINOS. The user buffer pool is defined by the global label PIUserBuffer and the start of the memory area for the system (supervisor) stack. This stack is located in the last part of the local memory.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Address label	Local memory
	OPCOM
BufferSta	DOMINOS data
	System buffers
	DOMINOS code
	PIR
	User def.sys.extensions UDSE
	User Code
	Unused memory gap
PIUserBuffer	User data
	User buffers
PIMemSize	System stack

Figure 19. DOMINOS relative memory layout

Consistency check¶

The data structure for the buffer management is a double-linked list of elements. Each element keeps information about one buffer. The elements are ordered according to increasing memory address. If a buffer is given to a process, a flag is set in the corresponding list element. When DOMINOS starts, there is one list element spanning the whole pool. As buffers are given to processes, the number of list elements increases (fragmentation). The buffer list is checked for consistency. Inconsistency during DOMINOS start, leads to a fatal system error (DOMINOS is aborted).

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5.6.1 GetBuffer Service¶

Allocate a buffer to a process. If there is not enough free buffer space, an error message is returned.

PISubFunc
This modifier indicates in which pool the buffer resides. Use PIUsrBuff for user pool and PISysBuff for system pool.

PIBuffAddr
The address (32-bit pointer) to the start of the buffer. Returned by DOMINOS.

PIBuffSize
The size of the desired buffer in bytes.

IN	PITGetBuffer record	OUT
Integer2	PISubFunc
Integer2	PIBuffAddr	Integer2 Pointer
Integer4	PIBuffSize

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5.6.2 RelBuffer service¶

Release a buffer allocated to a process. The service checks for consistency.

PISubFunc
This modifier indicates in which pool the buffer resides. Use PIUsrBuff for user pool and PISysBuff for system pool.

PIBuffAddr
The address (32-bit pointer) to the start of the buffer.

IN	OUT
Integer2	PISubFunc
Integer2 Pointer	PIBuffAddr

5.7 Exported system data¶

Some data items are exported from DOMINOS and can be imported to application modules. Note that all these data items reside in a memory area which is write-protected. All the data items can be replaced in a later version of DOMINOS by routines with equal names and a corresponding out value.

PIRealTime
An INTEGER4 variable which is incremented by the clock driver on each timer interrupt (every 5 msecs). It is initialized to 0 on DOMINO startup.

PIHostNumb
The number of the host CPU as an INTEGER2 variable. For DOMINO controllers, the contents of the variable is not currently defined.

PIControll
The number of the controller in the current host system as an INTEGER2 variable. The contents on DOMINO is the OCTOBUS Station number of the controller.

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PICPUType¶

INTEGER4 variable which contains a number describing the processor used on this controller. The following values are defined for the MOTOROLA processors (decimal): 68000, 68010, and 68020.

5.7.1 Fatal service¶

If a fatal error occurs in a user program, this error can be reported to the host by using this call. Note that DOMINOS is aborted. This means all activities are stopped and the controller must be loaded and started again!

This ultimate service can be called from interrupt handlers too.

PI Parameter	Description
PISubFunc	For future extension. Must be set to 1.
PIError	The user-defined error code to return. Extended to be an INTEGER 4, but only the lower 16 bits are used.

PIAORegister & PIDORegister¶

The parameters PIAOREGISTER and PIDOREGISTER are handled such that the value of PIAORegister is put into the AO-register and the PIDORegister into the DO-register. Thus, these values may be inspected by the LOOK-AT-REGISTER command in the DOMINO Monitor. The current values of AO and DO should therefore be saved in the record before preparing the call.

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IN	PITFatal record	OUT
Integer2		PISubFunc
Integer4		PIError
Integer4		PIDORegister
Integer4		PIAORegister

5.8 DOMINOS for advanced programmers¶

DOMINOS also offers special program environments for user defined:

interrupt handlers
trap handlers
services (UDS)
process management extensions (PME)

UDSE All these entities are hereafter referred to as User-Defined System Extensions (UDSE).

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5.8.1 The MC68K in Supervisor Mode¶

Execution Modes¶

When making UDSE code, the user must be aware that the instructions will be executed in the so-called supervisor mode of the MC68K. DOMINOS executes in this mode. This is indicated by a bit in the status register (SR) of the processor and has the following implications compared with the user mode used in the process environment:

A different machine stack is used
There are no restrictions on the processor instruction set
Different access rights apply throughout the first 16-MByte address range

Stack Pointers¶

The A7-register is used as stack pointer in the MC68K processors. The user and the supervisor mode have separate A7-registers. Depending on the execution mode, one of them is selected when A7 is accessed in an instruction.

However, it is possible in supervisor mode to read the A7-register of the user mode by using the 'MOVE from/to USP' instruction. This is necessary to let DOMINOS switch from one process to another.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Privileged instructions¶

The privileged instructions which can be executed in supervisor mode but which lead to a trap if tried in user mode are:

All instructions which may change SR:
- MOVE to/from SR
- ANDI to SR, also EORI, ORI
- RTE
- STOP

Coprocessor instructions cpSAVE and cpRESTORE

RESET

MOVEC (to access special CPU registers), MOVES (to access 'unnatural' address spaces) and MOVE to/from USP (to access the user stack pointer)

The RTE instruction is always the last instruction to be executed in an interrupt/trap handler to resume the suspended activity.

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5.8.2 Disable and enable interrupts¶

The following code shows how to turn interrupts off and on. The interrupt should normally only be turned off for short intervals.

Code to disable all maskable interrupts
INTEGER2 : SaveSR

$* MOVE.W SR, SaveSR % keep current value of SR
$* ORI.W #0700H,SR % set interrupt threshold to
...... % maximum uninterruptible code
$* MOVE.W SaveSR, SR % interrupts switched on again

The combination of these two pieces of code can with advantage use the stack instead of the INTEGER2 variable. The well-known rules for how to use a stack must then be followed:

Macros to enable and disable interrupts
$MACRO solo
$* MOVE.W SR,-(A7) % save old SR on stack
$* ORI.W #0700H,SR % disable all maskable interrupts
$ENDMACRO

Note: Some interrupts can not be disabled, e.g. Power fail.

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5.8.3 Access rights in supervisor mode¶

The hardware-based access protection system in DOMINO controllers depends on the MC68K mode of operation. Different areas inside the first 16 MBytes of the physical address range must be used for different purposes. Before DOMINOS is started, the protection is setup by the OPCOM module. Later, DOMINOS changes parts of the access map.

Address	OPCOM only	With DOMINOS
	Supervisor	User
000000H
400H	Read only	No access
*	Read write	Read only
1	Fetch	No access
*	Read write	No access
20000H
*	Any access	Any access
2
*
*
*
RAM end
minus	Read write	No access
8 KByte


RAM end	Read write	No access
*
*

1000000H

Figure 20. DOMINO memory protection

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Notes:¶

* Value depends on the current OPCOM version
*¹ Value depends on DOMINOS version and size of system buffer pool. See DOMINOS configurator.
*² Value depends on * and the current DOMINOS version
*³ Value depends on * and the code part of the UDSE
*⁵ Value depends on ⟨load address for user/UDSE data⟩. See DOMINOS configurator.
*⁶ Value depends on ⟨sys proc extra READ/WRITE⟩. See DOMINOS configurator.

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5.8.4 PLANC compiler¶

Clean code & Option 2¶

It is very important to use the right PLANC compiler for MC68K and to use it correctly:

In version G one must use the compiler directive OPTION 2 which forces the compiler to use a new calling sequence, which has no data placed in the code area (dirty code). It is also much faster. From version H this option is switched on by default.

From version H it is safer to use high level PLANC statements in SPECIAL routines: A warning is issued when the compiler generates code in a SPECIAL routine which assumes the existence of a stack (usually not present!).

Version I should be used since the UNSIGNED modifier is used in DOMI-DEFINES-:DEFS.

Exception handler¶

Exception handler is used as a common name for interrupt handlers (asynchronous exception) and trap handlers (synchronous exception). The term 'exception' means that the CPU is forced to leave its normal execution sequence to execute some exceptional code.

PLANC constraints¶

Exception handlers are activated entirely by hardware, and they do not therefore fit into the PLANC environment. When an ordinary PLANC routine is called, the PLANC run-time system allocates a stack frame for the routine. The code inside the routine assumes that the stack is present, which is not the case for exception handlers. There are, however, three kinds of routines in PLANC which do not implicitly assume the presence of a stack:

PROGRAM
NATIVE (only available in MC68K PLANC)
SPECIAL

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

Program¶

PROGRAM defines a main program which begins always with an INISTACK statement, thus making its own stack. It would therefore be a perfect solution for the problem, but there are some drawbacks:

INISTACK must be the first statement in the routine, and the generated code destroys the register context before it can be saved.

Only a static allocated stack is accepted in the INISTACK statement (the stack cannot reside in a heap). If interrupts on different levels use the same handler, the same array could be initialized twice, thus destroying (overwriting) the stack of the exception handler on the lower interrupt level.

The new stack to be created is the supervisor stack. Changing this stack might have consequences for the whole system.

A design goal for exception handlers is to make them fast and short (few instructions). The INISTACK and all the other necessary actions are quite a big overhead in many of these cases.

The conclusion is that a solution with PROGRAM is not recommended!

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

native¶

NATIVE routines are only for MC68K PLANC. They have an automatically included calling sequence based only on the MC68K machine stack. Registers are not destroyed when the routine is called. There are however serious compatibility problems such as that NATIVE routines must never call a normal routine (e.g. a routine in the PLANC run-time system). In addition to this, NATIVE routines are unable to use ERRETURN, and, with the exception of invalue and outvalue, have NO parameters. NATIVE-type routines are not fully supported. There is therefore no guarantee that they will not be removed from the compiler at some time in the future.

A solution with NATIVE routines can no longer be recommended since the MC-PLANC compilers now have better support for SPECIAL routines.

Special¶

The routine option SPECIAL defines a routine with no call-sequence. In practice this leads to routines which:

have no stack frame (no parameters and local data)
are rather fast

Earlier it was quite dangerous to use anything else than pure inline assembler in such routines since the generated code assumed that a stack frame existed. The latest versions of the MC-PLANC compiler issue a warning when it uses the stack frame in a SPECIAL routine. High-level PLANC statements in SPECIAL routines are therefore now possible which allows the implementation of increased complexity.

This type of routine can with advantage be used in cases where the complexity of the handler is small or medium.

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Mixed Routines¶

The recommended solution for complex exception handlers is a combination of one SPECIAL routine and normal routines.

INISTACK Simulation¶

It is quite easy to simulate an INISTACK statement for the stack layout belonging to the "OPTION 2", using an array dynamically allocated on the machine stack! This is exactly what the standard INISTACK lacks!

Assembler code for saving registers and allocate stack
PITDriver : AnExceptHandler
$* MOVEM.L D0-A5, -(A7)
$* LINK A6,#\<stack demand>
$* MOVE.L A6,4B(A7)
$* PEA 14B(A7)
$* MOVE.L A7,A6

The code inside the exception handler is now free to use the address and data registers. The new stack frame is now initialized with a size of the absolute value of \<stack demand> given in bytes. The parameter \<stack demand> must be given as a negative argument to fit with the MC68K. The size of the stack need only take care of the routines called (directly or indirectly) from here. In the current version, the value should not exceed 1 KByte. Ordinary PLANC routines (with or without parameters) can be called. Note that the current SPECIAL routine must still not have any local variables!

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Having executed the routines of the exception handler, the original context must be restored:

Assembler code for deallocating stack and restoring registers
$* MOVE.L 10B(A6),A7
$* MOVE.L (A7)+,A6
$* MOVEM.L (A7)+,D0-A5
$* RTE
ENDROUTINE

Note that the INISTACK simulation here is dependent on the current implementation of the stack layout. It may therefore change in the future!

In cases where the user can guarantee that a trap handler is always activated when a usual PLANC stack exists, it is possible for the trap handler to use the PLANC stack of the interrupted activity. DOMINOS uses this for all services which must only be called from a process and thus have a stack defined. It requires that the process has some free space on the stack.

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5.8.5 Special rules for interrupt handlers¶

Activity transparency¶

When an interrupt occurs, the currently executing activity (a process or another exception handler) is suspended, and the processor starts executing the interrupt handler. After execution, the interrupted activity must be reactivated. From this activity's point of view, it must look as if nothing has happened. This means that the interrupt handler must not alter the context of the interrupted activity. In practice, this implies that all the registers used by the interrupt handler have to be temporarily stored away. The interrupt handler has no way of knowing which registers are in use by the interrupted activity. As already shown in the previous example, this can easily be done with two MOVEM.L assembler instructions.

Limited services¶

Since interrupts can even suspend the execution of a DOMINOS service, DOMINOS has to keep its data structures protected against corruption. This could be done by locking all data structures with a SOLO/TUTTI sequence or by using special structures. To avoid long interrupt-off times and to keep the algorithms simple this has only been done in some cases. Calling a PIR\ routine or TRAP #2 sequence from an interrupt handler directly or indirectly is therefore not allowed, with the following exceptions:


PIRSetEvent	Set an event to a process
PIRFatal	Message to the outer world, that the system is going to collapse

DOMINOS is not able to check whether or not a call for a service is invoked by an interrupt handler.

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5.8.6 Special rules for trap handlers¶

Traps in this sense are synchronous exceptions which are generated explicitly by a process or by any other activity by using one of the following MC68K instructions:

BKPT - Break point, used by DOMINO OPCOM
CHK - check register against bounds
CHK2 - check register against bounds
cpTRAPcc - trap on coprocessor condition
TRAP - trap unconditional
TRAPcc - trap on condition
TRAPV - trap on overflow

Other synchronous exceptions like bus error, address error, illegal instruction, privilege violation are not covered here. DOMINOS/OPCOM assumes that an occurrence of such a trap is not wanted and treats it as a fatal error!

Trap handler interface¶

The environment for handlers of this kind of traps is quite similar to that of interrupt handlers. The main difference is that, since the trap is programmed, the programmer may define an interface between the handler and the trap-producing activity. The programmer controls both sides of the trap. By hiding the trap-producing activity inside a routine (e.g. a library) this interface need not to be known anywhere else. Trap implementation in DOMINOS show this quite clearly:

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

DOMINOS monitor calls¶

The TRAP #2 instruction is reserved in DOMINOS for "monitor calls". The defined interface in this case is that the D0 register contains the function number and the A0 register a pointer to the appropriate parameter record. On return from the trap handler, the D0 register contains a status value.

DOMINOS services¶

It is obvious that (unlike an interrupt handler) DOMINOS need not save and restore the D0 register. The other way of calling DOMINOS (by using the routines PIR{function name}) is implemented in a similar way. However, it is defined in the specifications that no register is saved and restored, which makes this way of calling DOMINOS faster.

Also part of the interface is that the trap handler expects an existing PLANC stack (exceptions are PIRSetEvent and PIRFatal, which does not need a PLANC stack).

DOMINOS services callable from trap handlers¶

Which DOMINOS process services may be called from a trap handler depends on which environment the handler has been called from. If it was a process or a different trap handler (UDS and PME), any service may be called. If, however, it was an interrupt handler, which activated a trap handler, only PIRSetEvent and PIRFatal may be called. This to applies also nested trap handlers. The lowest level is important!

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5.8.7 Rules for UDS and PME¶

Process stack	Inside DOMINOS, the PLANC stack of the calling process is used. Each process should therefore keep about 1/2 KByte of extra stack space plus that amount used by the PME (and even more if the UDS requires more than that).
ERRETURN	Use of ERRETURN inside DOMINOS is not allowed. Owing to the memory-protection system usage, the pg; error handler will reside in a memory area which has no fetch permission in supervisor mode. This results in a fatal error when ERRETURN is executed.

5.8.8 Implementing exception handlers¶

Almost all integration of UDSE with DOMINOS is done at load-time with the exception of trap and interrupt handlers. They are linked to DOMINOS at run-time. This is typically the responsibility of the Auto_Start process at start-up. Exception handlers different from UDS and PME are implemented to preserve compatibility with PIOCOS.

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5.8.9 PIRCreateDriver Service¶

Put the address of an exception handler into the interrupt vector.

PIVector¶

See the MOTOROLA manuals for vector assignment. Take also the actual DOMINO hardware implementation into consideration (e.g. interrupt levels). Some vectors are reserved for DOMINOS, and an error code is returned if they are chosen by the user. The legal ranges are: 3, 5:8, 10:28, 36:76, 78:255.

If the vector is in the range 64:79, then it is one of the MFP (Multi Functional Peripheral, MC68901 MFP) interrupts. In this case the corresponding channel in the MFP is enabled. Preparing timers (A and/or B) in the MFP is still the responsibility of the user program before calling PIRCreateDriver. Even during a power-fail restart, MFP-related drivers must be reinitialized (programming the timer(s) and calling PIRCreateDrive).

PIDriverAddress¶

Pointer to the exception handler declared as ROUTINE PITDriver : \<Name>.

IN	PITCrDrv record	OUT
Integer2	PIVector
PITDriver POINTER	PIDriverAddress

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5.8.10 UDSE scheduling primitives¶

Some internal scheduling primitives in DOMINOS are defined in the include file DOMI-UDSE-IE:IMPT, which is distributed together with DOMINOS. They can only be called from an UDSE and never from a process.

UFindPD UDSE-primitive¶

Most DOMINOS services refer to a process by its process number. Internally DOMINOS refers to a process by means of a pointer to its process description (PD). This routine maps (converts) from process number to a pointer to the PD. The full content of the PD is only to be interpreted by DOMINOS, and must not be altered by a UDS. Eight INTEGER4 variables (UDSEx, x = 0:7) are free to be used by the UDSE for storing process related context.

ROUTINE SPECIAL INTEGER2, TPrDsPtr : UFindPD
@ Process number to find process description to. 0 means return pointer to process description currently running (i.e. the process calling the UDSE).
=: Pointer to process description TPrDs. NIL is returned if the process does not exist.

Page 184¶

UBlocPr UDSE-primitive¶

The routine UBlocPr blocks a process. That is, it is removed from the ready queue. The process must be in the ready queue when this service is requested (ready or running).

ROUTINE SPECIAL TPrDsPtr, INTEGER2 : UBlocPr
@
=:

UdeBlocPr UDSE-primitive¶

The routine UdeBlocPr de-blocks a process. That is, it is inserted into the ready queue. The process must be blocked or dormant when the service is called.

ROUTINE SPECIAL TPrDsPtr, INTEGER2 : UBlocPr
@
=:

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5.8.11 Implementing UDS¶

Up to eight User-Defined Services (UDS) can be established. They are represented in DOMINOS just like the DOMINOS services:

ROUTINE
@
=:

Other services (PIRxxx) can be called from the UDS, but services based on current process will be done on behalf of the process calling the UDS. The UDS must be called by calling the routine PIR. The UDS must be imported into the source code of the user process. Also the TRAP #2 sequence is possible but not recommended. The value UFUNCx (x = 0:7) must then be loaded into the DO register prior to the call.

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5.8.12 Implementing PME¶

Two groups of four routines can each be defined as process management extensions (PME):

ROUTINE
@
=:

Start-up/Clean-up
Each group is triggered by a process-state transition. The first group is called each time a process is moved from the dormant to the ready/running state. The PMEs for this group typically do process start-up actions. The other group is called each time a process state is changed in the opposite direction (running/ready/blocked to dormant). This group is intended for process clean-up actions.

Error return
If the PME terminates (returns) with an error (Status >\< PIOK), the remaining PMEs in the group are aborted, and the process does not change state.

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Chapter 5 DOMINOS¶

5.8.13 System processes¶

System processes in DOMINOS exist for the sake of compatibility. In PIOCOS, the memory protection system was switched off by the scheduler as long as a system process was active. System processes does not execute in supervisor mode! In DOMINOS, the memory protection system is not switched off to keep the advantages. Instead, an extra window with read/write access in user mode is established in the I/O space on the MC68K bus.

NOTE
A process should only be defined as a system process (ref. PIRCreateService), if absolutely necessary!

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Chapter 6 NUCLEUS Overview¶

Usage¶

NUCLEUS is intended to be used only for all Norsk Data System applications requiring fast and reliable message passing between processes within one computer. The processes may for instance be one server with several clients. NUCLEUS cannot be used for communication between computers.

Computer¶

All processes communicating via NUCLEUS must be within the same computer. By computer is meant one or several main CPUs and DOMINO controllers with access to the same physical memory and OCTOBUS.

ND-5000	ND-100/500
PROCESS A	PROCESS B
NUCLEUS LIBRARY	NUCLEUS LIBRARY
µ-code (5000)	MON (100)
MON (100)

MFbus ------------------ OCTOBUS
        ⏥ OCTOBUS station

        ───────────
contr   │ Multiport │
        │ memory    │
        └───────────┘
                     NUCLEUS

                     KERNEL
                     DATA

Figure 21. Processes communicating via NUCLEUS

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Chapter 6 NUCLUES Overview¶

NUCLUES Kernel¶

NUCLUES data structure reside in shared memory, operated upon by specific rules. Parts of physical memory are reserved for the data structure used by NUCLUES.

NUCLUES has slow and fast services. Slow services are those which not are time-critical, or are of such a nature that they need time to be carried out anyhow.

For ND-5000, the time-critical NUCLUES calls nkMove, nkSend, nkReceive and nkGetInfo are microcoded to achieve required performance. All other NUCLUES calls are executed in ND-100.

For ND-500, the time-critical NUCLUES calls are not microcoded. These calls are executed in ND-100 (level 12). The NUCLUES library in ND-500/5000 presents a standard NUCLUES interface for applications.

NUCLUES library¶

The services provided by NUCLUES are independent of the CPU and operating system where the process is running.

NUCLUES monitor¶

The NUCLUES Monitor is a tool for inspection of tables and queues in NUCLUES kernel.

Communication Concepts¶

Communication between processes in NUCLUES is based on ports and messages. Their descriptions reside in physical memory shared between the CPUs. (The NUCLUES kernel)

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6.1 NUCLEUS library files¶

For manual installation of the NUCLEUS library, a diskette containing the files listed below is delivered. Choose the files needed and copy them to any user area. After loading any NUCLEUS library, a PLANC library (I-version or later) must be loaded.

File	Description
NK-100-1bank-C:BRF	NUCLEUS library for 1-bank program in ND-100.
NK-100-1bank-C:BRF	NUCLEUS library for 2-bank program in ND-100.
NK-5000-C:BRF	NUCLEUS library for ND-500/5000.
NK-DOM-APPL-C:NRF	NUCLEUS library for DOMINO Controller.
NK-DOM-OS-C:NRF	Must be loaded in DOMINO.
NK-DOM-LINK-C:MODE	Example of a DOMINO load/link job.
NK-ERRCODE-C:DEFS	Error and function codes "Constant" defs.
NK-LIBRARY-C:IMPT	Import declarations of the library routines.

6.2 Including NUCLEUS in an application¶

File	Description
NK-LIBRARY-C:IMPT	All modules using NUCLEUS must include this file. It is common to all computers. The file contains NUCLEUS calls that can be included in a PLANC program, i.e. a library of PLANC routine calls using NUCLEUS.

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ND-500¶

The library should be loaded on a separate segment if the application is running on a ND-500 computer. Performance will decrease if program code and library are loaded on the same segment, because cache (in ND-500 computers) is turned off on the segments that libraries are loaded on.

DOMINO¶

NUCLEUS is integrated with DOMINOS on the DOMINO controller. Both NK-DOM-APPL-C:NRF and NK-DOM-OS-C:NRF must be loaded to use the NUCLEUS library inside a DOMINO controller. The mode file DOM-LINK-C:MODE contains an example of how to make a load/link job for applications using NUCLEUS inside DOMINO.

Example of linking using DOMINOS Configurator
@DELETE-FILE CTEST-LOAD:OUT
@(user-area)DOMI-CONFIG
CONFIG,,"TEST-LOAD:OUT"
CONFIGURATION FOR MPStdDOMINO
LINKER is linker
DOMAIN is test
SYSTEM ON (user-area)DOMI-OS:NRF
EXTENSION ON (user-area)nk-dom-os-c,(user-area)pl-mc68020
ENDEXT
PROCESS ON
test,(user-area)nk-dom-appl-c,(user-area)PLANC-MC68020
ENDPROC
INSERT 'LIST-ENT ALL'
ENDCONFIG

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6.3 Communication Concepts¶

Communication between processes in NUCLEUS is based on messages and ports. Their descriptions reside in physical memory shared between the CPUs (The NUCLEUS kernel).

Term	Description
Message	A message consists of a physical buffer for data and a header containing for example a buffer descriptor and link to other messages.
Port	A port contains for example an identification of the port owner and a pointer to received messages. Messages can be linked to a port, where they are queued in the same sequence as they arrive.
Home port	Every message has a home port. This is supplied when a message is created. It is used as the default port to receive a message, and is needed when a process has to answer an arbitrary process (e.g. clients & server).
Sender port	A message may have a sender port. This is supplied when you send the message, and is used to indicate who sent the message. Use nkGetInfo to check for who sent it. This is especially useful for servers.
Send-reference	In order to send a message to a port, a sendreference (to the port) must exist. The sendreference is used by NUCLEUS for access checking.

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Slow and fast services¶

Creation of ports and messages are slow services, while message passing is fast. The slow functions are not needed as often as the fast ones, since the same message may be reused without being deallocated. Only the user-data need be changed between each message passing (fast services).

Port name¶

A port is uniquely identified by a symbolic port name. Processes may refer to the port by the name if they have access rights. Names cannot be abbreviated.

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6.4 Protection in NUCLEUS¶

Processes are divided into two categories: system processes and public processes.

System processes¶

System processes are:

Processes running in the DOMINO processor.
RT-programs.
Background programs running as user System and RT

Background programs are System processes if the user running the program originally logged in as System.

Restrictions: There are no restrictions for each System process. Only the total amount of resources (number of descriptors and amount of message buffer space) is limited. The amount of resources can be changed by means of the S3-configuration program (See page 181).

Public processes¶

Any process which is not a System process, is a public process.

Restricted resources¶

Descriptors: For each create-port, create-message, open-port or open-return-port, a slot in the descriptor table is reserved. The number of descriptors for each public process is restricted.

Buffer space: Message buffers are allocated in a common buffer pool. For each message a process creates, a fixed amount (header, fragmentation), plus the number of bytes in the create-message call, is subtracted from the allowed quota for the process.

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The allowed amount of resources (number of descriptors, buffer space) common to all public processes can be set/changed on SINTRAN save areas by means of SINTRAN configuration program.

A message belongs to the user that created it. If a user creates a message, sends it away, logs out, logs in again, and the message still exists, it will still be on this users account. Public processes cannot bypass the resource restrictions by logging out and in again.

If someone tries to return a message to a home port that does not exist any more (the user may have logged out), the message will be deleted, and subtracted from the users account.

Naming:¶

Only system processes can create names.

Processes which do not have access rights to a named port cannot open a sendreference to it. Access rights are determined by the access parameter in the create-port-name call.

Only the owner of a port can delete the port's name.

The "name" is a string of 32 bytes.

Any combination of alphanumeric characters is allowed as a port name. For instance "NIL" is a legal name.

One port can be given several names.

Ports must have different names.

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Chapter 6 NUCLEUS Overview¶

6.5 Configuration of NUCLEUS¶

The standard NUCLEUS configuration is defined when SINTRAN is generated. Changes in the NUCLEUS configuration can be made by means of a new function in the SINTRAN monitor call MON CONFIG. The SINTRAN configuration program is updated to handle reconfiguration of NUCLEUS.

Configuration parameters¶

Number of descriptors = number of ports and messages.
Buffer space = space used for messages.
Default values in the table may have been changed.

NUCLEUS command parameters in S3-CONFIGURATION program	Default values for NUCLEUS
Message buffer space for system processes in pages	250 Kbytes¹ (125 pages)
Number of descriptors for all system processes	500¹
Message buffer space for all public processes in pages	250 Kbytes² (125 pages)
Number of descriptors for all public processes	300²
Message buffer space per public process in pages	10 Kbytes (5 pages)
Number of descriptors per public process	10
Trace buffer space in pages	2 Kbytes (1 page)

See notes on next page.

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Chapter 6 NUClEUS Overview¶

1) Assuming 1 disk DOMINO, 8 databases, 16 socket channels.
2) Assuming 2.5 Kbytes, 3 descriptors per access library, 100 public processes.

During start-up, NUClEUS allocates first available memory in multiport memory.

6.6 NUClEUS in ND-100¶

NUClEUS in ND-100 consists of code on SINTRAN page tables MPIT, DPIT, RPIT and COMMON area. In addition, the NUClEUS server executes as an RT program on SINTRAN page table SPIT. The NUClEUS name server executes as an RT program on user page tables. Both servers are integrated with SINTRAN. During start-up of SINTRAN, the servers are started by SINTRAN itself.

6.7 NUClEUS in DOMINO Controller¶

Starting NUClEUS in DOMINO is invinsible for applications. NUClEUS in the DOMINO Controller is able to handle processes with different levels of priority.

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

This chapter describes the routine calls available from NUCLEUS.

7.1 Summary of NUCLEUS Calls¶

NOTE:

| In calls with only one function, the function value must be zero. |

CREATE PORT¶

nkCrePort(function, events, =port)

function = 0 ; nkfNoDelayAbort
function = 1 ; nkfDelayAbort

CREATE NAME¶

nkCreName(function, access, name, port)

OPEN PORT¶

nkOpenPort(function, name, =sendreference)

OPEN RETURN PORT¶

nkOpenReturnPort(function, message, =sendreference)

function = 0 ; nkfOpenHomePort
function = 1 ; nkfOpenLastPort

DELETE NAME¶

nkDelName(function, name, port)

CREATE MESSAGE¶

nkCreMessage(function, bytes, homeport, =message)

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MOVE¶

nkMove(function, message, displacement, (=) data, =bytes)

function = 0 ; nkfRead
function = 1 ; nkfWrite
function = 2 ; nkfInsert

SEND¶

nkSend(function, port, sendreference, message)

RECEIVE¶

nkReceive(function, port, =message, =bytes)

CLOSE¶

nkClose(function, port or message or sendreference)

function = 0 ; Port or sendreference

function = 0 ; nkfRemove
function = 1 ; nkfReject

Only for messages

GET INFO¶

nkGetInfo(function, port or message or sendreference, =value(bytes pointer))

function = 0 ; nkfSize
function = 1 ; nkfLength
function = 2 ; nkfHomeid
function = 3 ; nkfLastid
function = 4 ; nkfBuffer
function = 5 ; nkfQueue

GET INFO¶

nkVersion(function, )

function = 0 ; nkfLibrary
function = 1 ; nkfKernel
function = 2 ; nkfStation

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7.2 Parameters in NUCLEUS calls¶

The status from a NUCLEUS call is returned as an outvalue. (Always INTEGER4)

The first parameter is a function number. In calls with only one function, the function value must be zero. Five NUCLEUS calls have more than one function. To specify the function in a call, you may use either the function number or a symbolic subfunction name.

NUCLEUS call	Function number	Subfunction name
nkCrePort	0	nkfNoDelayAbort
	1	nkfDelayAbort
nkOpenReturnPort	0	nkfOpenHomePort
	1	nkfOpenLastPort
nkGetInfo	0	nkfSize
	1	nkfLength
	2	nkfHomeid
	3	nkfLastid
	4	nkfBuffer
	5	nkfQueue
nkMove	0	nkfRead
	1	nkfWrite
	2	nkfInsert
nkClose	0	nkfRemove
	1	nkfReject
nkVersion	0	nkfLibrary
	1	nkfKernel
	2	nkfStation

Subfunction names are valid for messages only.

Table 5. Function numbers and names in NUCLEUS calls

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7.2.1 NUCLEUS status codes¶

Error codes

NUCLEUS operation error/status codes are found in Appendix C, on page 271-272.

The following status codes may be returned after a service. The constants denoting the status codes are in the include file NK-ERRCODE:DEFS

Constant	Octal val	Meaning
nke_ERROR_BASE	101000b	Base number for Nucleus errors
nke_ILLPAR	101001b	Invalid parameter value
nke_ILLTYPE	101002b	Wrong type used,- port, message or send reference
nke_NOMEMSS	101003b	Both port and message in Send reference may not be zero
nke_ILLNO	101004b	Port, message or send reference outside range
nke_NOTLOCAL	101005b	Receive from remote port
nke_OUTSIDE	101006b	Displacement outside buffer
nke_DESCARRFULL	101007b	Descriptor table full
nke_BUFFULL	101010b	Message buffer area full
nke_NAMEFULL	101011b	Name table full
nke_NAMENOTFOUND	101012b	Port name not defined
nke_NAMEUSED	101013b	Port name already defined
nke_NOACCESS	101014b	No access to given port, message or send reference
nke_ILLNETADDRESS	101015b	Net address not found
nke_ILLKERNELNO	101016b	Invalid kernel number
nke_NETTABFULL	101017b	Net table full
nke_PROTOCERROR	101020b	Inconsistent Nucleus module versions installed
nke_REJECTED	101021b	Message rejected by receive process

Continue on next page...

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Constant	Octal val	Explanation
nke_PORTNOTFOUND	101022b	Port reference not defined in name server
nke_LOCK	101023b	Unable to lock port
nke_NOTEVENBYTE	101024b	Displacement not on even byte (only for ND-100)
nke_NOTINITIALISED	101025b	Nucleus not started
nke_NAMEPORTUSED	101026b	The Nameserver port is already initialised
nke_NAMEINDEXERROR	101027b	Index error in Nameserver request
nke_INCONSISTENT	101030b	Inconsistent structure in name server
nke_TOOMANYBYTES	101031b	Buffer provided is too small
nke_PORTCLOSED	101032b	Receive port is closed.
nke_ILLFUNC	101033b	Invalid Function code
nke_PROTECTED	101034b	Attempt to use protected Function
nke_ILLHARDWARE	101035b	Not correct hardware configuration
nke_FATAL	101036b	Fatal error in Nucleus
nke_QTABFULL	101037b	Too many concurrent Nucleus users (quota table full)
nke_QUOTAUSED	101040b	No more Nucleus resources available for this user
nke_ILLUSER	101041b	Unknown user area identifier
nke_KICKLOCK	101042b	Timeout when waiting for lock (kick-queue)
nke_DELAYTABFULL	101043b	Unable to create more ports using delayed abort
nke_NOTAVAILABLE	101044b	NUCLEUS not available in CPU. (not started or stopped)
nke_ILLVERSION	101045b	Invalid version of NUCLEUS library

Table 6. NUCLEUS status/error codes

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	nkCrePort	nkCreName	nkOpenPort	nkOpenReturnPort	nkDelName	nkCreMessage	nkReceive	nkSend	nkMove	nkClose	nkGetInfo	nkVersion
nke_BUFFULL	X
nke_DELAYTABFULL	X
nke_DESCARRFULL	X
nke_FATAL	X	X	X	X	X	X						X
nke_ILLFUNC	X	X	X	X	X	X						X
nke_ILLHARDWARE									X			X
nke_ILLKERNELNO									X			X
nke_ILLNETADDRESS												X
nke_ILLNO	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X			X
nke_ILLPAR	X							X				X
nke_ILLTYPE	X	X	X	X	X	X	X					X
nke_ILLUSER		X
nke_ILLVERSION	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X		X
nke_INCONSISTENT		X		X	X	X		X		X		X
nke_KICKLOCK								X
nke_LOCK								X
nke_NAMEFULL	X
nke_NAMEINDEXERROR									X			X
nke_NAMENOTFOUND	X						X
nke_NAMEPORTUSED							X
nke_NAMEUSED	X
nke_NETTABFULL											X
nke_NOACCESS	X	X		X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X
nke_NOMESS								X			X	X
nke_NOTAVAILABLE										X
nke_NOTEVENBYTE	X							X
nke_NOTINITIALISED	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X		X
nke_NOTLOCAL								X
nke_OUTSIDE							X			X
nke_PORTCLOSED								X
nke_PORTNOTFOUND							X			X
nke_PROTECTED	X									X
nke_PROTOERROR							X
nke_QTABFULL							X
nke_QUOTAUSED	X	X		X	X	X
nke_REJECTED								X
nke_TOOMANYBYTES											X

Table 7. NUCLEUS calls and error/status codes

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7.3 NUCLEUS Call Interface¶

Every PLANC routine call has an outvalue, but no invalue, i.e.:

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4(....

7.3.1 Create port¶

Purpose

Create a new port. The creating process becomes the port owner.

Syntax

nkCrePort(,,<=port>)

Parameter description

Parameter	Description
	= 0 Abort not delayed. `nkfNoDelayAbort` = 1 Delay abort. `nkfDelayAbort` For further information about `nkfDelayAbort`, see next page.
	# 0 If ND-100 or ND-500: The process will be activated when the first message arrives at the empty port. ND-100: Process is stopped by MON 267 (TimeOut). ND-500: Process is stopped by MON 501 (StopProcess) or MON 514 (ND500TimeOut). If DOMINO: Events will be used together with the event system in DOMINOS. Event bit 30 and 31 are used by NUCLEUS itself. These bits cannot be used by any application! = 0 The process will not be activated.
<=port>	= Port number.

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Rules¶

The subfunction nkfDelayAbort (function=1) is yet only available for ND-5000 System processes

PLAN C routine call¶

ERROR CODES¶

Code	Description
nke_DELAYTABFULL	% No more space in delay abort table
nke_DESCARRFULL	% Descriptor table full
nke_FATAL	% Fatal error in NUCLEUS
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code
nke_ILLUSER	% Unknown user identifier (fatal error)
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started
nke_QUOTAUSED	% Quota exceeded for this user

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.1.1 Delayed abort for NUCLEUS¶

If a port is created with the subfunction nkfDelayAbort, then the process that owns the port will be delayed aborted (hang in abortion state) until all messages with this port defined as home port are returned to the home port.

NOTE ! This subfunction is yet only available for ND-5000 System processes.

Example In some cases DOMINO operates directly on fixed segments of ND-5000 processes. It is important that the process is not aborted (and the segments unfixed) while DOMINO carries out data transfers. To avoid this, process abortion should be delayed while data transfer control messages still remain.

To solve the problem of unwanted abortion of a process, ports that are home ports for data transfer control messages should use the subfunction nkfDelayAbort when they are created.

nkCrePort(nkfDelayAbort,....

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7.3.2 Create port name¶

Purpose

Assign a name to a port, so that other processes can refer to it.

Syntax

nkCreName(<function>,<access>,<name>,<port>)

Parameter description

Parameter	Description
`<function>`	= 0
`<access>`	= 0 Only System processes have access to this port. = 1 System and public access.
`<name>`	= Symbolic name of port.
`<port>`	= Number of port to be assigned a name.

Rules

The call is allowed for System processes only.
Only the owner of the port is allowed to use this call.
One port may have several names.
The "name" is a string of 32 bytes.
Any combination of alphanumeric characters is allowed as a port name.
Different ports cannot have equal names.

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

PLANC Routine Call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& access
BYTES POINTER, & name
INTEGER4 )	& port
: nkCreName

ERROR CODES¶

Error Code	Description
nke_FATAL	% Fatal error in NUCLEUS
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO	% Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLPAR	% Invalid parameter value ( access type ≠ 0 , 1)
nke_ILLTYPE	% Invalid descriptor type
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library
nke_NAMEFULL	% Name table full
nke_NAMEUSED	% Name already used
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started
nke_PROTECTED	% Function is protected

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7.3.3 Open port¶

Purpose
This service will be used to get a send reference to a named port.

Syntax
nkOpenPort(, , <=sendreference>)

Parameter description
= 0
= Symbolic name of port.
<=sendreference> = Sendreference number to port.

Rules
1. A public process can open a port only if access to the port (set in nkCreName call) is allowed both for System and public processes. 2. Processes using this call must know the name of the port.

PLANC routine call

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
BYTES POINTER,	& name
INTEGER4 WRITE) & sendreference
: nkOpenPort

ERROR CODES

Code	Description
nke_FATAL	% Fatal error in NUCLEUS
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO	% Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NAMENOTFOUND	% Name not in name table
nke_NOACCESS	% Not access to port
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.4 Open return port¶

Purpose
Open a send reference to the home port or last sender port of a message.

Syntax
nkOpenReturnPort(,,<=sendreference>)

Parameter description

Parameter	Description
`<function>`	= 0 Reference to the home port of the message.
	= 1 Reference to the last port the message was sent from.
`<message>`	= Message number.
`<=sendreference>`	= Send reference to home port or last sender port.

Rules
1. Only the owner of the message is allowed to use this call.

A "receive" on a message, implies that owner is set. A message that is sent, but not received, has no owner.

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

PLANC Routine Call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& message
INTEGER4 WRITE)	& sendreference
: nkOpenReturnPort

Error Codes¶

ERROR CODES	Description
nke_FATAL	% Fatal error in NUCLEUS
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO	% Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLTYPE	% Invalid descriptor type
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library
nke_NOACCESS	% Not access to port
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started
nke_PORTNOTFOUND	% Port not found in name server

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.5 Delete port name¶

Purpose

Delete the symbolic name of a port. The port itself is not removed.

Syntax

nkDelName(<function>,<name>,<port>)

Parameter description

Parameter	Description
`<function>`	= 0
`<name>`	= Symbolic name of the port.
`<port>`	= Number of the corresponding port.

Rules

The symbolic name of a port can only be deleted by the owner of the port. Correspondence between port name and port number is checked.

PLANC routine call

| ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4 & status | |-------------------------|-----------------------| | INTEGER4, | & function | | BYTES POINTER, | & name | | INTEGER4) | & port | | : nkDelName | |

ERROR CODES

Code	Description
`nke_FATAL`	% Fatal error in NUCLEUS
`nke_ILLFUNC`	% Invalid function code
`nke_ILLNO`	% Invalid descriptor number
`nke_ILLTYPE`	% Invalid descriptor type
`nke_ILLVERSION`	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
`nke_NAMENOTFOUND`	% Name not in name table
`nke_NOTINITIALISED`	% NUCLEUS not started

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.6 Create message¶

Purpose
Allocate a message buffer in a contiguous area of physical memory. It can be written into and read from, using the fast services nkMove.

The creating process owns and has exclusive access to the message until it is sent to a port. The access to the message is lost when it is sent to another process.

The homeport must be a port owned by the creating process. Zero may be supplied to indicate dummy home port, meaning that the message will be lost and deallocated if it is sent to the home port.

Syntax
nkCreMessage(<function>, <bytes>, <homeport>, <=message>)

Parameter description

Parameter	Description
`<function>`	= 0
`<bytes>`	Max. number of bytes in the message.
`<homeport>`	Home port number.
`<=message>`	Message number.

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PLANC Routine Call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& bytes
INTEGER4,	& homeport
INTEGER4 WRITE)	& message
: nkCreMessage

ERROR CODES¶

Error Code	Description
nke_BUFFULL	Buffer area full
nke_DESCARRFULL	Descriptor table full
nke_FATAL	Fatal error in NUCLEUS
nke_ILLFUNC	Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO	Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLTYPE	Invalid descriptor type
nke_ILLUSER	Unknown user identifier
nke_ILLVERSION	Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOACCESS	Not access to port
nke_NOTINITIALISED	NUCLEUS not started
nke_OUTSIDE	Displacement outside buffer
nke_QUOTAUSED	Quota exceeded for this user

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7.3.7 Read or write a message¶

Purpose¶

Write user data into the message buffer of a message from index <mesdispl> and upwards. The write operation terminates either when all user data is written, or when the message buffer becomes full.

Read data from the message buffer, starting from the message displacement. The reading terminates either when the whole message has been read, or when the user data area becomes full.

Syntax¶

nkMove(<function>,<message>,<displacement>,<(=)data>,<~>bytes>)

Parameter description¶

Parameter	Description
`<function>`	= 0 => Read message. `nkfRead`. = 1 => Write message. `nkfWrite`. = 2 => Insert. Same function as Write, but the byte pointer is not set if the message is smaller than the old message. `nkfInsert`.
`<message>`	= Number of the message to be read/written.
`<displacement>`	= Displacement within message buffer.
`<(=)data>`	= User data to be read/written.
`<~>bytes>`	= Number of bytes actually read/written.

Rules¶

The message buffer is identical to the declaration: Bytes : message(0:msglngth-1).
In the ND-100 maxindex and minindex in the byte pointer must be in the range 0-64511. Displacement must be an even number for ND-100.

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

"NIL" cannot be used as an empty message. An empty message can be specified as an empty byte string, i.e. ADDR ' ' Bytes pointer with minindex= 0 and maxindex=-1 is also an empty message.

PLANC Routine Call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& message
INTEGER4,	& displacement
BYTES POINTER	& data
INTEGER4 WRITE)	& bytes
: nkMove

ERROR CODES¶

nke_ILLFUNC % Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO % Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLTYPE % Invalid descriptor type
nke_ILLVERSION % Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOACCESS % Not access to port
nke_NOTEVENBYTE % Displacement not even byte. (Only returned for ND-100)
nke_NOTINITIALISED % NUCLEUS not started
nke_OUTSIDE % Displacement outside buffer

write/insert: outside max buffer. read: outside current byte counter.

Start       Byte pointer   Max
|           |              |
Message buffer
|-------------------------|
| outside buffer for nkfRead
|-------------------------|
|-------------------------|
outside buffer for nkfWrite/nkfInsert

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

7.3.8 Send Message¶

Purpose

Send a message to a port, provided that the sending process has access to the message. The process loses its access to this message. The message is appended at the end of the message queue at the destination port.

If the queue at the destination port is empty, then the message will activate the process which created the destination port, if so specified at create time.

Syntax

nkSend(<function>,<port>,<sendref.>,<message>)

Parameter Description

Parameter	Description
`<function>`	= 0
`<port>`	Port number to identify who sent the message (Last port). New sender port is not set if the port number equals zero.
`<sendref.>`	Sendreference to port to receive the message. If sendreference = 0, the message is sent to the home port of the message.
`<message>`	Message number of the message to be sent. If the message number is equal to zero, this call will not send a message, but perform a restart of the process of the destination port.

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

PLANC routine call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& port
INTEGER4,	& sendreference
INTEGER4 )	& message
: nkSend

ERROR CODES¶

Error Code	Description
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code.
nke_ILLNO	% Invalid descriptor number.
nke_ILLTYPE	% Invalid descriptor type.
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOACCESS	% Not access to port.
nke_NOMESS	% No port and no message in SEND.
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started.
nke_PORTCLOSED	% Receive port is closed.

Status nke_PortClosed is returned if the port to receive the message is closed. If sendreference is not specified (send message to home port) and the home port is closed, then the message is deallocated.

If status nke_PortClosed is returned and sendreference is specified, then the sendreference should be closed. This sendreference is no longer valid because the port to receive the message is closed.

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7.3.9 Receive message¶

Purpose

The first message in the queue is received. If the queue is empty, message number zero is returned. The receiving process gets access to the message, and may read from and write to it.

Syntax

nkReceive(<function>,<port>,<=message>,<=bytes>)

Parameter description

<function> = 0
<port> = Port number. Identifies the port from which the message will be received.
<=message> = Message number.
<=bytes> = Number of bytes written into the message buffer by the sending process. It is equal or less than the message size. You can use nkGetInfo to get the message size and who sent it.

PLANC routine call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& port
INTEGER4 WRITE,	& message
INTEGER4 WRITE)	& bytes
: nkReceive

ERROR CODES¶

Code	Description
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO	% Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLTYPE	% Invalid descriptor type
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library
nke_NOACCESS	% Not access to port
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started
nke_REJECTED	% Return to sender

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Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.10 Get Info¶

Purpose

Get information on the specified message or port.

Syntax

nkGetInfo(<function>,<message or port or sendreference>,<>=value>)

Parameter description

	Description
0	`nkfSize`. Maximum message size.
1	`nkfLength`. Used message length.
2	`nkfHomeid`. If message: Home port identifier. If port: Port identifier. If send reference: Destination port identifier.
3	`nkfLastid`. Identifies the last port that sent this message.
4	`nkfBuffer`. Buffer address of the message in NUCLEUS kernel.
5	`nkfQueue`. 0 => port has no message. 1 => port has one or more messages.

<function> = 0, 1, 4, 5 returns 32 bits (4 bytes).
<function> = 2 and 3 returns 64 bits (8 bytes). For future NUCLEUS extension, all applications must be prepared for returning 128 bits (16 bytes).
<function> = 0, 1, 3, 4 can be used for messages only.
<function> = 5 can be used for ports only. Returned as INTEGER4.

Note

If <function> = 2 or 3, the identifiers returned can only be used to compare other identifiers returned from nkGetInfo. Do not extract any other information.

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Parameter description¶

\<message or port or sendreference>
= Message number.
= Port number.
= Sendreference number.

\<value>
= Message, port or sendreference information.

Rules¶

Only the process having access to the message, port or sendreference is allowed to use this call.

PLANC routine call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4,	& function
INTEGER4,	& message, port or sendreference
BYTES POINTER)& value
: nkGetInfo

ERROR CODES¶

Code	Description
nke_ILLFUNC	% Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO	% Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLTYPE	% Invalid descriptor type
nke_ILLVERSION	% Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOACCESS	% Not access to port
nke_NOTINITIALISED	% NUCLEUS not started
nke_TOOMANYBYTES	% Too many bytes (maxindex or minindex outside limits)

Page 223¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.11 Close port, message or sendreference¶

Purpose

Close a port, message or sendreference.

Closing a message

If function (see next page) = 0 (nkfRemove), then the message is deallocated.
If function = 1 (nkfReject), then the message is closed according to the following algorithm:

IF lastport in message is set and not closed THEN
  IF lastport owned by invoking process THEN
    deallocate message
  ELSE
    send message to lastport with status rejected
  ENDIF
ELSE
  IF homeport closed or owned by invoking process
  THEN deallocate message
  ELSE
    send message to homeport with status rejected
  ENDIF
ENDIF

Closing a port results in deletion of the port number and all of the port's symbolic names. If there exist messages (in queue to the port) that the port has not yet received, the messages will be closed according to the algorithm above (function = 1 [nkfReject]).

Closing a send reference. The send reference is closed.

NOTE!
When a process is aborted or a CPU in the system is rebooted, messages are deallocated/
closed as in function=1 (see next page).

Syntax

nkClose(<function>,<port or message or sendref.>)

Page 224¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

Parameter Description¶

<function> = 0

<port> = Port number to be closed. If the port is named, all names defined with the call nkCreName will be removed.
message = Message number to be deallocated. (nkfRemove)
sendref.> = Sendreference to be closed.

<function> = 1 [nkfReject] The message is closed according to the algorithm for closing a message.

nkClose(0,-1) will close all ports, sendreferences and deallocate all messages owned by the process.

nkClose(1,-1) will close all ports, sendreferences and messages owned by the process.

Rules¶

A message can only be closed by the process that currently has access to the message.
Port or sendreference can only be closed by the process which owns the port/sendreference.

PLANC Routine Call¶

ROUTINE VOID, INTEGER4	& status
( INTEGER4, & function
INTEGER4) & message or port or sendreference
: nkClose

ERROR CODES¶

nke_FATAL % Fatal error in NUCLEUS
nke_ILLFUNC % Invalid function code
nke_ILLNO % Invalid descriptor number
nke_ILLVERSION % Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOACCESS % Not access to port
nke_NOTINITIALISED % NUCLEUS not started

Page 225¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.3.12 Get Version¶

Purpose
Get version of different NUCLEUS parts. May be useful for version control.

Syntax
nkVersion(<function>,<station no>,<version>)

Parameter description
<function>
= 0 => Version of NUCLEUS library (NUCLEUS library application is linked to). [nkfLibrary]
= 1 => Version of NUCLEUS kernel data layout. [nkfKernel]
= 2 => Version of NUCLEUS last loaded in <station no>. [nkfStation]

<station no>
= Octobus station number.

<version>
= Version consisting of three alphanumeric characters.

Rules
1. The parameter <station no> must be in range 1 to 77B and is valid only for function 2.
2. The parameter <version> is yet only returned for Domino controllers.

Planc routine call

ERROR CODES
nke_ILLFUNC % Invalid function code.
nke_ILLPAR % version string too small, or cluster id outside range.
nke_ILLVERSION % Invalid version of NUCLEUS library.
nke_NOTAVAILABLE % Domino contr. not yet started.

Page 226¶

7.4 Brief introduction to tables in NUCLEUS kernel¶

MASTER BLOCK	MASTER BLOCK
DESCRIPTOR TABLE	POINTER TO DESCRIPTOR TABLE
HASH ARRAY	POINTER TO HASH ARRAY
	HASH MASK
KICK TABLE	POINTER TO KICK TABLE
NET TABLE	POINTER TO NET ADR TABLE
BUFFER AREA	POINTER TO START OF BUFFER AREA
	POINTER TO END OF BUFFER AREA

Figure 23. Tables in NUCLEUS kernel

HEAD
LOCK	→ Used for TSET
2	→ TYPE= 2 => Message
OWNER	→ Owner of message. Used for access check
FREELINK	→ Link in freelist
USER	→ Used for quota control
LINK	→ From (receiving) port
BUFFERPOINTER	→ Pointer to buffer record
HOMEPORT	→ Pointer to (home)port
HASHLINK	→ Identifying messages from remote
COMSTAT	→ Shadow message usage
OWNINDEX	→ Descriptor number
TRACECOND	→ O = NO trace

Figure 24. Record layout for a message in descriptor table

Page 227¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

Field	Description
LOCK	for TSET
3	TYPE= 3 => Port
HEAD OWNER	Owner of port. Used for access check
FREELINK	Link in freelist
USER	Used for quota control
MESS HEAD	Start of message queue
MESS TAIL	End of message queue
KICKLINK	Link kicked ports together
KICK HEAD	Points to queue head in kicktable
KICK DEST.	Index in kicktable(=OCTOBUS station no)
INQUEUE	= 0 => NOT in kickqueue
KICK PROC.	Process to be kicked
EVENTS 1	Events to be set
EVENTS 2	More event info
OWNINDEX	Descriptor number
PRANDOM	Magic number
NETTADDRESS	To complete identifier
OPENCOUNT	Number of times opened for receive
NAMED	Number of names for this port

Identifies this port. (OWNID)

Figure 25. Record layout for a homeport in descriptor table

Page 228¶

Chapter 7 NUCLUS Library¶

Sendref Descriptor Table¶

Field	Description
LOCK	TYPE= 4 => Sendreference
HEAD	Owner of sendref. Used for access check
FREELINK	Link in freelist
USER	Used for quota control
DEST.PORT ID.	ID to receiving port
DESTINATIONPORT	Destination pointer

Figure 26. Record layout for a sendref in descriptor table

Message Buffer Layout¶

Field	Description
PROTOCOL	NUCLEUS protocol version
MESSAGE STATUS	Message status - e.g. rejected.
PORT ID	Destination port
MESSAGE ID	Original message identifier
HOME ID	Home receive port
LAST ID	Last send port
SIZE	Maximum number of bytes
LENGTH	Bytes used
BUFFER(0:(-1))	Start data buffer

Figure 27. Message buffer layout in bufferarea

Page 229¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS library¶

7.4.1 NUCLEUS call sequence - an example¶

Figure 28. Creating ports and names in NUCLEUS

Process A (server) creates a port (nkCrePort), and assigns a name to it (nkCreName).
Process B (client) creates a port (nkCrePort).

Descriptor 1¶

HEAD	3
Process A

TYPE= 3 => Port
Owner of the port

Descriptor 2¶

HEAD	3
Process B

TYPE= 3 => Port
Owner of the port

The two nkCrePort calls each reserves a descriptor in the NUCLEUS descriptor table. Nucleus name server checks that the name assigned to the port by Process A (nkCreName) is unique. The port name (ownid) in descriptor 1 is updated.

Page 230¶

Chapter 7 NUCLUES Library¶

Figure 29. Create message and open port¶

	NUCLEUS kernel	PROCESS B CLIENT
1		nkCreMessage ¹
2
3		nkOpenPort ²
4	NUCLEUS NAME SERVER

Process B (client) creates a message (nkCreMessage)
Process B (client) opens the port created by Process A, to get a sendreference to the port.

Descriptor 3¶

HEAD	2
Process B	TYPE= 2 => Message
	Owner of the message

Descriptor 4¶

HEAD	4
Process B	TYPE= 4 => Sendreference
	Owner of the Sendreference

Description¶

Another two descriptors in the NUCLUES descriptor table are reserved by the calls nkCreMessage and nkOpenPort. Message buffer is allocated in the buffer area. It is checked that Process B has access to the port. The categories of processes that may open a sendreference to the port are given by the owner of the port (Process A), by means of the nkCreName call. The sendreference descriptor has a pointer to receiving port #1.

Page 231¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

PROCESS A NK-SERVER LIB	NUCLEUS Kernel	NK-LIB	PROCESS B CLIENT
	1		6) nkMove
	Message buffer

Figure 30. Write a message into the message buffer

6) The function nkfWrite is used, and the message is written into the message buffer.

PROCESS A NK-SERVER LIB	NUCLEUS Kernel	NK-LIB	PROCESS B CLIENT
	1
	3		7) nkSend
	Message buffer
	4

Figure 31. Send a message

7) Send the message to the port owned by process A. The message is appended at the end of port's message queue. The sendreference is used to decide which port that is to receive the message.

Page 232¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

Figure 32. Receive a message¶

PROCESS A SERVER	NK-LIB	NUCLEUS kernel	NK-LIB	PROCESS B CLIENT
8) nkReceive		1
		3
		Message buffer

8) The first message in the queue is received. After the nkReceive call, the message is removed from the port's message queue. Process A becomes the owner of the message.

Figure 33. Read a message¶

PROCESS A SERVER	NK-LIB	NUCLEUS kernel	NK-LIB	PROCESS B CLIENT
9) nkMove		3
		Message buffer

9) The function nkfRead is used, and the message is read from the message buffer.

Page 233¶

Chapter 7 NUCLEUS Library¶

Figure 34. Pointers in Descriptor Table¶

Descriptor 3¶

LOCK	message
HEAD	owner

2	Port
Process B	Owner
Freelink
User
LINK
BUFFERPOINTER
HOMEPORT
HASHLINK
COMSTAT
3 (=Descr. #)
TRACECOND

Descriptor 2¶

LOCK	Port
HEAD	Owner

3	OWNID
Process B
Freelink
User
MESS HEAD
MESS TAIL
KICKLINK
KICK HEAD
KICK DEST.
INQUEUE
KICK PROC.
EVENTS 1
EVENTS 2
2 (descr. #)
PRANDOM
NETADDRESS
OPENCOUNT
NAMED

Descriptor 1¶

LOCK	Port
HEAD	owner

3
Process A
Freelink
User
MESS HEAD
MESS TAIL
KICKLINK
KICK HEAD
KICK DEST.
INQUEUE
KICK PROC.
EVENTS 1
EVENTS 2
OWN ID
1 (descr. #)
PRANDOM
NETADDRESS
OPENCOUNT
NAMED

Descriptor 4¶

LOCK
HEAD

4
Process B
Freelink
User
DESTINATION PORT
MESSAGE AREA

Page 234¶

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Page 235¶

Chapter 8 PLANC Programming Example¶

This chapter gives some examples of simple client/server cases. In real life, clients and servers will normally be in different processes. However, for simplicity all examples run as one single process here.

Example 1¶

This is a simple example where a client "A" sends a request to server "B" which responds.

Client "A"                             Server "B"
 __________                             ___________
|          |          -------->        |          |
|__________|                           |__________|

Client "A"                             Server "B"
 __________                             ___________
|          |        <--------          |          |
|__________|                           |__________|

MODULE test¶

$INCLUDE (user-area)rk-library:tmpt

INTEGER ARRAY : stack (0:9999)¶

% server data:

INTEGER	Description
SIRecPort	% port number to receive message
S2RecPort	% port number to receive message
S1Sendref	% sendreference for serverA
S2Sendref	% sendreference for serverB
smess	% message number
smoad	% number of bytes
smesslength	% message length
quest(0:29)	% received data

% user data:

INTEGER	Description
URecPort	% port number to receive message
umess	% message number
USendref	% sendreference
umoad	% number of bytes
umesslength	% message length
response(0:29)	% received data

Page 236¶

CHSTAT¶

ROUTINE INTEGER(4, VOID) : chstat
IF E0 < 0 THEN 0 RETURN ENDIF

ENROUTINE¶

PROGRAM : testit¶

INISTACK stack

ON ROUTINEERROR DO
Output (1,'a',%Routineerror in cliserv: ')
Output (1,'o',ERRORCODE)
ENDON

nlkCrePort(0,2,SlRecPort) chstat  
nlkCreName(0,1,Addt 'serverA', SlRecport) chstat

USER ESTABLISH CONNECTION¶

nlkCrePort(0,2,UrecPort) chstat  
nlkCreMessage(0,50,UrecPort,umess) chstat  
nlkOpenPort(0,Addt 'serverA',USendref) chstat

USER REQUEST¶

nlkMove(1,umess,0,Addt 'ask serverA',bmove4) chstat  
IF bmove4 >< 11 THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF  
nlkSend(0,0,USendref,umess) chstat

SERVER READS REQUEST¶

nlkReceive(0,SlRecPort,smess,smesslength) chstat  
IF smesslength >< 11 THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF  
nlkMove(0,smess,0,Addt quest, sbmove4) chstat  
IF sbmove4 >< 11 OR quest >< 'ask serverA' THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF

SERVER RESPONSE¶

SEND MESSAGE TO HOMEPORT OF MESSAGE

nlkMove(1,smess,0,Addt 'answer from serverB', sbmove4) chstat  
IF sbmove4 >< 19 THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF  
nlkSend(0,0,0,smess) chstat

USER GETS RESPONSE¶

nlkReceive(0,urecport,umess,umesslength) chstat  
IF umesslength >< 19 THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF  
nlkMove(0,umess,0,Addt response, bmove4)  
IF (bmove4 >< 19) OR (response >< 'answer from serverB') THEN 1 ERRORRETURN  
ENDIF

USER DISCONNECT¶

nlkClose(0,USendref) chstat  
nlkClose(0,umess) chstat  
nlkClose(0,urecport) chstat

SERVER DISCONNECT¶

nlkDeName(0,Addt 'testserv',SlRecport) chstat  
nlkClose(0,SlRecport) chstat

Output(1,'A','S - CliServ session finished -')

ENROUTINE¶

ENDMODULE¶

SHOP

Page 237¶

Chapter 8 PLANC Programming Example¶

Example 2:¶

Client "A" sends a request to server "B".
Server "B" sends the request to server "C".
Server "C" responds on the request from server "B".
Server "B" responds to client "A".
Server "C" responds to server "B" by means of last port set by server "B".

Client "A"  ->  Server "B"

Server "B"  ->  Server "C"

Server "B"  <-  Server "C"

Client "A"  <-  Server "B"

MODULE Test¶

$INCLUDE (user-area)rk-library:tmpt

INTEGER ARRAY: stack (0:9999)¶

% server data:

INTEGER:	Description
S1RecPort	% port number to receive message
S2RecPort	% port number to receive message
S1UserSendRef	% sendreference for ServerA to User
S1SendRef	% sendreference for ServerA
S2SendRef	% sendreference for ServerB
smess	% message number
smoved	% number of bytes
smesslength	% message length
quest(0:29)	% received data

% user data:

INTEGER:	Description
URecPort	% port number to receive message
umess	% message number
UserRef	% sendreference
umoved	% number of bytes
umesslength	% message length
response(0:29)	% received data

Page 238¶

CHSTAT¶

ROUTINE INTEGER, VOID : chstat¶

IF @<>0 THEN @ RETURN ENDIF

ENDROUTINE

PROGRAM : testit¶

INISTACK stack

ON ROUTINEERROR DO
Output (1,'a','$Routine error in cliserv: ')
Output (1,'o',ERRORCODE)
ENDON

% ServerA establish connection
nlcCrePort(0,2,S1RecPort) chstat
nlcCreName(0,1,Addt 'ServerA',S1RecPort) chstat

% ServerB ESTABLISH CONNECTION
nlcCrePort(0,2,S2RecPort) chstat
nlcCreName(0,1,Addt 'ServerB',S2RecPort) chstat

% USER ESTABLISH CONNECTION TO ServerA
nlcCrePort(0,2,URecPort) chstat
nlcCreMessage(0,50,URecPort,umess) chstat
nlcOpenPort(0,Addt 'ServerA',USendref) chstat

% USER REQUEST TO ServerA
nlcMove(1,Umess,0,Addt 'ask ServerA',bmove) chstat
IF bmovd .X 11 THEN 1 RETURN ENDIF
nlcSend(0,Urecport,USendRef,Umess) chstat

% ServerA READ REQUEST
nlcReceive(0,S1RecPort,umess,$MessLength) chstat
nlcOpenReturnPort(1,Umess,S1USendRef) chstat
IF $MessLength .X 11 THEN 1 RETURN ENDIF
nlcMove(0,umess,0,Addt quest,$makev) chstat
IF $makev .X 11 OR quest >< 'ask ServerA' THEN 1 RETURN ENDIF

% ServerA ESTABLISH CONNECTION TO ServerB
nlcOpenPort(0,Addt 'ServerB',S1Sendref) chstat

% ServerA REQUEST TO ServerB. ServerA SETS ITS OWN RECEIVE PORT
% AS LAST SENDER.
nlcMove(1,umess,0,Addt 'ask ServerB',bmovd) chstat
IF $MessLength .X 11 THEN 1 RETURN ENDIF
nlcSend(0,S1Recport,S1Sendref,umess) chstat

% ServerB READ REQUEST FROM ServerA
nlcReceive(0,S2RecPort,umess,$MessLength) chstat
IF $MessLength .X 11 THEN 1 RETURN ENDIF
nlcMove(0,umess,0,Addt quest,$makev) chstat
IF $makev .X 11 OR quest >< 'ask ServerB' THEN 1 RETURN ENDIF

% ServerB ESTABLISH CONNECTION TO ServerA
% OPEN A SEND REFANSE TO PORT SET A LAST PORT IN MESSAGE.
nlcOpenReturnPort(1,Umess,S2SendRef) chstat

Page 239¶

Chapter 8 PLANC Programming example¶

ServerB RESPONSE ServerA¶

nkMove(1,umess,0,Addit 'answer from ServerB',stmove) chstat  
IF stmove >= 19 THEN 1 ERRRETURN ENDIF  
nkSend(0,0,S2SendRef,umess) chstat

ServerA READ REQUEST FROM ServerB¶

nkReceive(0,S1RecPort,umess,$MessLength) chstat  
IF $MessLength < 19 THEN 1 ERRRETURN ENDIF  
nkMove(0,umess,0,Addit quest,stmove) chstat  
IF (stmove >= 19) OR (quest >< 'answer from ServerB') THEN 1 ERRRETURN ENDIF

ServerA RESPONSE USER¶

nkMove(1,umess,0,Addit 'answer from ServerA',stmove) chstat  
IF stmove >= 19 THEN 1 ERRRETURN ENDIF  
nkSend(0,0,S1UserSendRef,umess) chstat

USER GIVES RESPONSE FROM ServerA¶

nkReceive(0,URecPort,umess,$MessLength) chstat  
IF $MessLength < 19 THEN 1 ERRRETURN ENDIF  
nkMove(0,umess,0,Addit quest,stmove) chstat  
IF (stmove >= 19) OR (quest >< 'answer from ServerA') THEN 1 ERRRETURN ENDIF

USER DISCONNECT¶

nkClose(0,UUserref)  
nkClose(0,Umess)  
nkClose(0,URecPort)

ServerA DISCONNECT¶

nkClose(0,S1UserSendref)  
nkClose(0,USUserref)  
nkDelName(0,Addit 'ServerA',S1RecPort)  
nkClose(0,S1RecPort)

ServerB DISCONNECT¶

nkClose(0,S2Sendref)  
nkDelName(0,Addit 'ServerB',S2RecPort)  
nkClose(0,S2RecPort)

Output(1,'A','$ - Example number 2 finished -')

ENDROUTINE¶

ENDMODULE¶

$EOF¶

Page 240¶

Chapter 8 PLANC Programming Example¶

Example 3¶

In this example, client "A" sends a request to server "B", and server "B" reads the message. Client "A" does not want a response from server "B". This is obtained by setting dump as home port when client "A" creates the message.

Client "A"  ---------------------->  Server "B"

MODULE test

$INCLUDE (user-area)mk-library:tmpl

INTEGER ARRAY : stack (0:9999)

% server data:¶

Data	Description
INTEGER:
S1RecPort	% port number to receive message
S2RecPort	% port number to receive message
S1Sendref	% sendreference for ServerA
S2Sendref	% sendreference for ServerB
smess	% message number
sbnwad	% number of bytes
smesslength	% message length
BYTES:	quest(0:29) % received data

% user data:¶

Data	Description
INTEGER:
URecPort	% port number to receive message
umess	% message number
USendref	% sendreference
bnwad	% number of bytes
umesslength	% message length
BYTES:	response(0:29) % received data

Page 241¶

Chapter 8 PLANC Programming Example¶

CHSTAT¶

ROUTINE INTEGER, VOID : chstat
IF @<0 THEN @ ERRORRETURN ENDIF
ENDROUTINE

PROGRAM : testit
INITSTACK stack

ON ROUTINEERROR DO
Output (1,'a','SRoutineerror in cliserv: ')
Output (1,'o',ERROROE)
ENDON

% ServerA ESTABLISH CONNECTION
rkCrePort(0,2,SlRecPort) chstat
rkCreName(0,1,Add# 'ServerA',SlRecPort) chstat

% USER ESTABLISH CONNECTION TO ServerA. DUMP PORT IS SET
% TO DEFAULT HOMEPORT IN NKRREMESSAGE.
rkCrePort(0,2,URecPort) chstat
rkCreMessage(0,50,0,umess) chstat
rkOpenPort(0,Add# 'ServerA',USendref) chstat

% USER REQUEST TO ServerA
rkMove(1,umess,0,Add# 'ask ServerA',bmoved) chstat
IF bmoved >< 11 THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF
rkSend(0,0,USendRef,umess) chstat

% ServerA READ REQUEST
rkReceive(0,SlRecPort,umess,$MessLength) chstat
IF $MessLength >< 11 THEN 1 ERRORRETURN ENDIF
rkMove(0,umess,0,Add# quest,bmoved) chstat

% USER DISCONNECT
rkClose(0,USendref)
rkClose(0,URecPort)

% ServerA DISCONNECT. MESSAGE RECEIVED WILL BE DEALLOCATED.
rkClose(0,umess)
rkDeName(0,Add# 'ServerA',SlRecPort)
rkClose(0,SlRecPort)

Output(1,'A','$ - Example number 3 finished -')

ENDROUTINE
ENDMODULE
$EOF

Page 242¶

I'm sorry, the page seems to be blank and doesn't contain any text to convert.

Page 243¶

Chapter 9 Error handling in NUCLEUS¶

9.1 NUCLEUS start up (system booting)¶

During start up of NUCLEUS in a DOMINO controller, NUCLEUS checks that:

the correct version is installed, and that

the controller address of NUCLEUS kernel is correct.

If a failure occurs during start up, an error message is sent to the Processor Manager, which writes an error message on the error device.

9.2 NUCLEUS fatal errors¶

When a fatal error occurs in NUCLEUS it is most likely that some memory conflict has occurred (NUCLEUS kernel area is overwritten by a DMA, system processes in the DOMINO controller etc..).

The error status identifying the cause of the error is sent to the Processor Manager server in ND-100 by means of an Octobus multibyte message and then written on the error device.

Page 244¶

Chapter 9: Error Handling in NUCLEUS¶

Figure 35. Error in NUCLEUS

Component	Description
ERROR device	Connected to S3WatchDog
Inspect-log	Connected to Ring file
ND-100	Under PROMAN
PROMAN	Processor Manager
MF'bus	Main data bus
MultiPort Memory	Contains NUCLEUS KERNEL DATA
OCTOBUS	Connects to MF'bus
DOMINO controller N	Includes OPCOM and DOMINOS
ERS LIB	Part of DOMINO application

Figure 35. Error in NUCLEUS

Page 245¶

Chapter 9 Error handling in NUCLEUS¶

9.3 NUCLEUS nonfatal errors¶

A nonfatal error will not corrupt the NUCLEUS kernel area. An octobus multibyte message is sent to PROMAN (Processor Manager), and then written on the error device.

9.4 Power failure handling¶

When a power fail occurs it is presumed that all CPUs are affected simultaneously. Multiple power sources and failures are not taken care of.

NUCLEUS may have set a Lock in the NUCLEUS kernel when a power failure occured. If not all CPUs are restarted at same time, it may cause a failure in NUCLEUS. NUCLEUS waits for a certain time to set a lock. If NUCLEUS is not able to set a lock, an error status will be returned. In the case of power failure this is very likely to occur.

Handling of power failure in NUCLEUS:

A global flag is set in NUCLEUS masterblock to indicate a powerfail at power-down. If a CPU is waiting for a lock, this flag is checked to see if the timeout has to be increased. When a CPU is recovered, this flag is reset and normal lock timeout is used.

The new lock routine in NUCLEUS is updated to give timeout. If power failures have occurred, the timeout limits are increased.

Page 246¶

9.5 Verifications tests during start up¶

NUCLEUS checks if the NUCLEUS version number in each CPU is correct. In case of a version mismatch, an error message is sent to error device.

9.6 NUCLEUS verification program¶

The NUCLEUS verification program is delivered with the OS-kit, and runs as a background program in ND-100. The program is easy to use for debugging purposes. For each server, i.e. ND-100, ND-500 and DOMINO, separate programs (running as RT-programs) must be loaded. Please consult the PD-sheet. Log status from the servers are displayed on the screen, and saved on the log file NKS-LOGFILE:LOGS if any errors occur.

| Background program in ND-100 | NKS-VERIFY | NKS-LOGFILE:LOGS |

NUCLEUS	NUCLEUS	NUCLEUS
ND-100	ND-500	DOMINO
NKS100:PROG	NKS500:DOM	NKSDOMINO:IMAG
Verify func.	Verify func.	Verify func.
Verify error	Verify error	Verify error
Verify comm.	Verify comm.	Verify comm.
Stress fast	Stress fast	Stress fast
Stress slow	Stress slow	Stress slow

Figure 36. NUCLEUS verification program

Page 247¶

Chapter 9 Error handling in NUCLEUS¶

To start the program give the command:

@(UTILITY)NKS-VERIFY.J

The screen picture shown below will now appear. An error message is displayed on the status line if you try to start logging from a server which is not loaded/started.

NUCLEUS verification program, version C01¶


Press a toggle:
F1	ND100
F2	ND5000
F3	DOMINO
F4	Trace
F5	Run test
F6	Stop test
HELP	Info
EXIT	Leave

Cpu	Test	NK-function	Message	Error code

		Message area


		Press one of the function keys

Status line

Figure 37. NUCLEUS verification program - screen picture

Messages are written in the message area when an error occurs, or when a test-module (see next page) is loaded/started/terminated.

HELP facilities¶

Press the HELP-key, and you will get information about:

How to load, start and run tests,
toggle status, and
the NUCLEUS verification system.

Page 248¶

Chapter 9 Error handling in NUCLEUS¶

DOMINO station¶

If you start verification in DOMINO (press the F3-key), the cursor will move, and you are asked to give the number of the DOMINO controller for which you want verification to be started.

NOTE !
DOMINO station is rebooted

Test modules¶

As the drawing on page 230 indicates, each server program consists of five modules:

Verify function.
Verify error handling.
Verify communication.
Stress the fast services, i.e. NkMove, NkSend and NkReceive.
Stress the slow services, i.e. NkCreMessage and NkCrePort

NOTE !
Stress modules are not implemented in C version

Function keys¶

NOTIS terminal	non-NOTIS terminal
F1	CTRL+D twice
F2	CTRL+L
F3	FUNC CTRL+U
F4	FUNC +
F5	FUNC Y
HELP	FUNC ?
EXIT	FUNC #

Page 249¶

Chapter 9 Error handling in NUCLEUS¶

Simultanious verification¶

Simultanious verification in ND-100, ND-500 and DOMINO is allowed. Verification can only be performed in one DOMINO at the time.

If you start verification in more than one server, you should not start tracing (F4) before you have inspected the log file. When you have found which server that produced the error message (the name of the server on the screen will blink), adopt the following course of action:

@(UTILITY)NKS-VERIFY# (start verification)
Press the toggle(Function-key) that corresponds to the server which produced the error message. If you start verification in DOMINO, you will also have to give the DOMINO station number.
Press the F4-key, in order to enable trace.
Press the F5-key, in order to run the test.

9.7 Debugging and tracing of NUCLEUS¶

NkCreMessage, NkSend, nkReceive and NkClose calls may be logged. Trace may be selected for one or more messages in NUCLEUS monitor. (See SET-TRACE on page 248 and LIST-TRACE on page 248). The trace element is put in a ring buffer in NUCLEUS kernel, and may be investigated by the NUCLEUS monitor.

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

General¶

The NUCLEUS Monitor is a tool for

inspection of tables and queues in NUCLEUS kernel
interactive use of NUCLEUS calls.

A typical use is to LIST ports or messages. More detailed information may be obtained by various DISPLAY commands. The data structures may be shown explicit by the LOOK-AT command. The monitor is also able to invoke NUCLEUS with the different functions like CREATE-PORT, CREATE-MESSAGE, SEND-MESSAGE...

The monitor has a HELP command that shows the possible commands and appropriate parameters. The LOOK-AT command has a HELP command as well.

10.1 Installation of NUCLEUS Monitor¶

The monitor is named NK-MONITOR, and resides on a floppy with directory DOMINO-KIT-C-5, and user-name FLOPPY-USER. Enter the floppy, and use Linkage-Loader to install the monitor.

There is an absolute correspondence between the NK-MONITOR and the current version of NUCLEUS. So this monitor will only work with the C version of NUCLEUS.

Page 252¶

10.2 The command system¶

To start NUCLEUS Monitor, give the command:

@ND-500 NK-MONITOR.

Prompt:
The NUCLEUS monitor prompts with nkm: whenever it is ready to accept a command. You may now use the commands on the high-level. If the commands you need are on the low-level (advanced mode), give the command:

nkm:ADVANCED-MODE.

The monitor prompt changes to nkm(adv):

Notation:
When describing the commands available in the NUCLEUS monitor, the following rules apply:

All parameter names are enclosed in <> brackets.
If a parameter that is asked for has a default value, the default value is enclosed between slashes //.

NOTE
In commands with default values for descriptors (i.e. port, sendreference or message), the current descriptor is default If the default is not used, the given descriptor value also becomes the current descriptor.

The names of optional parameters, that are not asked if not given, are enclosed in square brackets. []

Command entering:
As in SINTRAN.

Radix:
Numeric arguments may be given in octal, decimal or hexadecimal. The default radix is octal, but may be changed by the Main-format command. A trailing B (octal) or D (decimal) overrides the format.

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Chapter 10 NUCLUES Monitor¶

10.3 NUCLUES monitor commands¶

The description of the commands are divided into three parts:

Commands common to high-level and low-level.
Commands available on high-level only.
Commands available on low-level only (advanced mode).

10.3.1 NUCLUES monitor - common commands¶

Exit¶

High-level: Terminate execution of the NUCLUES monitor.
Low-level: Return to high-level.

Main-format¶

Define the main format for numbers displayed by the other commands. The format does not affect the numbers displayed by the Look-at command. See the Extra-format command.

Parameter: The wanted format. H, O and D is available. Only one may be used at the time.


H	Hexadecimal
O	Octal
D	Decimal

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Get-port-name (portnumber)¶

Displays all the port names defined for port number <parameter>.

Parameter: port number.

Format:

Port number: 4B Name AAAA

Help (command)¶

Displays available commands with their parameters on current level. Command names may be abbreviated as in SINTRAN.

List-messages¶

Lists the messages with their message (descriptor) indices, owner ID and home ports.

Format:

Message	Owner	Homeport
7B	100275031B	6B
11B	100275041B	10B

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

List-names¶

Displays all the port names defined in the name server, with their corresponding port number, random number and netaddress.

Format:

Port	Random	NetAdr	Port Name
11B	7B	40B	AAAA
10B	6B	40B	NKMTDRIVER
7B	5B	40B	NKMTSERVER
6B	4B	40B	PMAersGateWay
5B	3B	40B	PMAservicePort
4B	2B	40B	PMAhomePort
3B	2B	40B	serviceport

One port may have more than one name, but two ports cannot share a name. If a server terminates, the port names will still be present in the nameserver unless they are deleted by the termination process, or by NUCLEUS.

It may look as if a port has more than one name, especially if a process fail to terminate properly. In most cases, this is not true, as the random number part of the port number is different.

List-ports¶

Lists the ports with their port (descriptor) number, owner ID, number of messages and number of home messages.

Format:

Port number	Owner	Messages	Home messages
1B	100062542B	0B	0B
2B	100062570B	0B	0B

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Verify¶

This command performs a consistency check of the data structure. Inconsistencies are reported.

10.3.2 NUCLEUS Monitor - high-level commands¶

The commands described in this section, are available on this level only. Commands described in the previous section are also available.

Advanced-mode¶

Gives the user access to the low-level commands. See the next section, starting on page 244.

Close (descriptor)¶

Close a port, sendreference or message defined by <parameter>.

Parameter: Descriptor number(index).
No default value.

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Create-message ⟨size⟩⟨homeport⟩¶

Creates a message of size ⟨parameter 1⟩ with homeport ⟨parameter 2⟩. The message number of the message is returned. The message becomes the current message.

Parameter 1: size of message
Parameter 2: homeport for the given message.

Create-name ⟨name⟩⟨port⟩¶

Creates port name ⟨parameter 1⟩ on port ⟨parameter 2⟩.

Parameter 1: Port name.
Parameter 2: Port number. /current port/

| NOTE | In commands with default values for port number, the current port number is always the default port number. If the default is not used, the given port number becomes the current port number. This also applies for message and sendreference |

Create-port¶

Creates a port. A port number is returned, and the port becomes the current port.

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Fill-data-buffer (string)¶

Fill the buffer with the string <parameter>. The string, given as parameter, is moved to the buffer area in the monitor. The buffer area may be written into the NUCLEUS area, and sent to a destination port by the Write-message and Send-message command.

Parameter: any string.

Note: The command is meaningless in the BOO version of the monitor, as the Write-message command also fills data into the buffer.

Open-port (port name)¶

Open the port with name <portname>. A sendreference number is returned, and can be used to send to <portname>. The sendreference number returned, becomes current sendreference.

Print-data-buffer¶

Displays the content of the send/receive buffer in the monitor. The content is displayed in both octal and ascii format.

Example:

Data buffer content:

	Content
0B	0B 0B 74B 375B 102B 102B 102B (..‹.BBBB)
10B	102B 102B 102B 102B 102B 102B 102B (BBBBBBBB)
20B	102B 102B 102B 102B 102B 102B 102B (BBBBBBBB)

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Receive-message \<port no.>¶

Receive message from \<portno.>. Parameter: port number /current port/.

Read-message \<message>\<displacement>¶

Read message from \<messagenumber> to data buffer, start from position \<displacement>.

Parameter 1: message number /current message/.
Parameter 2: displacement in message buffer /0/.

The received data will be displayed, and may be redisplayed with the PRINT-BUFFER-command.

Send-message \<port no.>\<message no.>¶

Send \<message number> to \<port number>.

Parameter 1: port number to send message to /?/.
Parameter 2: message number to send /curr message/.

Write-message \<message no>\<displacement>\<text>¶

Write \<messagenumber> to data buffer, start in position \<displacement>.

Parameter 1: message number /current message/.
Parameter 2: displacement in message buffer /0/.
Parameter 3: any string of text.

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10.3.3 NUCLEUS Monitor - low-level commands¶

The commands described in this section, are available on low-level only. Commands described in the section "NUCLEUS Monitor - common commands" are also available. See page 237.

Connect-file (file name)¶

Parameter: File-name. Default file type is :DUMP.

The connect-file command is intended to be used to investigate a dump of NUCLEUS kernel. Most low-level commands can be used (display/list commands).

The dump file can be made by means of the DUMP-KERNEL command. You may also use the stand-alone program MEMTOF, and dump the memory to a diskette.

Display-descriptor (descriptor index)¶

Descriptor may be port, sendreference or message. Parameter: descriptor index(number).

Display-kicklist (OCTOBUS station no.)¶

Display the kicklist for Octobus station <parameter 1>.

Parameter: Octobus station number.

The kicklist is a list of receive ports. Processes owning ports in the kicklist, will be activated.

Example:

Port
4b
7b

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Display-masterblock¶

Displays the masterblock for NUCLEUS. The index limits for the descriptor array, hash array, kick table and net table is displayed. Of these, only the descriptor array and kick table have meaning, as NUCLEUS communication is not implemented.

nkm: ADVANCED-MODE
nkm(adv): DISPLAY-MASTERBLOCK

Parameter	Value
Masterblock address:	20000004000B
Version:	103B
Protocol:	2B
Descriptor array:	20000004244B (0B : 777B)
Hash array:	20000104244B (0B : 377B)
Hash mask:	377B
Kick table:	20000106244B (0B : 77B)
Net table:	20000107644B (0B : 11B)
Trace buffer:	20000107764B (0B : 377B)
Trace pointer:	0B
Quota table:	20000117764B (0B : 61B)
Quota hash array:	20000122244B (0B : 377B)
Quota hash mask:	377B
Quota free link header:	20000122214B
Free link header	20000006044B
Buffer area start:	20000124244B
Buffer area end:	20002624240B
Local net address:	40B
Power fail 1:	0B
Power fail 2:	0B
Current random number:	472B
Trace condition:	0B
General area lock:	0B
Hash lock:	0B
Trace lock:	0B
Allowed public descript.:	300B
Allowed public buffer:	1240000B
Used public descriptors:	0B
Used public buffer:	0B
Message free list:	0B
Number of free messages:	0B

nkm(adv):

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Display-messages (message)¶

Lists data related to message <message>

Parameter: message number /current message/.

Display-port (portnumber)¶

Lists data related to port <portnumber>.
Parameter: port number /current port/.

Example:

nkm(Adv): DISPLAY-PORT↓
Portnumber: 7B↓

Owner	100411013B
Octobus station	1B
Process to be kicked	100411013B
Event set	1B
Open count
Descriptor address	20000445144B

Dump-kernel (file name)¶

Dump the NUCLEUS kernel to <file name>. Parameter:
File name. See also the related command CONNECT-FILE on page 244.

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

Extra-formats \<format>¶

Define extra-formats for the Look-at command. Parameter: extra format string. HDOA or any combination of them may be used.

H - Hexadecimal
D - Decimal
O - Octal
A - Ascii

Force-display \<descriptor index>\<type>¶

Display the \<descriptor index>, as if it were of the type \<type>. Parameter 1: Descriptor index (number). Parameter 2: Descriptor type.

Legal values for descriptor type:

Value	Description
0	unused
1	used
2	message
3	port
4	sendreference

Get-Nucleus-memory¶

This command is for special use, intended for internal debugging only.

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Chapter 10 NUCLEUS Monitor¶

List-trace \<number>¶

The last \<number> trace elements are listed.

Parameter:

\ = 0 => List all trace elements.
\ = i => List the i (i = 1, 2, ..., n) last trace elements.

List-quota¶

Lists all users in the quota table.

Look-at¶

This command is similar to the look-at-data command in the symbolic debugger.

Set-trace \<message>\<on/off>¶

Set trace for \<message> number \<off/on>.

Parameter	Description
1	Number of message to be traced.
	\ = 0 => All new messages are traced.
2	0 = Off. 1 = On.

Page 265¶

Appendix A Image files¶

Groups, blocks and bytes¶

An image is divided into groups, each of 256 blocks. Each group has a bitmap showing the blocks used. A block has 2048 bytes. An image may have eight groups. A group describes a continuous memory area of 512 K bytes. Each group may have a group number from 0 to 255, giving a potential address span of 128 M bytes.

An image may be scattered in the full address space. But, as only eight groups are allowed, all blocks in the image must be within the eight, even if not all blocks are used in all groups. The place address in DOMINO memory for a block is derived directly from the group and block number:

PLACE ADDRESS = GROUPNUMBER2^19 + BLOCKNUMBER2^11

Page 266¶

Appendix A: Image files¶

IMAGE FILE HEADER¶


PAGE #0
TotalBlocks	(blocks in all groups)
TotalGroups	(4 in this case)
StartAddress	(for execution)
Group index	ImageMap(0:7)
	0
Group number	A0
	2¹⁹

IMAGE AREA¶

PAGE #1

AO (addr)

......
......
......
......

A1

......
......
......
......

max group size = 2¹⁹ bytes

A2

......
......

← hole in group

A3

......
......
......
......

000
000

one group's bitmap (actually 256 bits)

0011
1110

..... = program code/initialized data

The group numbers need not be in increasing order as in this example.

Figure 38. Image file header versus image area

Page 267¶

Appendix B DOMINO selftests¶

Test numbers¶

All tests have a test number which must be reported at the start of the test, and when errors are found. The following reservation of test numbers is done.

Test no.	Test type
1 - 2F	Preboot tests.
30 - 7F	Standard postboot tests
80 - EF	Device dependent tests
F0 - FF	Reserved

NOTE!
All device dependent tests must start with test number 80 (hex)

Selftest reporting to test connector¶

All selftests report to the test connector (Address: FF8104) when starting. This reporting is done to make it easy to trace the selftests on a logic analyzer or tracer. The selftest report to the test connector consists of two parts. The first byte is the test number and the second byte is an error number. A zero in the 'error byte' means that this is the start of the test (no error).

Example¶

The following would be a typical display on a tracer storing all cycles to the test connector.

Address	Data	Meaning
FF8104	0100	Start of selftest no. 1
FF8104	0200	Start of selftest no. 2
FF8104	0300	Start of selftest no. 3
FF8104	0301	Error no. 1 found in selftest no 3

When an error is found in a selftest, the test and error number is written to the test connector, and an error message is written to the current path (asyl or OCTOBUS).

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Appendix B DOMINO Selftests¶

The error message is on the following form:

SELFTEST ERROR NO : <test and error no.> <Text explaining what kind of error.>

Example

SELFTEST ERROR NO : 101
Wrong checksum in DOMINO EPROM

How to use a TDF¶

All selftests (except preboot) follows the defined layout using TDF's. A short description of all the elements in the TDF record is given below.

TYPE tdf = RECORD
    INTEGER4              : TdfKey           % Must be OkKey
    BYTES                 : Name(0 : 9)
    tdf POINTER           : NextTdf
    INTEGER4              : RunsToGo, RepFreq, MaxNbErr
    TestRtn POINTER       : TestPtr
    RespRtn POINTER       : RespPtr
    Data POINTER          : InParams
    Data POINTER          : OutParams
    INTEGER4              : TxuErrCode       % 0=Ok, > 0 Error
    INTEGER4              : DoneRuns, NbErrors
    ENUMERATION(TstIdle, TstRunning, TstAborted, TstErrReport, &
    TstMsgReport) &
                          : State
    INTEGER2              : Spare1
ENDRECORD

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Appendix B DOMINO selftests¶

TdfKey¶

This should always be OkKey, where OkKey is defined as:
CONSTANT OkKey = 12421043040B % Ascii 'TDF '

Name(0:9)¶

This is the name of your test. (Choose a good one)
Ex. 'PROT-TEST '

NextTdf¶

Pointer to next TDF. This will usually be NIL for selftests.

RunsToGo¶

Number of times the test should be run. This should always be 1 for selftests.

RepFreq¶

Report frequency. Should always be 0 for selftest, because only errors should be reported.

MaxNbErr¶

Maximum number of errors allowed before test is terminated. Will usually be 1 for selftests.

TestPtr¶

Pointer to your test routine.
Ex. ADDR ProtectTest
ProtectTest is the name of the routine containing your test.

RespPtr¶

Pointer to a response routine. This routine will be called when you are doing a TRAP£6 or TRAP£7. The routine should contain all error output from your test.
Ex. ADDR ProtectTstResp
ProtectTstResp is the name of a routine that outputs error messages from your test.

InParams¶

Pointer to a record containing parameters from NDITS to be used by the test. Will very often be NIL for selftests.

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Appendix B DOMINO Selftests¶

OutParams¶

Pointer to a record containing parameters from the test to NDITS.
Will very often be NIL for selftests.

TxuErrCode¶

TEXU error code. Must be set to 0 for selftests.

DoneRuns¶

Number of times the test is actually run.
Must be set to 0 for selftests.

NbErrors¶

Number of errors found so far for this test.
Must be set to 0 for selftests.

State¶

State will be one of the following:
TstIdle, TstRunning, TstAborted, TstErrReport, TstMsgReport
Must be set to TstIdle for selftests.

Following is an example of a TDF array used by the postboot tests.

tdf ARRAY : SelfTests(ProtTest : 2):=(&
(OkKey, 'PROT-TEST ', NIL, 1, 0, 1, Addr ProtectTest, 
Addr ProtectTstResp, ProtTstIn, ProtTstOut, 0, 0, 0, TstIdle, 0),
(OkKey, 'Mfp-Test ', NIL, 1, 0, 1, Addr MfpTest, 
Addr MfpTstResp, NIL, MfpTstOut, 0, 0, 0, TstIdle, 0))

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Appendix B DOMINO Selftests¶

Exception Handling in Selftests¶

Unexpected exceptions in selftests are reported with the following error numbers. The error numbers are reported to the test connector, and a message is written to asyl/OCTOBUS.

FCH: Parity error occurred.
xxFDH: Exception occurred in test xx
xxFEH: Int. 7 occurred in test xx
xxFFH: Bus error occurred in test xx

Preboot Tests¶

Test Name	Test No/Err. No	Description
Promtest	100H	Start of prom checksum test.
--	101	Wrong checksum in DOMINO prom.
		- Something wrong with the prom?
		- Collision with other devices on the data bus?
		- Address lines connected together?
--	102	Wrong checksum in the device prom.
		- Something wrong with the prom?
MCR test	200H	Start of Master Control Register test.
--	201	MCR not zero after reset.
		- Bad register package?
		- Problems with data bus?
		- Problems with address decoding of MCR?
--	202	MCR readback error. Read data not equal to written data.
		- Bad register package?
		- Problems with write strobe to MCR?
Buserrortest	300H	Start of buserror test.
--	301	DSACK instead of BERR.
		A bus error was forced, but instead the cycle was terminated with a DSACK.
		- Problem in address decoding?
--	302	Local timeout bit not set
		- Problems with the BerrInt7 register? (INT7 PAL)
		- Problems with the address decoding of the same register?

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Appendix B DOMINO selftests¶

Test Name / Test No / Err. No / Description¶

Test Name	Test No/Err. No	Description
WarmCold	400H	Start checking for warm or cold start.
AddrInAddr	500H	Start of memory test.
	501	Error found in RAM - Problems with timing against DRAM? Missing RAS, CAS RW etc. - Problems with data or address bus? - Problems with one of the memory packages?
Sizetest	600H	Start of byte selection test. All combinations of byte, word, long, read and write is tested. - Problems with the RW pal that generates write strobes to the DRAM? - Problems with timing against DRAM? Missing RAS, CAS RW etc.
	601	Write Byte, Read Byte err.
	602	Write Byte, Read Word err.
	603	Write Byte, Read Long err.
	604	Write Word, Read Byte err.
	605	Write Word, Read Word err.
	606	Write Word, Read Long err.
	607	Write Long, Read Byte err.
	608	Write Long, Read Word err.
	609	Write Long, Read Long err.
ParityErr	700H	Start of parity test.
	701	Unexpected Parity Error A parity error occurred immediately after enabling the parity system. - Problems somewhere in the parity network.
ParityNet	800H	Start of parity check for each byte.
	804	No interrupt from byte 0 - Problems in parity network for byte 0?
	805	No interrupt from byte 1 - Problems in parity network for byte 1?
	806	No interrupt from byte 2 - Problems in parity network for byte 2?
	807	No interrupt from byte 3 - Problems in parity network for byte 3?

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Appendix B DOMINO selftests¶

Test Name	Test No/ Err. No	Description
ParityNet	808	Parity error bit not set 0
		- Problems with the BERRINT7 register.
--	809	Parity error bit not set 1
		- Problems with the BERRINT7 register.
--	80A	Parity error bit not set 2
		- Problems with the BERRINT7 register.
--	80B	Parity error bit not set 3
		- Problems with the BERRINT7 register.
ParityAddr	900H	start
--	901	- Error in parity RAM
		or in address bits?
ParityData	A00H	start
--	A01	- Error in parity gen/check
Booting	B00H	Boot and switch RAM mode?
ParitySwitch	C00H	start
--	C01	No switch no interrupt
--	C02	No switch interrupt
		- Problems in the MCR clear logic?
--	C03	Switch no interrupt
		- Problems in the interrupt system?
4-8 MB memtest	D00	start
--	D01	Error found in RAM
Uart/TimD	E00	start
--	E01	TimerC/D CtrlReg. ReadBackErr
--	E02	TimerD DataReg. ReadBackError
--	E03	Usart CtrlReg. ReadBackError
--	E04	Rx Status Reg. ReadBackError
--	E05	Tx Status Reg. ReadBackError
--	E06	Usart Data Reg. ReadBackError
--	E07	Rx StatReg does't stabelize
--	E08	Tx StatReg does't stabelize
--	E09	Usart Data Reg timeout
--	E0A	Illegal value in rsr
--	E0B	Illegal value in tsr
--	E0C	Too many/few Rx interrupts
--	E0D	Too many/few Tx interrupts
PrebootOK	2F00H	Preboot test OK

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Postboot tests¶

Prot test¶

Code	Description
3000H	Start of protect test.
30yy	The error code yy has the following meaning from the protect test.

bit no. in yy¶

76543210
│││││││└── Protect mode bit S1
││││││└─── Protect mode bit S2
│││││└──── Protect mode bit U1
││││└───── Protect mode bit U2

See DOMINO HW desc. for more details about the prot. mode bits.

FC0 for the cycle that failed
FC1 for the cycle that failed
FC2 for the cycle that failed

See MC68020 User's manual for more details about the function codes.

RW for the cycle that failed
0=Write, 1=Read

MFP test¶

Code	Description
3100H	Start of MFP (MC68901) test.
3101	Interrupts pending before they are enabled.
	- Error in the MFP?
3102	No interrupt pending after they are enabled.
	- Error in the MFP?
3103	Processor was not interrupted.
	- Error in the MFP?
	- Error in the interrupt system?
3104	Timer error.
	- Error in the MFP?
3105	Too many interrupts.
	- Error in the MFP?

Continue on next page...

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Appendix B DOMINO Selftests¶

EEPROM Test¶

Code	Description
3200	Start of EEPROM check.
3201	Not valid EEPROM testpattern. No EEPROM? EEPROM not initialized? Problems in reading from EEPROM?
3202	Not valid EEPROM version. EEPROM not initialized correct? Problems in reading from EEPROM?
3203	Write access to write protected area. Problem in decoding of write strobe to EEPROM?
3204	Timeout. Busy signal from EEPROM constantly active. Problems with EEPROM?

Counter Test¶

Code	Description
3300	Start of 32 bit counter test.
3301	16 bit counter is not running. Error in the counter?
3302	32 bit counter is not running. Error in the counter? No master selected on OCTOBUS?
3303	Protect trap when read from user mode.

BADAP Test¶

Code	Description
3400	Start of BADAP register test.
3401	Readback error from BADAP register. Error in BADAP? Error in data path to BADAP?

Page 276¶

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Page 277¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

PROMAN (Processor Manager) error codes

Octal val	Meaning	Type
10500B	Processor Manager - PROMAN
105000B	Too large configuration	ERROR
105001B	Program error, empty time queue	ERROR
105002B	Unrecognised event ignored	WARN.
105003B	Message from unrecognised Octobus station ignored	WARN.
105004B	Image file is empty, booting aborted Controller at station..: I2O	ERROR
105005B	Unrecognised event in Domino boot-session ignored Controller at station..: I2O	WARN.
105006B	Program error, invalid dummy-session state	ERROR
105007B	Program error, invalid DOMINO-session state	ERROR
105007B	Program error, invalid DOMINO-session state Controller at station..: I2O	ERROR
105010B	Program error, invalid ERS-session state	ERROR
105011B	Program error, invalid Service-session state	ERROR
105012B	Unrecognised dummy-session event ignored	WARN.
105013B	Unrecognised Domino-session event ignored Controller at station..: I2O	WARN.
105014B	Unrecognised ERS-session event ignored	WARN.
105015B	Unrecognised Service-session event ignored	WARN.
105016B	Error in Nucleus initialisation	FATAL
105017B	Error in Octobus initialisation	FATAL
105020B	Error in Nucleus receive	WARN.
105021B	Error in Octobus receive	WARN.
105022B	Error in Nucleus transmit	WARN.
105023B	Error in Octobus transmit	WARN.

Continue on next page...

Page 278¶

PROMAN (Processor Manager) Error Codes¶

Octal Val	Meaning	Type
105024B	Controller does not respond, echo-test failed Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105025B	Unable to get identity from controller Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105026B	Unable to stop controller Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105027B	Unable to set mailbox for controller Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105030B	Unable to download block to controller Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105031B	Unable to set start address in controller Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105032B	Unable to start program in controller Controller at station..: I20 Opcom NAK-error code("0" means timeout)I20	ERROR
105033B	OPCOM selftest failed Controller at station..: I20	ERROR
105034B	Invalid service request command	WARN.
105035B	No Domino controllers found in system	WARN.
105036B	Unable to log events to ring buffer file	WARN.
105037B	This ND-100 is not master in system	FATAL
105040B	Error when opening image file Controller at station........: I20 Image file name..............: 64A	ERROR

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Page 279¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

Octal val	Meaning	Type
105041B	Server started \n Version: 64A	INFO
105042B	DOMINO controller booting started \n Controller at station.......: I2O \n Crate ID (MFB contr station).: I2D \n MFB Slot.....................: I2D \n Image file name.............: 64A	INFO
105043B	DOMINO controller rebooting started \n Controller at station.......: I2O \n Crate ID (MFB contr station).: I2D \n MFB Slot.....................: I2D \n Image file name.............: 64A	INFO
105044B	DOMINO controller started \n Controller at station.......: I2O \n Crate ID (MFB contr station).: I2D \n MFB Slot.....................: I2D \n Image file name.............: 64A	INFO
105045B	DOMINO controller selftest status \n Controller at station.......: I2O \n Crate ID (MFB contr station).: I2D \n MFB Slot.....................: I2D \n CPU type.....................: I4D \n Standard part version..: 34A \n - Selftests failed......: 64A \n Device part version....: 34A \n - Selftests failed......: 64A	INFO
105046B	Server stopped	INFO
105047B	Domino controllers restarted after powerfail \n Number restarted.......: I2D \n Number rebooted.......: I2D	INFO
105050B	Too small ERS-buffer fil, must at least be two pages long	WARN.
105051B	Domino controller has been terminated on request \n Controller at station..: I2O	INFO

Table 8. PROMAN (Processor Manager) error codes

Page 280¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

DOMINOS Error Codes¶

Constant	Octal Value
PITermination	6000B
PIILLCAL	6001B
PIRANGE	6002B
PICONTX	6003B
PISupModeCall	6004B
PIntErr	6005B
PIDomFatal	6006B
PIUserFatal	6007B
PINOEXIST	6011B
PIEXIST	6012B
PIILPRI	6013B
PIILSTATE	6014B
PINOPROS	6015B
PINOFREE	6016B
PIEVNOEX	6021B
PIILVEC	6022B
PINOBUF	6041B
PIINCONSIST	6042B
PIIILADDR	6043B
PINoRout	6051B

DOMINOS, DOMINO Operating System Errors¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
60B	Domino Operating System
6000B	Application in DOMINO controller terminated Octobus station.............. I20 Crate Id (MFB contr. station) I1D MFB slot...................... I1D	INFO
6001B	Requested service not implemented	ERROR
6002B	Parameter value to service out of range	ERROR
6003B	Request comes in wrong context	ERROR
6004B	Service called in supervisor mode	FATAL
6005B	Dominos program error, please contact ND-service	ERROR

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Page 281¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
6006B	Unable to start Dominos Octobus station.............. I2O Crate Id (MFB contr. station) I1D MFB slot.......................... I1D Exception number............. I2unused Address where occurred....... I4H Dominos error.................. SEC	FATAL
6007B	Error reported by PIRFatal Octobus station.............. I2O Crate Id (MFB contr. station) I1D MFB slot.......................... I1D Exception number............. I2unused Address where occurred....... I4H Application error............. SEC	FATAL

Process Management¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
6011B	Process does not exist	ERROR
6012B	Process already exists	ERROR
6013B	Invalid priority in PIRCREATE or PIRMODIFY	ERROR
6014B	Requested operation impossible in this process state	ERROR
6015B	Invalid process name	ERROR
6016B	No free entry for new process	ERROR

Event System/Timing/Miscellaneous¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
6021B	Event not found	ERROR
6022B	Invalid vector address, (outside 2..255 or reserved)	ERROR

Buffer Manager¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
6041B	Buffer space exceeded	ERROR
6042B	Inconsistency in Buffer data structure	ERROR
6043B	Invalid Buffer address	ERROR

Powerfail/Power Return Handling¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
6051B	Power fail/Power return handler not found	ERROR

Table 9. DOMINOS, DOMINO Operating System Errors

Page 282¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

DOMINO Services (HW-LIB/OPCOM) Error Codes¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
	HW dependant library
6201B	HW-Lib: Low-limit greater than high-limit in protection setting	ERROR
6202B	HW-Lib: Attempt to prohibit R/W-access to master control register	ERROR
6203B	HW-Lib: Attempt to read protection outside protected area	ERROR
6204B	HW-Lib: Address does not match protection segment	ERROR
	OPCOM
6240B	Domino OPCOM: Invalid service request	ERROR
6241B	Domino OPCOM: Exception occurred for which no handler exists	FATAL
	Octobus station................... I2O
	Crate Id (MFB contr. station). I1D
	MFB slot.......................... I1D
	Exception number................ I2H
	Address where occurred.......... I4H
	I4Unused

Table 10. DOMINO Services (HW-LIB/OPCOM) Error Codes

Page 283¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

DOMINO Services (BOPCOM) Error Codes¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
6260B	BOPCOM: Server started ?? I2Unused ?? I2Unused Version................... 34A	INFO
6261B	BOPCOM: Path opened to controller Octobus station........... I2O Message device........... I2O	INFO
6262B	BOPCOM: Path released Octobus station........... I2O Message device........... I2O	INFO
6271B	BOPCOM: Too many Octobus errors	FATAL
6272B	BOPCOM: Too many Superkernel errors	FATAL
6273B	BOPCOM: Unable to open own superports (XMSG not started?) ?? I2Unused ?? I2Unused ?? I2Ounused ?? I12unused ?? I2Unused External error............ SEC	FATAL
6274B	BOPCOM: XMSG bufferspace exceeded	FATAL

Table 11. DOMINO Services (BOPCOM) error codes

Page 284¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

NUCLEUS Error Codes¶

Constant	Octal val	Meaning
nke_ERROR_BASE	101000b	Base number for Nucleus errors
nke_ILLPAR	101001b	Invalid parameter value
nke_ILLTYPE	101002b	Wrong type used,— port, message or send reference
nke_NOMESS	101003b	Both port and message in Send reference may not be zero
nke_ILLNO	101004b	Port, message or send reference outside range
nke_NOTLOCAL	101005b	Receive from remote port
nke_OUTSIDE	101006b	Displacement outside buffer
nke_DESCARRFULL	101007b	Descriptor table full
nke_BUFFULL	101010b	Message buffer area full
nke_NAMEFULL	101011b	Name table full
nke_NAMENOTFOUND	101012b	Port name not defined
nke_NAMEUSED	101013b	Port name already defined
nke_NOACCESS	101014b	No access to given port, message or send reference
nke_ILLNETADDRESS	101015b	Net address not found
nke_ILLKERNELNO	101016b	Invalid kernel number
nke_NETTABFULL	101017b	Net table full
nke_PROTOCERROR	101020b	Inconsistent Nucleus module versions installed
nke_REJECTED	101021b	Message rejected by receive process
nke_PORTNOTFOUND	101022b	Port reference not defined in name server
nke_LOCK	101023b	Unable to lock port
nke_NOTEVENBYTE	101024b	Displacement not on even byte (only for ND-100)

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Page 285¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

NUCLEUS Error Codes¶

Constant	Octal val	Explanation
nke_NOTINITIALISED	101025b	Nucleus not started
nke_NAMEPORTUSED	101026b	The Nameserver port is already initialised
nke_NAMEINDEXERROR	101027b	Index error in Nameserver request
nke_INCONSISTENT	101030b	Inconsistent structure in name server
nke_TOOMANYBYTES	101031b	Buffer provided is too small
nke_PORTCLOSED	101032b	Receive port is closed.
nke_ILLFUNC	101033b	Invalid Function code
nke_PROTECTED	101034b	Attempt to use protected Function
nke_ILLHARDWARE	101035b	Not correct hardware configuration
nke_FATAL	101036b	Fatal error in Nucleus
nke_QTABFULL	101037b	Too many concurrent Nucleus users (quota table full)
nke_QUOTAUSED	101040b	No more Nucleus resources available for this user
nke_ILLUSER	101041b	Unknown user area identifier
nke_KICKLOCK	101042b	Timeout when waiting for lock (kick-queue)
nke_DELAYTABFULL	101043b	Unable to create more ports using delayed abort
nke_NOTAVAILABLE	101044b	NUCLEUS not available in CPU. (not started or stopped)
nke_ILLVERSION	101045b	Invalid version of NUCLEUS library

Page 286¶

NUCLEUS calls and error codes¶

	nkCreMessage	nkVersion	nkOpenReturnPort	nkOpenPort	nkDelName	nkGetInfo	nkCreName	nkClose	nkReceive	nkCrePort	nkSend	nkMove
nke_BUFFULL									x
nke_DELAYTABFULL	x
nke_DESCARRFULL	x
nke_FATAL	x	x			x	x	x		x
nke_ILLFUNC	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
nke_ILLHARDWARE											x	x
nke_ILLKERNELNO										x	x	x
nke_ILLNETADDRESS										x	x	x
nke_ILLNO	x	x	x	x	x	x	x			x	x	x
nke_ILLPAR					x
nke_ILLTYPE	x	x	x	x	x	x	x			x	x	x
nke_ILLUSER	x
nke_ILLVERSION	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
nke_INCONSISTENT
nke_KICKLOCK
nke_LOCK
nke_NAMEFULL	x				x
nke_NAMEINDEXERROR
nke_NAMENOTFOUND						x
nke_NAMEPORTUSED	x
nke_NAMEUSED					x
nke_NETTABFULL
nke_NOACCESS	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
nke_NOMESS
nke_NOTAVAILABLE												x
nke_NOTEVENBYTE									x
nke_NOTINITIALISED	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
nke_NOTLOCAL						x
nke_OUTSIDE					x
nke_PORTCLOSED						x
nke_PORTNOTFOUND					x
nke_PROTECTED						x
nke_PROTOCERROR
nke_QTABFULL	x
nke_QUOTAUSED						x					x
nke_REJECTED												x
nke_TOOMANYBYTES								x

Page 287¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

NUCLEUS Operation Error/Status Codes¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
1011b	Nucleus Operation
101100b	Nucleus Name server started Version....: 34A Size of name table..: I40	INFO
101101b	Nucleus server started Version....: 34A Cluster Id (ND-100 Octobus station no. I40 Zeropage for multiport memory......... I40 Page start address of kernel within multiport memory...................... I40 Nucleus kernel size in pages.......... I40 Message buffer space for all system processes in pages............. I40 Number of descriptors for all system processes in pages............. I40 Message buffer space for all public processes in pages............. I40 Number of descriptors for all public processes....................... I40 Message buffer per public process in pages............................... I40 Number of descriptors per public process................................ I40 Trace buffer space in pages............ I40	INFO

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Page 288¶

Appendix C Error and Status Codes¶

Octal	Meaning	TYPE
1011b	Nucleus Operation
101102b	Unable to start server Nucleus error........................ SEC Sintran error........................ SEC	FATAL
101103b	Name server stopped Nucleus error........................ SEC	FATAL
101104b	Unable to reserve mailbox	FATAL
101105b	Unable to get Cpu type	FATAL
101106b	Unable to get Nucleus configuration from Sintran	FATAL
101107b	Unable to get start address of multiport	FATAL
101110b	Unable to find own Octobus station	FATAL
101111b	Unable to fix memory for Nucleus	FATAL
101112b	Unable to initialise Nucleus kernel	FATAL
101113b	Unable to initialise Sintran part of Nucleus	FATAL
101114b	Unable to connect to Octobus	FATAL
101115b	Inconsistent data structure Detected at address................... I4O Called from........................... I4O	FATAL
101116b	Timeout when waiting for lock Called from.................. I4O Address of lock....................... I4O	FATAL
101117b	Nucleus may not be restarted, please restart system	FATAL
101120b	Unable to find Nucleus kernel	FATAL

Table 12. NUCLEUS operation error/status codes

Page 289¶

Index¶

Page	Content
273	[Reserved for Data]

Page 290¶

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Page 291¶

Index¶

Entry	Page
A6-register, DOMINO Monitor	82
abbreviating parameter, DOMINO Monitor	40
abort job, DOMINO-MONITOR	42
abort service, DOMINOS	129
abort, NUCLEUS	191
ACTIVE-ROUTINES, DOMINO Monitor	71
actual macro parameter, DOMINO Monitor	63
actual parameter, DOMINO Monitor	65
Address registers	92
Advanced-mode, NUCLEUS Monitor	240
ALIGN-LISTING command, DOMINO Monitor	71
ASYL, DOMINO Monitor	45
ASYNCHRONOUS-LINK, DOMINO Monitor	45
ATTACH-DOMAIN command, DOMINO Monitor	62
Automatic configuration, DOMINO	11

Entry	Page
Basic Software Module	31
begin service, DOMINOS	126
blocked state, DOMINOS	120
Boot functions, DOMINO	34
Booting of DOMINO. Algorithm	22
Bopcom server	46
BOPCOM SERVER, DOMINO Monitor	45
break character, DOMINO Monitor	54
BREAK command, DOMINO Monitor	71, 77
BREAK-ADDRESS command, DOMINO Monitor	71
breakpoint, DOMINO Monitor	77, 78
BREAK-RETURN command, DOMINO Monitor	71
buffer management	146
buffer pool	146

Entry	Page
calculate, DOMINO Monitor	43
Calls, summary	182, 183
CC command, DOMINO-MONITOR	42
CHANGE-PATH command, DOMINO Monitor	48
clock, DOMINOS	144
close message, NUCLEUS	207
close port, NUCLEUS	207
close sendreference, NUCLEUS	207
Close, NUCLEUS Monitor	240
CLOSE-HISTOGRAM command, DOMINO Monitor	72
command search strategy, DOMINO Monitor	65
comment, DOMINO-MONITOR	42

Page 292¶

Index¶

Commands¶

COMPARE-DATA command, DOMINO Monitor .......... 72
COMPARE-PROGRAM command, DOMINO Monitor ....... 72
COMPUTE command, DOMINO Monitor ............... 43
Configuration data, DOMINO .................... 34
Connect-file, NUCLEUS Monitor ................. 244
CONTINUE command, DOMINO Monitor .............. 72
create message, NUCLEUS ....................... 198
create port name, NUCLEUS ..................... 192
create port, NUCLEUS .......................... 189
create service, DOMINOS ....................... 121
Create-message, NUCLEUS Monitor ............... 241
Create-name, NUCLEUS Monitor .................. 241
Create-port, NUCLEUS Monitor .................. 241
current path, DOMINO Monitor .................. 45, 46

Debugging¶

Data registers ................................ 92
DEBUGGER command, DOMINO Monitor .............. 70
debugging, DOMINO Monitor ..................... 69
DEBUG-STATUS command, DOMINO Monitor .......... 80
default macro parameter, DOMINO Monitor ....... 64
default parameter, DOMINO Monitor ............. 40
DEFINE-MACRO command, DOMINO Monitor .......... 63

Descriptor Types¶

Descriptor Type	Page
descriptor .........................	179, 181
descriptor table ...................	210
descriptor type = 2 ................	210
descriptor type = 3 ................	211
descriptor type = 4 ................	212

Display and Nucleus¶

DISPLAY command, DOMINO Monitor ................ 72
Display-descriptor, NUCLEUS monitor ............ 244
Display-kicklist, Nucleus monitor .............. 244
Display-master-block, Nucleus monitor .......... 245
Display-messages, NUCLEUS Monitor .............. 246
Display-port, NUCLEUS Monitor .................. 246

DOMINO¶

DOMINO modules ................................. 14
DOMINO Monitor ................................. 39
DOMINO reset. Algorithm ........................ 20
DOMINO selftests ............................... 19
DOMINOS commands, DOMINO Monitor ............... 91
DOMINOS configuration .......................... 105
dormant state, DOMINOS ......................... 120

Miscellaneous¶

DOWN-LOAD command, DOMINO Monitor .............. 60
dump macro, DOMINO Monitor ..................... 68
Dump-kernel, NUCLEUS monitor ................... 246

Page 293¶

Index¶

DUMP-MACRO Command¶

DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Editing and Commands¶

editing line, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
end service, DOMINOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
END-MACRO keyword, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
ERASE-MACRO command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

ERS Systems¶

ERS3WD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ERS-gateway server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

ESCape and Events¶

ESCape, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
event buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
event log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
event log file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
event reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
event system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

EXECUTE-MACRO¶

EXECUTE-MACRO command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

EXIT and Formats¶

EXIT command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 72
Exit, NUCLEUS Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
exported system data, DOMINOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
EXTRA-FORMAT command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Extra-formats, Nucleus monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Fatal and Fill Services¶

fatal service, DOMINOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Fill-buffer, NUCLEUS Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

FIND-SCOPE and Commands¶

FIND-SCOPE command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Force-display, NUCLEUS monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
formal macro parameter, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
formal parameter, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
FORMATS-DISPLAY command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
FORMATS-LOOK-AT command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Function and Port¶

function codes, NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
function names, NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Get Version¶

Get Version, NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
getbuffer service, DOMINOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Get-NUCLEUS and GO Command¶

Get-NUCLEUS-memory, NUCLEUS monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Get-port-name, NUCLEUS Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
GO command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

HARD-RESET and HELP¶

HARD-RESET command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
HELP command, DOMINO Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41, 72
Help, NUCLEUS Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Home and Port¶

home port, NUCLEUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Page 294¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
Image file description	249
Image file, DOMINO	16
INCLUDE-COMMANDS command, DOMINO Monitor	72
info message, NUCLEUS	205
info port, NUCLEUS	205
interdel service, DOMINOS	145
InterEv service, DOMINOS	144
interrupt handlers, DOMINOS	162
interrupt handling, DOMINOS	154

Additional Topics	Page
kill service, DOMINOS	131
LEDs on DOMINO controllers	17
line editing, DOMINO Monitor	40
LIST-BREAK-CHARACTER command, DOMINO Monitor	54
List-configuration, PMA-Monitor	29
LIST-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS command, DOMINO Monitor	55
LIST-MACRO-BODY command, DOMINO Monitor	69
LIST-MACRO-NAMES command, DOMINO Monitor	68
LIST-MAILBOX-PARAMETERS command, DOMINO Monitor	52
List-messages, NUCLEUS Monitor	238
LIST-MICE-PARAMETERS command, DOMINO Monitor	57
List-names, NUCLEUS Monitor	239
List-ports, NUCLEUS Monitor	239
LIST-PROTECTION command, DOMINO Monitor	96
List-quota, NUCLEUS Monitor	248
LIST-TIME-QUEUE command, DOMINO Monitor	94
List-trace, NUCLEUS Monitor	248
Load-DOMINO, PMA-Monitor	33
Lock in NUCLEUS	229
LOOK-AT command, DOMINO Monitor	88
LOOK-AT commands, DOMINO Monitor	72
Look-at, NUCLEUS Monitor	248
LOOK-AT-LIST command, DOMINO Monitor	73
LOOK-AT-PROGRAM command, DOMINO Monitor	81
LOOK-AT-REGISTER command, DOMINO Monitor	87
LOOK-AT-RELATIVE command, DOMINO Monitor	87
LOOK-AT-STACK command, DOMINO Monitor	82

Macro Topics	Page
macro body, DOMINO Monitor	63
MACRO command, DOMINO Monitor	73
macro name, DOMINO Monitor	63
macro, DOMINO Monitor	62

Page 295¶

Index¶

Entry	Page Numbers
MAIN-FORMAT command, DOMINO Monitor	80
Main-Format, NUCLEUS Monitor	237
Master block, NUCLEUS	210
Masterblock, NUCLEUS	245
memory protection	95
memory protection, DOMINOS	155
Message record layout, NUCLEUS	210
message, NUCLEUS	177
MICE, DOMINO Monitor	45, 56
MICE-II, DOMINO Monitor	57
modify service, DOMINOS	124
Module Number	11, 13, 14
multiple parameter, DOMINO Monitor	40
naming convention, DOMINOS	117
NEW-USER-CONTEXT command, DOMINO Monitor	44
NEXT command, DOMINO Monitor	82
nkClose, NUCLEUS	207
nkCreMessage, NUCLEUS	198
nkCrePort, NUCLEUS	189
nkCrePortName, NUCLEUS	192
nkDelName, NUCLEUS	197
nkGetInfo, NUCLEUS	205
nkMove, NUCLEUS	200
nkOpenPort, NUCLEUS	194
nkOpenReturnPort, NUCLEUS	195
nkReceive, NUCLEUS	204
nkSend, NUCLEUS	202
NKS-logfile:logs	230
nkVersion	209
NUCLEUS
calls, summary	183
servers	182
NUCLEUS Kernel, Tables	210
NUCLEUS library	174
NUCLEUS monitor	235
open port, NUCLEUS	194
open return port, NUCLEUS	195
OPEN-PATH command, DOMINO Monitor	46
Open-port, NUCLEUS Monitor	242
optional parameter, DOMINO Monitor	40
OUTPUT-FILE command, DOMINO Monitor	44

Page 296¶

Index¶

Topic	Page
parameter abbreviation, DOMINO Monitor	40
parameter default, DOMINO Monitor	40
parameter multiple, DOMINO Monitor	40
parameter optional, DOMINO Monitor	40
Parameters	185
path prefix, DOMINO Monitor	45
path, DOMINO Monitor	45, 46
peripheral file, DOMINO Monitor	45, 46
permanent macro, DOMINO Monitor	63
PIRfatal	24, 162, 164
PIRStevent	162, 164
PLACE-DOMAIN command, DOMINO Monitor	59
PLANC constraints, DOMINOS	157
PMA-CONFIG	15, 21, 31, 32
PMA-dump-log	23, 24, 26
PMA-ERS-BUFFER	24, 25
PMA-Monitor	28
PMA-report	24
PMAreport routine	23
PMAreport-call	23
PME, DOMINOS	151, 165
Pointers in Master block, NUCLEUS	210
port name, NUCLEUS	178
Port record layout, NUCLEUS	211
port, NUCLEUS	177
Power failure, NUCLEUS	229
PREVIOUS command, DOMINO Monitor	82
Print-data-buffer, Nucleus monitor	242
PRINT-HISTOGRAM command, DOMINO Monitor	73
privileged instructions, DOMINOS	153
prname service, DOMINOS	135
process management, DOMINOS	120
process states, DOMINOS	120
PROCESS-STATUS command, DOMINO Monitor	92
PROGRAM-MAP command, DOMINO Monitor	74
PROMAN	23
PROMAN SERVER. Algorithm	21
PROMAN Service port	28
prompt, DOMINO Monitor	39
prosno service, DOMINOS	134
radix specifier, DOMINO Monitor	40
read message, NUCLEUS	200
ReadEv service, DOMINOS	138
Read-message, NUCLEUS Monitor	243

Page 297¶

Index¶

Entry	Page
ready state, DOMINOS	120
Reboot-DOMINO, PMA-Monitor	32
receive message, NUCLEUS	204
Receive-message, NUCLEUS Monitor	243
Record layout, message	210
Record layout, port	211
Record layout, sendreference	212
Recover-DOMINO, PMA-Monitor	32
Register names, DOMINO Monitor	87
relative addresses, DOMINO Monitor	87
relbuffer service, DOMINOS	149
RESERVE-TERMINAL command, DOMINO Monitor	73
RESET-BREAKS command, DOMINO Monitor	79
RESET-BREAKS commands, DOMINO Monitor	73
RESET-LAST-BREAK command, DOMINO Monitor	79
RESUME-MACRO command, DOMINO Monitor	67
ring file	25
round robin scheduling, DOMINOS	120
RUN command, DOMINO Monitor	61, 73
running state, DOMINOS	120

Entry	Page
save macro, DOMINO Monitor	68
SCOPE command, DOMINO Monitor	73
SCOPE-LOOP command, DOMINO Monitor	99
selftest	17
selftest, DOMINO	19
SelWaitEv service, DOMINOS	142
send message, NUCLEUS	202
sender port, NUCLEUS	177
sendreference, NUCLEUS	177
Send-messages, NUCLEUS Monitor	243
Sendreference record layout, NUCLEUS	212
SERVER, DOMINO Monitor	45
services, DOMINOS	117
SET command, DOMINO Monitor	73
SET-ABORT-BATCH-ON-ERROR command DOMINO-MONITOR	42
SET-BREAK-CHARACTER command, DOMINO Monitor	54
SET-DOPCOM-PARAMETERS command, DOMINO Monitor	55
SetEv service, DOMINOS	137
SET-HISTOGRAM command, DOMINO Monitor	74
SET-MICE-PARAMETERS command, DOMINO Monitor	56
SET-PROTECTION command, DOMINO Monitor	95
SET-SPECIFIC-ACCESS command, DOMINO Monitor	80
Set-trace, NUCLEUS Monitor	248
single stepping, DOMINO Monitor	78
SINTRAN command, DOMINO Monitor	40

Page 298¶

Index¶

Commands and Concepts¶

Description	Page(s)
SOFT-RESET command, DOMINO Monitor	57
SR	92
stack frame, DOMINO Monitor	82
stack registers, DOMINOS	152
stack, DOMINO Monitor	82
STEP command, DOMINO Monitor	74, 78
STOP-TARGET command, DOMINO Monitor	58
subfunction names, NUCLEUS	185
supervisor mode, DOMINOS	152
system clock, DOMINOS	144

Tables in NUCLEUS Kernel¶

Description	Page
TARGET-IDENTIFICATION command, DOMINO Monitor	97
TARGET-STATUS command, DOMINO Monitor	98
temporary macro, DOMINO Monitor	63, 67
TEMPORARY-BREAK command, DOMINO Monitor	78
terminate job, DOMINO-MONITOR	42
Terminate-DOMINO, PMA-Monitor	33
TEST-COMMUNICATION, DOMINO Monitor	50
tracing of NUCLEUS	233
TRANSPARENT-MODE command, DOMINO Monitor	53
trap handlers, DOMINOS	163

Miscellaneous¶

Description	Page(s)
ublocpr UDS, DOMINOS	168
udeblocpr UDS, DOMINOS	168
UDS, DOMINOS	151, 165
UDSE, DOMINOS	151
ufindpd UDS, DOMINOS	167
UniWaitEv service, DOMINOS	142
USE-CACHE command, DOMINO Monitor	97
USE-HISTOGRAM command, DOMINO Monitor	74
USE-MAILBOX command, DOMINO Monitor	52
USE-PROTECTION command, DOMINO Monitor	96
user mode, DOMINOS	152
USP	92

Verification and Control¶

Description	Page
Verification program, NUCLEUS	230
Verification test, NUCLEUS	230
Verify hardware, DOMINO	19
Verify, NUCLEUS Monitor	240
version control, NUCLEUS	209

Page 299¶

Index¶

Service	Page
WaitEv service, DOMINOS	138
whoami service, DOMINOS	133
write message, NUCLEUS	200
Write-message, NUCLEUS Monitor	243

Page 300¶

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Page 1¶

DOMINO and NUCLEUS Software Guide¶

Comma¶

Page 2¶

Page 3¶

DOMINO and NUCLEUS¶

Software Guide¶

Page 4¶

Contact Information¶

Page 5¶

Preface¶

Page 6¶

Important Program Development Objects¶

Related Manuals¶

Page 7¶

Table of contents¶

2.1 DOMINO Overview .......................... 9¶

2.2 Configuration .......................... 11¶

2.2.1 Automatic configuration ............. 11¶

2.2.2 Manual configuration ................ 15¶

2.3 Image files ............................. 16¶

2.4 Use of LEDs on DOMINO controllers ........ 17¶

2.5 DOMINO selftests ........................ 19¶

2.6 DOMINO reset. Algorithm .................. 20¶

2.6.1 PROMAN SERVER. Algorithm .............. 21¶

2.6.2 Booting of DOMINO. Algorithm .......... 22¶

2.7 Event reporting and event log ............ 23¶

2.7.1 How to operate the event log file ..... 25¶

2.7.2 How to investigate the Event Log ....... 26¶

2.7.3 How to use the event log ............... 27¶

2.8 PROMAN Service port .......................... 28¶

2.9 PMA-Monitor .................................. 28¶

2.9.1 Commands in PMA-Monitor .................. 29¶

2.10 Interface to configuration data and boot functions 34¶

Page 8¶

DOMINO Monitor¶

3.1 Miscellaneous commands¶

3.2 Communication commands¶

3.3 Execution commands¶

3.4 Macro commands¶

Page 9¶

3.5 Debugging commands¶

3.6 DOMINOS process monitoring¶

3.7 DOMINO controller commands¶

4 Applications in DOMINO¶

5 DOMINOS¶

Page 10¶

Contents¶

5.3.6 Kill service ........................................................... 131¶

5.3.7 WhoAmI service ...................................................... 133¶

5.3.8 ProsNo service ...................................................... 134¶

5.3.9 PrName service ..................................................... 135¶

5.4 The Event System ...................................................... 136¶

5.4.1 SetEv service ..................................................... 137¶

5.4.2 ReadEv service .................................................... 138¶

5.4.3 WaitEv service .................................................... 138¶

5.4.4 SelWaitEv service ................................................. 142¶

5.4.5 UniWaitEv service ................................................. 142¶

5.5 Time Scheduled Events .................................................. 144¶

5.5.1 InterEv service .................................................... 144¶

5.5.2 InterDel service ................................................... 145¶

5.6 Buffer Management ...................................................... 146¶

5.6.1 GetBuffer service .................................................. 148¶

5.6.2 RelBuffer service .................................................. 149¶

5.7 Exported system data ................................................... 149¶

5.7.1 Fatal service ...................................................... 150¶

5.8 DOMINOS for advanced programmers ....................................... 151¶

5.8.1 The MC68K in supervisor mode ....................................... 152¶

5.8.2 Disable and enable interrupts ..................................... 154¶

5.8.3 Access rights in supervisor mode ................................... 155¶

5.8.4 PLANC compiler ..................................................... 157¶

5.8.5 Special rules for interrupt handlers .............................. 162¶

5.8.6 Special rules for trap handlers .................................... 163¶

5.8.7 Rules for UDS and PME .............................................. 165¶

5.8.8 Implementing exception handlers .................................... 165¶

5.8.9 PIRCreateDriver Service ............................................ 166¶

5.8.10 UDSE scheduling primitives ........................................ 167¶

5.8.11 Implementing UDS .................................................. 169¶

5.8.12 Implementing PME ................................................... 170¶

5.8.13 System processes .................................................. 171¶